Structural and sedimentologic relations between the High and the Middle Atlas of Morocco during the Jurassic time

The cartographic, sedimentologic and stratigraphic studies carried out on the Mesozoic deposits in the border zone between the Middle and the High Moroccan Atlas (regions of Naour and Aghbala) led us to specify the lithology of formations, the significant differences of thickness and the angular unconformities as well as stratigraphic hiatuses. All of this indicates a tectonic regime of transcurrent faults from the Bajocian–Bathonian period along the major fault zone “Aghbala–Afourer” in a N70° direction. A sinistral strike-slip movement along this major fault zone induced the development of folded and fractured zones in a N120° direction, which limited a small trough filled by the red continental formations. The whole system is covered thereafter by lower Cretaceous deposits.     

Late Vendian-Early Cambrian formations of the north-west Siberian Craton

The composition and structure of principal key-sections for the Tira (Late Vendian) and Danilovo (Late Vendian-Early Cambrian) Horizons were characterized on the basis of deep-drilling data and studies of natural outcrops along the peripheries of the Kureika syneclise. The typical sedimentary formations/associations were recognized, their vertical and lateral successions were distinguished, and their deposition environments were interpreted. A distribution pattern scheme of thicknesses and depositional environments of Upper Vendian-Lower Cambrian deposits was compiled at the 1: 1000000 scale. The reservoir characteristics of the formations are discussed and forecasted for poorly studied areas of the northwestern Siberian platform.     

Ice-lobe formation and function during the deglaciation in Finland and adjacent Soviet Karelia

The mode and nature of ice-flow mechanism leading to ice-lobe formation during deglaciation is described. These mechanisms are deduced primarily from their geomorphological and stratigraphical effects: the arc-like formations fringing the ice lobes, certain patterns of landform elements, and in some cases the stratigraphical signs indicating ice-marginal readvance or lack of it. Several ice-lobe creation mechanisms are presented along with the associated landform patterns they produce. The theory encompassing the fan-like ice flows, the ice-lobe formation, and the arc formations fringing them is applied to the deglaciation in Soviet Karelia and adjacent Finland. Deglaciation proceeded here from the southeast to the northwest, and complex arc formations derived from the major ice lobes. The Finnish Lake District lobe, the North Karelian lobe, the Kuusamo lobe, and the other lobes in northeastern Finland were in general metachronously formed.     

Riphean stromatolitic formations fringing the East European platform

Riphean stromatolitic formations flank the East European epi-Karelian platform only in the east and northeast. They are traceable as long (over 3600 km) relatively narrow belt consisting of two rectilinear segments, one running along the Urals western flank from southern extremity of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium to the Polyudov Ridge and the other one extending from the southern and central Timan to the Kil’din Island and northern Norway. Within the belt there are known stromatolitic formations of all Riphean erathems: the Lower and Middle Riphean stromatolitic buildups are confined to the eastern segment of its southern part only, while the Upper Riphean occur everywhere. Their distribution conformable to large structural elements of the plaform margin being replaced by carbonate-terrigenous rocks almost lacking stromatolites westward and southwestward in the Kama-Belaya aulacogen system and by substantially siliciclastic succession eastward and northeastward. The distribution area of Upper Riphean stromatolitic formations includes the Karatavian stratotype region, where 12 stromatolite beds ranging in age from ≥900 to 620 Ma are established. Many of the beds are traceable along the strike far beyond the stratotype region. Representing relatively small reference units, the beds facilitate reconstruction of distribution dynamics of the Upper Riphean stromatolites. Distribution area of the latter was always parallel to marginal structures of the platform, though being of changeable size, particularly of length. Originated in the stratotype region eastern part, stromatolites first advanced into northeastern areas never crossing boundaries of the Upper Riphean distribution area during the Early Karatavian. In the initial Late Karatavian, they occupied a longest distribution area that was sharply reduced at the end of that period. According to distribution peculiarities in space and with time, the Upper Riphean stromatolitic formations accumulated likely in peripheral areas of an open sea or oceanic basin adjacent to the East European platform, rather than in closed epiplatform basins.     

Kurosegawa zone and its bearing on the development of the Japanese Islands

The Kurosegawa zone in southwest Japan is a 600 km long serpentinite mélange in the Chichibu terrains. It runs generally E-W but is slightly oblique to the subparallel arrangement of the Ryoke, Sanbagawa and Chichibu belts of Southwest Japan. A variety of geological units occurs in the Kurosegawa zone:

1. (1) granodiorite, gneiss and amphibolite of ca. 400 Ma,

2. (2) Siluro-Devonian formations,

3. (3) Upper Carboniferous to Jurassic formations,

4. (4) Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous formations,

5. (5) serpentinite and

6. (6) low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of various baric types (ages, 220, 320, 360 and 420 Ma by K-Ar).

The most widespread is a high-pressure intermediate group of metamorphic rocks. Serpentinite is emplaced along the faults between and within the constituent units.Rocks of the Kurosegawa zone represent a mature orogenic belt along a continental margin or an island arc. Its original site as constrained by paleomagnetism was near the equatorial area. Here, 400 Ma old paired metamorphism and related magmatism took place. The island arc or microcontinent migrated northward to collide with the Eurasia plate during Late Jurassic, thus consuming the intervening ocean.     

A new section of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in Kayin State (Southeast Myanmar)

Lower Palaeozoic rocks have been mapped in Kayin State in an area previously shown on published maps as either metamorphic or possibly Lower or Upper Palaeozoic rocks. Three new formations, with a total thickness of over 900?m, apparently overlain by an, at least, 100?m thick Upper Palaeozoic formation are mapped along the Salween River and along the road from Yinbaing, in Myanmar, to Tha Song Yang, in Thailand. The Lower Palaeozoic succession consists of the predominantly siliciclastic Kyaukpulu and Kushwe–e–we formations and an overlying, predominantly carbonate Meseik Ashe Formation which contains Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) conodonts. The older two formations are probable correlates of the Ngwetaung and Lokeypin formations of the southern Shan State of Myanmar and the Lower Ordovician siliciclastics of western Thailand. The overlying, peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates of the Meseik–Ashe Formation are correlates of the Wunbye and Sitha formations of Shan State, Myanmar. The thick–bedded, quartz arenites of the Nyaungwiang Formation are faulted against the Ordovician carbonates and are probable lithological correlates of the Carboniferous Taungnyo Formation. The folds in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks are overturned to the northeast and deformation was in one major phase between the Tournaisian and the Early Permian. The Lower Palaeozoic strata may probably be followed as a ridge for at least 100?km towards the NNW, close to the western border of the Sibuma Block which is separated by a postulated cryptic suture from the Irrawaddy Block to the west.     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是二连盆地重要的产油基地之一，早白垩世腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积末期经历了两次强烈的抬升 剥蚀，沉积地层剥蚀量的恢复对油气成藏评价有重要意义。文章基于钻井泥岩声波时差和镜质组反射率数据对二连盆地吉 尔嘎朗图凹陷腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组的剥蚀量进行了计算，恢复了其原始沉积厚度及埋藏过程。研究结果表明：研究区腾 格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积后受构造反转的控制都经历了不同程度的剥蚀，腾格尔组的剥蚀厚度约为243~1933 m，赛罕塔拉 组的剥蚀厚度约为95~290 m。剥蚀量厚度展布明显受不同方向、不同尺度断层在构造反转期的差异活动性影响，靠近西北 边界断层的罕尼构造带剥蚀量相对较大，向东南缓坡带逐渐减小。区内不同构造部位剥蚀量的差异对油气成藏有直接影 响，断陷区及后期反转控制的大沉积、强烈剥蚀区，烃源岩层生烃时间长。而构造反转形成的与构造走向一致的隆升带的 剥蚀卸压有利于促使油气沿NE断裂面发生垂向和侧向运移，并在断裂面两侧有利的圈闭位置成藏。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

吉尔嘎朗图凹陷是二连盆地重要的产油基地之一,早白垩世腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积末期经历了两次强烈的抬升 剥蚀,沉积地层剥蚀量的恢复对油气成藏评价有重要意义。文章基于钻井泥岩声波时差和镜质组反射率数据对二连盆地吉 尔嘎朗图凹陷腾格尔组和赛罕塔拉组的剥蚀量进行了计算,恢复了其原始沉积厚度及埋藏过程。研究结果表明：研究区腾 格尔组和赛罕塔拉组沉积后受构造反转的控制都经历了不同程度的剥蚀,腾格尔组的剥蚀厚度约为243~1933 m,赛罕塔拉 组的剥蚀厚度约为95~290 m。剥蚀量厚度展布明显受不同方向、不同尺度断层在构造反转期的差异活动性影响,靠近西北 边界断层的罕尼构造带剥蚀量相对较大,向东南缓坡带逐渐减小。区内不同构造部位剥蚀量的差异对油气成藏有直接影 响,断陷区及后期反转控制的大沉积、强烈剥蚀区,烃源岩层生烃时间长。而构造反转形成的与构造走向一致的隆升带的 剥蚀卸压有利于促使油气沿NE断裂面发生垂向和侧向运移,并在断裂面两侧有利的圈闭位置成藏。     

A three-dimensional interpretation of the bouguer anomalies over the minna batholith in central nigeria

A gravity survey over the Precambrian ‘Older Granite’ intrusion in the Minna area of central Nigeria shows that the area is characterized by a prominent residual gravity low of −21 mGal relative to a NE-SW trending regional anomaly. Three dimensional modelling of the residual gravity shows that the floor of the granite suite is, in general, located at a depth of 5 km, and that the walls of the suite may be inward dipping. Three prominent plugs in the survey area extend to depths of between 8 and 14 km locally. The general configuration of the modelled bodies and pattern of the gravity anomalies suggest that the granite suite is a batholith which was magmatically emplaced with the three plugs acting as conduits for the ascent of the magma.The modelling also suggests that the contracts of the granite suite with the flanking Birnin Gwari and Kushaka Formations are steep, and that the maximum thickness of these formations are 11 and 6 km, respectively. The close association of the schist formations with the batholith, and the inferred sharp contact between them, suggest that the ancient margins of the schist formations probably were zones of weakness along which the magma initially ascended.     

Mineral resources of the ocean

Major data concerning the history of investigation, distribution, mineral and chemical composition, and formation processes of mineral resources of the ocean, namely ferromanganese nodules, ore crusts, phosphorites, and hydrothermal mineral formations, including ore-bearing and metalliferous sediments, massive sulfides, and hydrothermal ferromanganese crusts are reviewed. The problem of the scale of mineral accumulations in the ocean and their quality, along with prospects of their future recovery, is discussed.     

Stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of a Quaternary sequence along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam

The pre-Holocene Cenozoic sequence outcrops in the terrestrial part of the eastern margin of the Mekong Basin. However, the stratigraphy of the sequence is still unclear. Its detailed stratigraphy and chronology were therefore studied along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam, and the lithofacies and the relations among the formations were investigated from the outcrops. The ages of the deposits were determined by using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating.The Ba Mieu Formation was deposited about 176±52 ka during marine isotope stage (MIS) 7–6. The Thu Duc Formation was deposited about 97±27 ka during MIS 5. Both the Ba Mieu and Thu Duc formations are composed of fluvial and tidally influenced coastal deposits. The newly proposed Nhon Trach Formation was originally an eolian (blanket) deposit, but it has been partly reworked by fluvial processes. The Nhon Trach Formation was deposited about 10.9±4.7 ka, in the last part of the Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene. The OSL ages for the Ba Mieu, Thu Duc, and Nhon Trach formations are younger than the ages previously assigned to these formations.     

贵州茅台组的沉积环境

本文根据岩性组合、剖面结构及与下伏地层接触关系等特征,认为贵州地区上白垩统茅台组是炎热干燥气候条件下,于燕山构造运动后未曾夷平基面上沉积的河湖相红色磨拉石建造,沉积盆地性质为山间盆地。茅台组现今的大范围零星散布,主要是喜马拉雅运动后遭受长期侵蚀剥蚀造成的。     

Dynamic Systems of Petroleum Accumulation in the Nanpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

<正>It is significant to distinguish the dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation(DSPA) for the understanding of petroleum accumulation and distribution.According to the formation pressure framework,genetic types of petroleum and characteristics of conduit systems,three dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation were identified in the vertical profile in the Nanpu depression,Bohai Bay basin.The deeper DSPA(including formations Es_3 to Es_2) is a sealed system with high-overpressure and high-mature self-sourced oil.Most of the crude oil in the system accumulated in the periods of late Oligocene(23.5 Ma) and late Pliocene(2.4 Ma).The middle DSPA(including formations Es_1 to Ed_1) is an overpressured half-sealed system with mature or lower-mature self-sourced oil.The accumulation of oil in the system also occurred in the late Oligocene(23.5 Ma) and late Pliocene(2.4 Ma).The shallower DSPA(including formations Ed_2 to Q) is a hydrostatic system with lower-mature aliensourced oil from the middle system.Oil within this system accumulated only in the late Pliocene period.The oil in the shallower system migrated vertically along the faults from the formerly accumulated oil in the middle system by lateral migration along the sandbodies,whereas petroleum accumulation in the deeper system was mainly derived from the system itself by lateral migration along the sandbodies and rarely migrated out of the system.In this case,it seems that the deeper system is a more potential exploration prospect in addition to the other two proved favorable systems.     

Tide versus storm in Epeiric coastal deposition: Two Proterozoic sequences,India

The relative importance of tides and storms in coastal sedimentation in ancient epeiric seas is frequently problematical. Here we appraise the depositional regimes in two Proterozoic Vindhyan formations in India with the aim of elucidating the records of each of these processes. The respective products of the two processes are not easily distinguished as both of them entail repeated fluctuations in water level and depositional energy. Two orders of fluctuation are recognized in both formations. The nature and scale of these two orders of fluctuation along with high-resolution facies analysis make the distinction between the respective products of the two processes possible. Many of the features so long counted as characteristics of tidal rhythms, in the studied formations, exclusively or frequently manifest waxing and waning of storms or fairweather–storm cyclicity. This study highlights the need for reevaluation of ancient coastal sequences in epeiric setting.     

Sedimentary processes and provenance of Quaternary marine formations from the Tangier Peninsula (Northern Rif, Morocco)

This work deals with new lithostratigraphic, sedimentological, petrographic and geochemical data collected from coastal Quaternary formations of the Tangier Peninsula along the Northern Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts in the southern side of the Gibraltar Strait (Morocco).The sedimentological features of the analyzed sections reflect a palaeoenvironment evolution from a submerged beach-type to a high energy littoral depositional system, namely lower shoreface to beachface environment with a regressive trend to thickening- and coarsening-upward sequences. Other successions, located nearby Larache city and in the Sidi Kankouch area, are also characterized by a positive trend to fining- and thinning-upward sequences, reflecting an evolution from lower beachface or upper shoreface to lower shoreface. It is possible that the transgressive to regressive trend inversion could be related to fluctuations of sediment input rate versus accommodation space during the progradation of a coastal palaeoenvironment.The lateral and vertical evolution of the studied marine formations is related to late Quaternary neotectonics, mainly to the last repercussions of isostatic rebound of the External and Flysch Basin Domains, during a period of relatively uniform sea level between 280,000 and 125,000 years B.P.The provenance of arenites of these Quaternary marine formations, studied by means of modal counting and geochemical analysis, seems to be linked mainly to Middle-Upper Miocene and Pliocene terrigenous successions, unconformably resting on various formations of the Neogene accretionary prism. The latter has been built by the stacking of Flysch Nappes and External Units of the Northern Rif Chain.     

Characterization of the Lebanese Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate stratigraphic sequence: a geochemical approach

The Lebanese crustal segment is part of a much larger carbonate platform deposited along the northwestern margin of the Arabian Plate, in the eastern Mediterranean region. It is made up mainly of Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate rocks. Most of this stratigraphic sequence is exposed in the Nahr Ibrahim canyon and surrounding areas in central Lebanon. The various formations, from the oldest unit (the Lower Jurassic Kesrouane Formation) to the Upper Cretaceous Chekka Formation, are made up of different types of carbonate rocks including micritic limestone, medium‐ to coarse‐grained dolostone, biomicritic (chalk), biosparrudite limestone, micritic dolostone, pelmicrite, marl and marly limestone. Results of this first chemical investigation on the Lebanese carbonate platform show that the micritic limestone of the Kesrouane Formation is relatively enriched in Ca, Na and Sc, and has low rare‐earth element (REE) contents. The marl units of the Hammana Formation are enriched in Al, Fe, K, Ti, Rb, Ga, Nb, U, Th and REE. The chalk of the Chekka Formation shows the highest phosphorus content. A significant increase in P and Sr contents with time (from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous carbonate units) characterizes the Lebanese sequence; this is interpreted to be related to a possible increase in continental weathering rates during the Mesozoic. Enrichment in Ni, Ti and Nb in some formations is interpreted to be linked to Mesozoic volcanism in central Lebanon. The Cretaceous formations are subdivided according to their REE patterns into two distinct groups: limestones (Mdairej, Sannine and Maameltain formations) which are depleted in REE; and marl/chalk (Hammana and Chekka formations) which are significantly enriched in REE. On several geochemical variation diagrams, such as the K–Ti–P triangular plot, the Lebanese Mesozoic carbonate formations are found to occupy distinct compositional fields. Thus, carbonate geochemistry could prove to be a powerful tool (especially when combined with petrographic data) in characterizing and correlating carbonate formations (chemical stratigraphy), particularly in regions where field evidence may be limited. Results of this study have significant implications for the entire carbonate platform that covers a large part of the eastern Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

探地雷达宽角反射图形拟合方法

探地雷达共中心点(CMP)法仅用于局部速度测试,为使用宽角反射法进行剖面探测,可固定一个雷达天线而将另一个天线沿测线移动,从而获取整个地质界面的反射信号.本文提出宽角反射剖面探测方法,基于平直岩层界面导出其反射信号的关系式,并开发出解释软件,可精确计算岩层几何参数和层速度,从而进行地质分层.     

Features of Minerogenic Series Related to Continental VolcanicRocks in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China-A Case Study of the Daiyunshan-ShiniushanVolcanic Depression in Fujian

The Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan-Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au-Ag-Pb-Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate-acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time-space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in Ch     

Environmental study of valley fill sediments

The study of Pleistocene and Holocene fluviatile deposits in river valleys is important for environmental protection. Well records allow the mapping of clay, sand, and gravel beds under recent valley floors. Such surveys can also locate active tectonic zones. This technique helps in assessing potential seismic hazards for large industrial sites.The study of fluviatile sediments under recent valley floors is relevant to environmental studies for another reason as well. The permeability characteristics of these formations have a decisive bearing on the spreading of various pollutants entering the rivers or the groundwater along the rivers. Thus, the knowledge of subsurface formations is essential for the siting of factories with dangerous products and deposits of hazardous waste.Fluviatile sediments along the Hungarian stretch of the Danube Valley have been explored by thousands of shallow boreholes. These allowed the geotectonical and hydrogeological study of sites for completed and planned dams and nuclear power stations and assessing potential environmental hazards.