储层动态流动单元及剩余油分布规律

从应用Kozeny-Carman公式推导FZI的过程出发,根据对大量岩心样品的统计分析,研究了FZI的基础定义和物理意义.结果表明:具有相近FZI值的岩心样品具有较大的孔隙度、渗透率变化范围,不一定属于同一类流动单元.FZI值不能准确地表征影响流体流动的岩石物理性质,单纯采用FZI值作为划分储层流动单元的标准是值得商榷的.分析流动单元的定义及研究目的,针对高含水期油田开发,提出动态流动单元的概念和定量划分方法.以胜坨油田沙二段3砂组为例进行的研究结果表明:不同开发阶段的剩余油分布与储层动态流动单元关系密切,通过建立不同含水期的流动单元动态模型,应用动态流动单元方法研究高含水期油田剩余油分布规律更具有实际意义.     

油气储层流动单元研究综述

流动单元是垂向及横向上连续的、影响流体流动的、岩石物理性质相似的储集岩体。其概念的内涵大体经历了从沉积相单元到岩石相单元再到岩石物理相单元等不同阶段,流动单元的划分体现了定量描述和评价油气储集层非均质性的新思路和新方法。划分流动单元的新方法具体包括：①根据断层、隔层、夹层、渗透率韵律、层理、裂缝、孔隙结构等控制流动单元边界的成因分类法;②沉积岩相划分法;③以地质研究为主的储层层次分析法;④利用流动层段指标（FZI）、压汞曲线上进汞饱和度达35g时的孔喉半径（Rss）等参数值的岩石微观孔隙结构法;⑤利用渗流系数、存储系数、净与毛厚度比的分类法;⑥利用振幅、波阻抗属性的地震属性分析法。其中前3种以宏观地质、沉积岩相及岩石方法为主;第4,5种方法以微观、定量的岩石物理参数为主要依据;第6种基本上属于间接方法。根据储层流动单元法建立的三维储层非均质模型为油田开发提供了新的可靠的地质依据。     

灰色层次分析法在储层流动单元划分中的应用——以丘陵油田三间房组储层为例

定量与定性相结合的方法是储层流动单元研究的发展趋势。采用灰色层次分析法（GAHP）,选取孔隙度、渗透率、含油饱和度、饱和度中值压力、退汞效率和泥质含量等6个参数,对丘陵油田进行了流动单元的划分。研究表明,本区储层可以划分为E、G、M、P 4类流动单元：E类流动单元主要分布在水下分流河道中心部位,渗流能力最强,开发程度较高,但是易发生水淹;G类流动单元主要分布在水下分流河道,渗流能力较强,水淹程度较低,还存有一定的剩余油,是丘陵油田目前主要的生产动用层系;M类流动单元主要分布在水下分流河道和河道的边部,物性较差,目前动用程度较低,剩余油富集;P类流动单元主要分布在水下分流间湾部位,岩性致密,注入水很难波及到,目前几乎不具备开发价值。     

华池油田长3岩性油藏流动单元划分及其合理性验证

提出岩性油气藏流动单元划分及其合理性验证方法。研究中针对华池油田长3岩性油藏的特点,采取控制流体渗流的主要参数,对流动单元进行了划分。同时采用数学方法、微观渗流实验方法、宏观生产动态分析方法对流动单元划分的合理性进行了验证。研究结果表明:1）研究区流动单元可以分为三类,分别为A类、B类和C类。不同流动单元所处相带位置不同,物性也不同。
2）判别分析的方法、渗流实验方法和生产动态分析法是验证流动单元划分合理性的有效手段。研究区流动单元的正判率达95％以上;相同流动单元具有相似的微观渗流特征及生产动态特征,不同流动单元的微观渗流特征及生产动态特征明显不同。
3）C类流动单元及注采井间不同流动单元对接区域是剩余油的主要富集区,应注意挖潜,提高油层采收率。     

锦45块储层流动单元

正确地划分储层流动单元,对预测剩余油分布、调整开发方案、提高采收率都具有重要意义。采用多参数的聚类分析和模糊综合评价相结合的方法进行储层流动单元的划分,在此基础上应用BP网络技术对流动单元进行预测。研究表明,本区储层可以划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 4类流动单元:其中Ⅰ类是该区储集性能最好的储层流动单元,虽然开发程度较高,大部分井已经关闭,但个别井目前仍具有一定的生产能力;Ⅱ类是该区储集性能较好的储层流动单元,水淹的程度较低,还存有一定的剩余油,是目前油田生产的主要区域;Ⅲ类是该区储集性能较差的流动单元,开发效果一般,动用程度较差,所以是油田进一步挖潜的区域;Ⅳ类是该区储集性能最差的流动单元,原始含油性很差,因此不是剩余油分布的主要区域。对各类流动单元特征进行了精细的分析,为油田综合治理提供了详细的地质依据。     

流动单元研究进展

提高油藏描述的精度、确定剩余油的分布、改善开发效果的关键是认识油藏的非均质性。介绍了一种研究油藏非均质性的新方法——流动单元研究方法的国内、国外研究进展及流动单元的概念、各种研究方法和流动单元研究的应用,并提出了针对大型陆相油田、非均质性较强的储层流动单元划分方法设想。     

致密砂岩气藏储层流动单元划分方法及随机模拟

针对致密砂岩气藏开发中所面临的难题,以及流动单元划分中存在的问题,提出了一套致密砂岩储层流动单元划分新方法。根据流动单元的定义及其地质意义,在取心井定性和定量分析的基础上,确定了孔隙度、渗透率、流动层指数和Winland r35 四个参数作为流动单元划分的指标。应用储层层次分析的研究思路,结合致密砂岩气藏的工业气流标准,识别了渗流屏障,并通过聚类分析、判别分析等统计学方法建立了连同体内部流动单元的定量识别模式,实现了流动单元由取心井到非取心井的定量识别,最后利用序贯指示模拟方法建立了流动单元的三维地质模型。进一步研究表明,应用储层流动单元方法不仅精细地刻画了河流相储层的空间非均质性,而且不同的流动单元对应着不同的开发效果。其中,A类流动单元开发效果最好,B类流动单元开发效果次之,是挖潜的主要目标,C类流动单元开发效果最差。     

大庆油田萨中地区葡121层储层流动单元的初步划分

储层流动单元是指影响流体流动的岩性和岩石物理性质在内部相似,在垂向上和横向上连续的储集带,它是基于油藏数值模拟的目的提出的,对于油气田开发,特别是对二次采油和三次采油具有较大的实际意义。目前国内外对流动单元的研究主要集中于探索流动单元的划分方法,笔者在研究各种划分方法的基础上提出了一种最简单的划分方法,该方法可直接从测井解释成果图上读取数据,求出存储系数和渗流系数,通过聚类分析划分出流动单元。该方法虽有不足,但简便易行,且在单一沉积微相中可取得很好的效果。     

非均质综合指数法划分储层流动单元

近年来，流动单元概念已被广泛用于储层研究中，取得了较好的效果．但怎样充分利用反映流储层及流动非均质性的各个参数来划分流动单元，目前没有统一的认识，献中多局限在传统的划分方法上．基于充分利用各个反映储层特性的参数的思想，笔提出了非均质综合指数法划分储层流动单元，并用这种方法研究了新疆油田某井区储层流动单元．由实践验证，这是一种比较行之有效的方法，划分的结果是可靠的．     

不同流动单元储层特征及其对注水开发效果的影响——以丘陵油田三间房组储层为例

针对丘陵油田三间房组油藏的特点,选取能反映储层物性、沉积特征及流体性质的主要参数(如孔隙度、渗透率、砂体厚度和含油饱和度)对流动单元进行了划分。以研究区7口取心井分析化验资料为基础,分析了不同流动单元的储层特征,同时结合油田生产动态资料对流动单元划分的合理性进行了验证。研究结果表明:①研究区流动单元可以分为E、G、M、P 4类,不同流动单元所处相带位置不同,物性和含油性依次变差;②不同流动单元的岩性、黏土含量、填隙物的相对含量、孔隙类型及连通情况等储层特征不同;③不同流动单元的生产动态特征存在明显差异,M类流动单元目前动用程度较低,剩余油富集。因此,要加强M类流动单元的改造措施,从而改善油田整体的注水开发效果。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861