达尔文翼龙及其对翼龙类系统发育研究的启示

During the last two decades more than twenty phylogenetic analyses of pterosaur relationships have been published. These range from small scale studies restricted to a few species from one clade, to comprehensive analyses that include the majority of known taxa. Most of these contributions can be traced back to data sets published either by Kellner (2003) or Unwin (2003), who, in turn, incorporated data from earlier analyses by Howse and Bennett.     

从埋藏学看法国的翼龙化石记录

The French pterosaur record extends from the Late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous (Mazin et al., 2001 and references therein), with occurrences at various horizons of the Triassic, Jurassic and Creta-ceous, but the completeness and quality of the avail-able fossil material is highly variable.     

意大利东北部晚三叠世一新翼龙

To date, the middle-late Norian Dolomia di Forni Formation of the Friuli region of NE Italy has yielded ten pterosaur specimens. They include the holotypes of Preondactylus buffarinii Wild, 1984 and Carniadactylus rosenfeldi (Dalla Vecchia, 1995) and a specimen referred to Austriadactylus cristatus Dalla Vecchia, Wild, Hopf & Reitner, 2002.     

翼龙前肢元素的异速生长比率

Pterosaurs exhibit a large size range with the smallest approximately the size of a sparrow and the largest about the size of a small airplane. Based on studies of extant flying vertebrates and principles of allometry (Norberg & Rayner, 1987; Rayner, 1988), a reasonable assumption is that pterosaurs of different sizes used their wings differently during flight.     

鹅喙翼龙的形态学和埋藏学

Cycnorhamphus suevicus is one of the rarest pterosaur species known from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestones of southern Germany. The virtually complete holotype specimen was described by Quenstedt (1855) as Pterodactylus suevicus and rede scribed by Plieninger (1907), and a second incomplete specimen, which was destroyed during World War II,was described by Wagner (1858).     

巴塔哥尼亚(阿根廷)中侏罗世翼龙的骨骼学特征

The Ca?adon Asfalto Formation is mainly composed of lacustrine deposits and has provided the most diverse vertebrate fauna known for the Middle Jurassic in the Southern Hemisphere. Pterosaur remains have been discovered from several localities in this unit and briefly reported by Rauhut et al. (2001) and Unwin et al. (2004).     

翼龙类在初龙形类中的系统发育位置

In 1996 Bennett published a cladistic analysis of the Archosauromorpha with 14 taxa and 126 characters, combining all the characters from several previous analyses (e.g., Gauthier 1984, Sereno and Arcucci 1990, Benton and Clark 1988) unless justification for discarding a character could be presented.     

翼龙牙齿显微结构初步分析

The Pterosauria display an extremely wide range of dental variation from multi-cusped, laterally compressed crowns in basal forms, to the fang-like teeth of ornithocheirids. Indeed, some ctenochasmatids possess teeth with diameter/length ratios (1/75) that exceed some notable proboscidians (1/15) and cetaceans (1/30). Despite this diversity, pterosaur tooth microstructure has received scant attention.     

翼龙类翼膜的折叠，褶皱以及物质特性

Preservation of wing membranes in pterosaurs is only reported from a few localities in the world, namely from the Karatau Hills, Kazakhstan (Upper Jurassic), from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone, Germany (Upper Jurassic), the Daohugou Beds of China (Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous) and the Crato and Santana Formations, Chapada do Araraipe, NE Brazil (Lower Cretaceous).     

准噶尔翼龙的椎体管道

The anatomical term tuba vertebralis was introduced by Martill et al. (1998) to describe a bony tube which enclosed the spinal cord in the type cervical vertebra of the giant azhdarchid pterosaur Arambourgiania philadelphiae, from the Late Cretaceous of Jordan.     

扬子地台西南缘传统型铂族矿产地质特征

传统型铂族矿产，系指与镁铁质岩浆成矿作用有关的铂族矿产资源。华力西运动时期，扬子地台西南缘沿超壳深断裂带发生的大陆裂谷作用，为来自上地幔的镁铁质(拉斑玄武岩质)岩浆的上涌和侵位提供了极为有利的前提条件。含铂基性超基性岩的时空分布，受到大陆裂谷作用的主要发生发展时期和裂谷活动带的控制。通过对典型矿床特征及其成矿作用的探讨，论述了扬子地台西南缘主要的铂族矿床类型；并从四维成矿的角度，阐述了对区域成矿规律的一些基本认识。     

岩溶水锶元素水文地球化学特征

通过对桂林地区地下河系统不同类型岩溶水水样Sr2+ 含量和87 Sr /86 Sr 值分析,得到如下结论: ( 1)桂林地区岩溶水中Sr2+ 含量普遍较低,流经不同岩层的地下水Sr2+ 含量不同,岩溶水中Sr2+ 含量随着Ca2+ 含量的增大而增大,随着Mg2+含量的增大而减小;地下河水中的Sr2+ 含量始终介于表层岩溶带水、饱水带裂隙水、地表坡面流和外源水(如果存在外源水补给)的最大、最小值之间。( 2)流经不同岩层地下水的87 Sr /86 Sr值不同,流经砂岩层地下水87 Sr /86 Sr 值较高,其次为流经白云岩层和灰岩层的地下水;地下河水87 Sr /86 Sr 值也是介于表层岩溶带水、饱水带裂隙水、地表坡面流和外源水(如果有外源水补给)的最大、最小值之间。因此Sr2+和87 Sr /86 Sr能反映岩溶水形成的信息,是较理想的天然示踪剂,在岩溶水研究中具有很广阔的应用前景。      

Sorption behavior of nine chromium (III) organic complexes in soil

Sorption data were obtained with a Matawan soil and the following chromium (III) organic complexes: chromium (III) ascorbate, chromium (III) glutamate, chromium (III) histidine, chromium (III) mandelate, chromium (III) citrate, chromium (III) cysteine, chromium (III) serine, chromium (III) pyruvate and chromium (III) oxalate. The influence of pH (2–12), ionic strength (0.005–1 M) and concentration of sorbate (1–10 mg/L) on the extent of sorption was evaluated. The pH value did not influence the percent sorption at environmentally relevant pH 7. Ionic strength between 0.005 and 0.01 M KNO₃ did not influence the sorption. Sorption and desorption data obtained at pH 7, 0.01 M KNO₃ and 1–10 mg/L for each chromium (III) organic complex were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The Freundlich model provided good fits for all of the chromium (III) organic complexes. Sorption data for chromium (III) glutamate, chromium (III) pyruvate, chromium (III) oxalate, chromium (III) cysteine, chromium (III) ascorbate and chromium (III) citrate were described well by the Langmuir model. Estimates for the saturated sorption capacities were 141, 70.9, 36.5, 35.5, 28.6 and 4.4 μg/g, respectively. It was not possible to desorb significant amounts of the previously sorbed chromium (III) organic complexes. At the same pH, ionic strength and solid:liquid ratio, the order of the observed sorption to the Matawan soil from highest to lowest was chromium (III) mandelate, chromium (III) glutamate, chromium (III) histidine, chromium (III) cysteine, chromium (III) serine, chromium (III) pyruvate, chromium (III) oxalate, chromium (III) ascorbate and chromium (III) citrate.     

北苏鲁仰口地区变辉长岩中锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

北苏鲁仰口地区出露超高压的变辉长岩.锆石阴极发光图像和其内部矿物包体激光拉曼测试的联合研究结果表明,变辉长岩锆石具有弱发光效应的岩浆韵律环带的核和被改造的强发光效应的边.岩浆韵律环带的核部保存大量而复杂的矿物包体,包括普通辉石(Cpx)+斜方辉石(Opx)+斜长石(P1)+石英(Qtz)+黑云母(Bt)+钛铁矿(Ilm)+磷灰石(Ap);边部保存的矿物包体则相对较少,包括普通辉石(Cpx)+斜方辉石(Opx)+斜长石(Pl)+磷灰石(Ap).尽管岩浆韵律环带核部的稀土元素总合量比被改造的锆石边部明显偏高,但二者稀土元素配分模式具有明显的相似性,主要表现为轻稀土相对亏损,而重稀土明显富集,相应的(La/Yb)N=0.00015～0.00039,并具有明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.20～0.26)、相对明显的正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=71.5～147.4)和较高的Th/U比值(1.97～2.69).上述特征表明,仰口地区变辉长岩中的锆石均为继承性的岩浆锆石,而没有新生的变质锆石.LA-(MC)-ICP-MS锆石原位U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,两件锆石样品Y1和Y2的年龄数据所构成的不一致线显示了十分接近的上交点和下交点年龄.其上交点年龄分别为785±15Ma(2σ)和784±12Ma(2σ),应代表原岩的形成时代,表明变辉长岩的原岩与Rodinia超大陆裂解的岩浆事件存在密切的成因关系;而下交点年龄分别为226±24Ma(2σ)和228±26Ma(2σ),与苏鲁其它类型超高压岩石中含柯石英锆石微区记录的变质年龄十分吻合,应代表变辉长岩的超高压变质时代.岩浆结晶锆石的核部具有明显偏高的176Lu/177Hf(0.00044～0.00291)和176Yh/177Hf(0.0165～0.1168)比值,而176Hf/177Hf比值变化于0.281956～0.282048之间,相应的εHf(t)=-8.5～-14.0,tDM2=2.03～2.32Ga,表明仰口地区变辉长岩的原岩起源于古元古代时期的富集地幔或发生部分熔融的下地壳残留体.被改造的岩浆结晶锆石的边部则具有明显偏低的176Lu/177Hf(0.00029～0.00060)和176Yh/177Hf(0.0112～0.0200)比值,而176Hf/177Hf(t)比值变化于0.281953～0.282002之间,相应的εHf(t)=-10.2～-11.9,tDM2=2.12～2.21Ga.与岩浆结晶锆石核部相比,被改造的岩浆锆石边部的176Lu/177Hf、176Yb/177Hf、176Hf/177Hf(t)比值和εHf(t)和tDM2值的变化范围更小,表明中-新三叠纪的超高压变质作用使岩浆结晶锆石边部的Lu-Hf同位素体系发生调整,更趋向于均一化.     

西藏冲江铜矿含矿岩体与非含矿岩体区分探讨

冲江铜矿位于世界三大斑岩成矿域的特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿域,其大地构造位置属冈底斯-念青唐古拉构造带的冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧中部。矿区含矿岩体与非含矿岩体的岩性相同,很难通过肉眼或常规分析方法把它们区分开来。热释光测试结果表明,矿区岩石的热释光曲线有单峰和双峰两种,矿化主要发生在具单峰的似斑状二长花岗岩中。岩石矿化程度越强,热释光总积分强度值越小。另外,高岭土化对岩石天然热释光有叠加作用,具高岭土化的岩石明显具有更高的热释光值,且高岭土化与矿化成负相关。因此,热释光值可作为判断矿化的一个岩石标型。石英粒度统计也表明,含矿岩体的石英粒度曲线呈韵律式变化,而不含矿的岩石粒度曲线呈渐进式变化。故岩石中的石英粒度也可作为矿化的一个矿物标型。     

对于氟碳钡铈矿（Cordylite—Ce）成分与结构的质疑

本文讨论了氟碳钡铈矿的成分和结构问题。发现氟碳钡铈矿的成分、密度、折射率三者间的一致性参数很差,晶体结构与光性和空间群相矛盾,单个大阳离子的平均占有体积远大于同类矿物的平均占有体积,它的晶体结构与同类矿物不可类比。由于受当时条件的限制,在以往有关氟碳钡铈矿的成分和结构的资料中存在着一些明显的错误,有必要对其进行重新定义。其结构化学式应改为:(Na_(1-x),Ca_(0·5x))BaCe_2(CO_3)_4F。     

MORPHOLOGY, INTERNAL STRUCTURE, AND ORIGIN OF GLAUCONITE PELLETS

Glauconite pellets exhibit considerable variety in morphology and internal structure. Recognized morphological types are: (1) ovoidal or spheroidal; (2) tabular or discoidal; (3) mammillated; (4) ellipsoidal; (5) vermicular; (6) composite; and (7) fossil casts, internal molds, or replacements. Types of internal structures include: (1) random microcrystalline, (2) oriented microcrystalline, (3) micaceous, (4) organic (?) replacements, (5) coatings on detrital grains, and (6) fibroradiated rims. These characteristics can be used to interpret the origin and/or subsequent history of pellet types. Suggested origins include: (1) chemical precipitation, (2) expansion and alteration of detrital mica, (3) alteration of fecal pellets, (4) alteration of clay fillings of fossil tests, (5) mechanical aggregation, and (6) chemical replacement. Not all glauconite pellets exhibit diagnostic characteristics with regard to their genesis. Original morphologies may be obscured by abrasion (reworking) prior to final burial. Internal structures may be changed by recrystallization or other diagenetic processes. It is concluded that glauconite pellets have multiple origins. They can form from several different parent materials and by several different processes. Frequently, however, characteristics which might reveal the original nature of the pellets have been lost during reworking and diagenesis. Inasmuch as glauconite occurrences differ in kind and variety of pellets, recognition of pellet types and their distribution is potentially useful for stratigraphic correlation or environmental determinations.     

Types and distribution of silver ore deposits in China

Silver is generally recovered as a by- and co-product along with Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Bi, Hg, Sn and W from polymetallic and gold mines in China. Chinese silver deposits can be classified into five principal types according to host rocks. These types and their host rocks are: (1) marine volcanic-sedimentary rocks hosting (la) massive sulfide Pb-Zn-(Cu)-Ag ores and (1b) stratiform Ag-(Au) ores; (2) continental volcanic-sedimentary rocks containing (2a) various polymetallic-silver veins and/or stockworks, and (2b) Ag-(Au) veins in pyroclastic rocks; (3) rocks affected by metasomatic processes including (3a) complex Sn-polymetallic-Ag ores, (3b) Pb-Zn-(Cu)-Ag skarns, (3c) associated W-Ag quartz veins and/or skarns, and (3d) Ag-(Au) zones and veins in altered carbonate rocks; (4) metamorphic-intrusive rocks, principally Ag-(Au) veins in sheared and brecciated metamorphic rocks; and (5) sedimentary rocks including (5a) stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag ores in carbonate rocks, (5b) Ag-V mantos in black shales, and (5c) Cu-(Ag) layers in red sandstones. A sixth grouping includes gossans. The tectonic settings, geological features, and temporal and spatial distribution of these different types of silver occurrences indicate that silver mineralization reflects to a great extent the evolution of tectonic environments in China throughout geological time. Type 1 is generally developed in association with several fold belts from the Caledonian to Yanshanian orogens, while types 2, 3 and 4 correlate with rejuvenation of the eastern China continent during the Mesozoic period. The three subgroups of type 5 are recognized in different stages and various sedimentry and diagenetic environments during the development of paraplatforms and fold belts. Type 6 results from recent weathering of existing sulfide ores or protores. Editorial handling: DR     

Pre-Tertiary Orogenies in the Himalaya: A review of various evidences

Various sedimentary sequences of the Himalaya reflecting different tectonic cycles when compared with the ages of (i) unconformity, (ii) pre-Tertiary metamorphism, (iii) granites and (iv) pre-Tertiary deformations point to following pre-Tertiary Orogenies: (i) Sundernagar (Middle Precambrian), (ii) Shali (Vendian), (iii) Jasim-Kurgiakh (Ordovician), (iv) Blaini-Thidsi (Upper Paleozoic) and (v) Tal-Chikkim (Middle-Upper Cretaceous). Besides these, minor impulses identifiable are: (i) Bandel-2 (Middle Riphean), (ii) Tangze (Devonian), (iii) Infra Krol (Upper Permian), (iv) Tandi (? Callovian) and (v) Krol (Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous). Due to paucity of deformation structures related to these earth movements, it is suggested that these were either (i) mainly epeirogenic, (ii) feebly orogenic or (iii) they produced folds which were coaxial with subsequent Himalayan folds hence indistinguishable from the latter.     

中国金矿床工业类型

作为勘查和开发直接对象的含金地质体是金矿床工业价值的决定性要素,是金矿床地质特征的本质规定,也是人们最易识别和掌握的直观标志,以此作为金矿床工业类型的分类基础,划分出10类金矿床:（1）石英脉型;（2）糜棱岩型;（3）蚀变碎裂岩型;（4）冰长石-绢云母石英脉型;（5）角砾岩型;（6）矽卡岩型;（7）微细浸染型;（8）红土型;（9）铁帽型;（10）砂砾层型