苏南地区几条北西向断裂显微构造与组构的初步研究

地壳发生的一切变形都是地应力作用的结果。在构造应力作用下,组成地壳的岩石、矿物必然发生变形,这些变形也必然在岩石、矿物内遗留下各种构造形迹——显微构造;同时,矿物的形体方位和晶格方位也会产生相应的定向排列(优选方位)——组构。近年来,显微构造与组构的研究不仅用于地质构造的运动学和动力学研究,而且日益受到构造地质、地震地质和岩石力学的研究者们的重视。     

变形矿物的显微构造及其研究方法

显微构造,顾名思义,即显微级的构造形迹。研究变形矿物的显微构造,就是在显微镜(或电子显微镜)下研究造岩矿物在应力作用下变形而遗留下来的痕迹。本世纪初叶,地质学者就对变形岩石的结构构造进行了探索和研究,以后,由桑德尔及其学生们的共同努力,     

苏南地区几条北西向断裂的显微构造及组构的研究

地壳各部分发生的一切形变都是地应力作用的结果。在构造应力作用下,组成地壳的岩石矿物也必然发生形变,从而形成各种显微构造形迹并产生相应的规律变化,这种变化表现在矿物形体方位和晶格方位上的定向排列——优选方位。石英是对应力作用最敏感的矿物之一。本文通过对苏南地区的虞山、沙山和西京山等三条北西向断裂所产生的构造岩的研究,阐述了石英的一系列显微构造形迹:波状消光、变形     

累积损伤疲劳断裂——地壳构造变形的一种基本机制

 潮汐应力引起地壳岩石的循环应变、累积疲劳损伤,形成疲劳断裂。本文给出疲劳断裂野外宏观地质特征,并对显微构造、小构造、大陆与大洋区域构造、第四纪软岩层中的疲劳断裂实例进行了分析,指出部分石英变形纹就是疲劳纹,以及环太平洋地震带、海底磁异常条带和潮汐作用、疲劳断裂机制的相关性;给出累积损伤-微体积的玄武岩浆上侵-沿疲劳断裂上涌-海底扩张的模式;推测大陆与海洋地壳的疲劳寿命。     

桂东南那卜韧性剪切带的基本特征及形成机制

野外地质、几何学、运动学及构造应力场研究表明，桂东南卜韧性剪切带具两期活动性质：主期变形机制具右行走滑性质，而前期变形机制以压扁作用为主。通过野外调研和室内综合分析，详细论述了该韧性剪切带的构造样式、岩石组合、显微组构以及韧性变形过程中的岩石转变等，并初步探讨了韧性剪切带的应变、形成环境和变形机制。     

江南断裂构造属性及成生环境初探

江南断裂作为江南隆起带北缘边界的区域性断裂,时空变形特点表现为前燕山期非造山性质的沉积相突变带和燕山期具造山性质的构造变形带。突变带内同生角砾岩仅具相带划分意义。构造变形带内江南断裂中浅层宏观总体表现逆冲断层;地质证据和ESR年龄证据表明断裂作用起始于燕山早期,持续至喜山早期;宏微观构造、包体测温和差异应力等综合研究显示断层总体处于脆性、低温、低差异应力构造变形环境。但江南断裂现今中浅层主要变形形迹和成生条件所表现的构造属性与空间断层性质不相对应,原因可能与中浅层构造变形样式、基底变形特征及区域应力作用特点有关。     

安徽寿县新元古界球-枕状构造的双重成因与古地震脉动旋回研究

在安徽寿县新元古界四十里长山组下部粉砂-细砂岩沉积地层中,发育一组具有双重成因的球-枕状软沉积物变形构造.对露头剖面进行实地观测研究显示,变形构造形成于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡带的地震灾变事件层中.由于滑塌砾石落入表层粉砂质软沉积层,在地震震颤应力作用下形成具砾石核心的球-枕状体,又在地震脉动旋回性连续震颤作用下,继续沉陷至下部液化砂层中,形成了具有双重成因的球-枕状软沉积变形构造.它经受了地震、海啸、滑塌、滑褶、震颤晃动沉陷、液化泄水、软塑性紧缩变形等多项复杂的同沉积变形作用过程.显示出该地震事件具有前震阶段、主震阶段、余震阶段等多次震颤脉动旋回性地质作用的地质事件,地震能量强度最大应超过里氏7级,为研究海洋震积岩的软沉积变形及脉动旋回性过程提供了重要的实物资料.     

解读变形岩

岩石变形既可以产生单个的宏观型构造,例如:破裂、断层、褶皱以及板块构造,也可以在岩石中产生中小尺度的构造形迹。变形岩石的组构取决于遭受变形的沉积岩或火山岩的特征或取决于矿物颗粒的或被改造的岩石碎屑的优选方位。      

从五台山下前寒武系变形特征论某些构造形迹的运动学意义

分布在五台山区的早前寒武纪五台群和滹沱群,遭受了多期变形和变质,小型构造发育。层理配置反映变形性质和程度;片理(劈理)为早世代挤压-剪切褶皱的轴面片理,又成为晚世代弯滑褶皱的滑动面;线理(压扁拉长的砾石、杏仁体和矿物集合体)垂直于早世代褶皱枢纽,为a线理;这一运动学特征在显微组构中亦有反映。本区发现了“折射变位”、“非共面反射变位”和“共面反射变位”等褶皱枢纽变位轨迹。上述构造形迹可为运动学分析提供依据,可对造山带的重要性质获得广泛的理解。     

东天山康古尔韧性变形带韧性挤压变形特征:以哈密黄山东地区为例

东天山康古尔断裂带和雅满苏断裂带之间石炭纪沉积-火山岩系中发育一条东西向韧性变形带，具两期性质不同的韧性变形，早期韧性挤压性质，晚期右行韧性剪切.对早期韧性挤压变形的宏观构造（糜棱面理、糜棱线理、对称石香肠构造、不对称褶皱等）和显微构造（压力影构造、布丁构造、动态重结晶、不同类型砾石变形特征等）特征做了详细的研究.糜棱岩中砾石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S和SL型构造岩，三轴应变量的测量均揭示了一般压缩和少部分的平面应变类型.石英亚颗粒旋转重结晶及少量边界迁移重结晶，长石塑性变形、部分膨凸重结晶等变形特征；石英C轴组构揭示中温柱面 < a>和菱面 < a>滑移为主，后期叠加底面 < a>滑移.因此，推测早期韧性挤压变形温度范围在450~550℃.综合区域地质资料，康古尔变形带早期韧性挤压变形形成于300~290 Ma，塔里木板块和中天碰撞闭合后陆内南北挤压环境下.      

Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA

Recent studies have demonstrated a plausible link between surface and near-surface tectonic features and the vertical projection of the Commerce geophysical lineament (CGL). The CGL is a 5- to 10-km-wide zone of basement magnetic and gravity anomalies traceable for more than 600 km, extending from Arkansas through southeast Missouri and southern Illinois and into Indiana. Twelve kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection data, collected at four sites along a 175-km segment of the CGL projection, are interpreted to show varying amounts of deformation involving Tertiary and some Quaternary sediments. Some of the locally anomalous geomorphic features in the northern Mississippi embayment region (i.e., paleoliquefaction features, anomalous directional changes in stream channels, and areas of linear bluff escarpments) overlying the CGL can be correlated with specific faults and/or narrow zones of deformed (faulted and folded) strata that are imaged on high-resolution seismic reflection data. There is an observable change in near-surface deformation style and complexity progressing from the southwest to the northeast along the trace of the CGL. The seismic reflection data collaborate mapping evidence which suggests that this region has undergone a complex history of deformation, some of which is documented to be as young as Quaternary, during multiple episodes of reactivation under varying stress fields. This work, along with that of other studies presented in this volume, points to the existence of at least one major crustal feature outside the currently defined zone of seismic activity (New Madrid Seismic Zone) that should be considered as a significant potential source zone for seismogenic activity within the midcontinent region of the United States.     

河北康保县迁安组的沉积环境、孢粉组合及时代

通过1：5万屯垦-道尹地测区区域地质调查,首次发现河北省康保县发育迁安组,其岩性组合为砂质砾、含砾粗砂、含砾细砂及粘质砂土。自下而上划分Pinus—Betula—Artemisia及Artemisia—Pinus—Chenopodiacea2个孢粉组合。晚更新世早期古环境为针阔叶混交林,古气候为温湿。晚更新世晚期古环境为温带疏林草原环境,古气候为干冷,属间冰期气候。晚更新世晚期-全新世早期本区出现各种寒冷气候条件下的融冻变形现象,反映了冰缘期气候。该套地层岩性具整体一致性,分布具区域性,且野外易于识别。无论在地层、孢粉、测年、气候、环境等方面均可与河北省迁安县爪村迁安组标准剖面进行对比。晚更新世迁安组在本区的发现,大幅度提高了区内第四纪地质的研究水平,为研究新构造运动、环境变迁和气候变化奠定了新的基础。     

Gravel bodies in the Kumtagh Desert and their geomorphological implications

Although developed in predominantly arid environments, desert geomorphology sometimes bears information about past environmental change. China’s Kumtagh Desert has only recently been studied by researchers. These investigations revealed the existence of several unique features compared with other Chinese deserts, including gravel bodies distributed in the northern part of the desert. This paper summarizes the results of previous research in the region, as well as information obtained from remote sensing and field investigations, then discusses the geological background, underlying Quaternary geomorphology, and the types, development stages, and geomorphological implications of the desert’s gravel bodies. Four main types of gravel bodies and four developmental stages were identified. It is suggested that the great elevation difference between the Altyn Tagh Mountains and the Kumtagh Desert caused by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau constitutes the overall background for the development of gravel bodies, but subsequent climatic events were the direct causes of their evolution. The gravel bodies resulted from alluvial deposits on loose fine sediments mainly of aeolian origin that were subsequently subjected to wind erosion. Erosion cycles then progressively scattered these gravels to form gravel sheets. The gravel bodies have three main geomorphological implications: they record anomalous ancient climate events after the dune field formed and have little influence on the development of nearby seif dunes in the northeast, demonstrate that the Altyn Tagh Mountains are the main sediment source for the Kumtagh Desert, and suggest that the evolution of the environment and geomorphology of the Kumtagh Desert have been influenced by neotectonic movements.     

珠江三角洲环境地质控制性因素及问题分析

珠江三角洲经济区地处广东省中南部,濒临南海,海陆相互作用较强烈,新构造运动活跃,侵蚀和剥蚀作用明显,第四系广布,地貌类型多样,是地质环境的过渡带和敏感带,独具特色的区域地质环境必然产生相应的环境地质问题。本文基于现代调查并综合以往研究成果,从地形地貌、新构造运动、海平面变化、第四纪沉积的角度分析了控制珠三角城市群地质环境的重要因素,提出了对可持续城市化进程具有广泛影响的灾害性环境地质问题:地震灾害,软土区地面形变,岩溶塌陷,海岸异常变迁叠加海平面上升等问题。从地质环境的角度分析了这些问题的成因并提出了针对性的对策建议。     

河北怀来地区ZK02孔第四系地层结构特征

研究第四系地层结构特征和沉积环境,不仅对掌握区域第四纪发展史和气候变化具有重要意义,还可为合理利用地质资源和防治地质灾害提供重要依据。以怀来地区ZK02孔揭露的地层特征为依据,分析第四系地质结构,探讨怀来地区第四系特殊的沉积环境演变。结果表明：海拔600 m以上的山间河流发育了较厚的第四系中、上更新统沉积物,且研究区第四系自下而上以河床-边滩相沉积环境为特征,表明新构造运动和气候变化控制了第四纪时期的沉积环境演变,特殊的地质环境塑造了特殊的第四系地层结构特征。     

北京宋庄地裂缝灾害特征及影响因素分析

近年来由于北京市平原区地裂缝灾害凸显,不仅加速地表水土流失,而且对灾害区基础设施建设造成严重影响。为分析地裂缝形成原因,缓解及减轻地裂缝灾害造成的经济、财产损失,本文以新发现的宋庄地裂缝作为靶区,通过地质调查、InSAR监测、槽探、钻探等方法,揭示了宋庄地裂缝空间发育特征,从地质构造、地层岩性、地面沉降等方面,深入分析成因。结果显示:（1）宋庄地裂缝影响长度达8.7 km,NEE向延伸,受灾体主要展现出拉张形变;（2）区域拉张应力场为宋庄地裂缝形成提供内动力条件,构造影响下的第四系沉积厚度差异及地层岩性不均一,为宋庄地裂缝形成提供重要地质背景;（3）南苑-通县断裂为宋庄地裂缝形成提供了应力积累和传递媒介;（4）地下水超采引发的土体水平、垂向变形是地裂缝形成的诱发条件。受基底伸展变形、隐伏断裂及地下水开采影响,土体发生水平及垂向变形,使得在非饱和带断层区附近形成拉应力集中区,当达到土体抗拉强度时,形成盲裂缝,在雨水侵蚀或潜水位回升作用下,扩展至地表形成裂缝及串珠状土洞。     

基于岩石颗粒排列方式的低渗透储层应力敏感性分析

以颗粒堆积模型为基础,考虑了低渗透岩心颗粒不同排列方式和不同变形方式,建立了毛管束模型,并通过颗粒Hertz接触变形原理对毛管变形量进行计算,研究毛管和多孔介质应力敏感性定量表征关系,通过有效毛管分数和毛管变形规律探讨了低渗透储层应力敏感性的作用机制。研究表明,低渗透储层的应力敏感性主要表现为渗透率的应力敏感性,相比于渗透率应力敏感性,孔隙度应力敏感性较弱;低渗透储层应力敏感性与岩石颗粒排列方式、颗粒变形方式、岩石微观孔隙结构、固液界面作用力和启动压力梯度效应等密切相关;考虑有效毛管分数和毛管变形量的多孔介质应力敏感性量化模型可从应力敏感性微观作用机制角度解释低渗透储层应力敏感性。     

Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,east Tibet

The north–south-trending upper reaches of the Minjiang River run along the Longmen Shan–Min Shan fault zone, a zone of abrupt topographic change along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Multiple levels of well-preserved soft-sediment deformation structures (seismites) occur in sediments deposited in paleo-dammed lakes in the upper part of the Minjiang River Valley. These deformation structures include liquefied convolute deformation, water-escape structures, flame structures, pseudonodules, ball-and-pillow structures, sedimentary dykes, mud lenses, and large-scale folds. Several kilometers from the barrier bar of the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes, seven deformed structural layers were identified at different heights in late Quaternary stratigraphic sequences near Shawan Village, Maoxian County. Analyses of the deformation structures, landforms, and the structural environment indicate that these deformation structures were caused by earthquakes, slumps, and landslides.OSL (optical stimulated luminescence) and ¹⁴C dating of soft-sediment layers from the Shawan site indicate that intense earthquakes occurred during the period 25–20 ka B.P. Therefore, accurate geological dating of deformed features in dammed lake deposits in high mountains and canyons enables the record of moderate- to large-magnitude earthquakes to be extended to the late Pleistocene–Holocene upon the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用

煤岩是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素十分敏感的有机岩,地质演化过程中的各种构造-热事件必然导致煤岩发生一系列物理与化学结构的变化,并形成不同类型的构造煤。在构造应力作用下,煤岩不仅发生脆性和韧性变形,而且还产生不同程度的动力变质作用。因而,关于煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用的研究不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且在煤层气资源评价以及煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测方面也具有重要的实际意义。文中在已有研究成果基础上,通过对构造煤系列Ro,max、XRD和NMR(CP/MAS+TOSS)等测试和实验方法的对比研究,深入分析了煤岩不同构造变形和动力变质特征,进一步探讨了构造应力下煤岩动力变质作用的机理。研究成果表明,在构造应力作用下,煤岩脆性变形主要是通过破裂面上快速机械摩擦转化为热能而引起煤岩化学结构与其成分的改变;而韧性变形煤主要是通过局部区域应变能的积累而引起煤岩化学结构的破坏,从而发生不同机制的动力变质作用。