内蒙古苏莫查干敖包特大型萤石矿床地质特征及成因

苏莫查干敖包矿床是迄今为正在全球范围内找到的最大规模单一萤石矿床.萤石矿体大多呈层状、似层状和透镜状沿下二叠统碳泥质板岩(夹灰岩透镜体)与流纹质火山岩接触带分布,并且与中生代花岗岩类侵入岩体具有密切的空间分布关系.流纹质火山岩和花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄值分别为(276±10)Ma和(138±4)Ma,它们分别是海西晚期和燕山中期酸性岩浆活动的产物.萤石矿体主要由4种类型矿石所构成,即石英-萤石型、石英-硫化物-萤石型、萤石-石英型和方解石-石英-萤石型.矿物组分有萤石、石英(蛋白石、玉髓)、方解石、绢云母和绿泥石,个别样品中有磁铁矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、毒砂和锡石.围岩蚀变自矿体中心向外分别为绢云母化、硅化、碳酸盐化和高岭石化.钕、锶和铅同位素分析结果表明,萤石矿床是多期次和多阶段岩浆热液活动的产物,成矿作用分别发生在海西晚期和燕山中期,并以后者为主.海西晚期富碱质酸性岩浆喷发活动为层纹状和条带状矿体以及矿源层的形成创造了有利条件.相比之下,燕山中期花岗质岩浆侵入活动不仅为细晶质、伟晶质和角砾状矿体的形成提供了物质、动力和热力来源,而且是成矿流体对流循环的"发动机".苏莫查干敖包矿床属于与花岗岩类深成侵入岩体有关的热液型萤石矿床,成岩(矿)物质来自壳、幔混合源,其中壳源组分占有绝对优势.     

武夷成矿带北部典型萤石矿床特征及成因分析

武夷成矿带北部萤石矿床主要受北东向、北北东向构造破碎带控制,萤石矿体均呈脉状、复脉状或透镜状赋存于构造破碎带。域内燕山期岩浆活动强烈,成矿时空上与区内燕山期花岗岩关系密切,多期次侵入形成的复式花岗岩体是萤石成矿的重要基础,岩浆期后热液为成矿提供了成矿物质,矿床类型属于断裂带充填交代型脉状萤石矿床。     

浙江省萤石矿床区域成矿规律与找矿方向研究

萤石矿是浙江省的优势矿种之一,储量在中国名列前茅。根据矿床成因可分为火山-次火山热液充填型、岩浆期后热液充填型和岩浆热液交代型3种类型。火山-次火山热液充填型萤石矿床主要分布于浙东南火山岩分布区,成矿作用与中生代火山活动关系密切;岩浆期后热液充填型和岩浆热液交代型萤石矿床主要分布于浙西北燕山期花岗岩周围,成矿作用与燕山期岩浆侵入活动密切相关。文章根据浙江省萤石矿床的成因类型、成矿作用、构造环境、成矿时代等特征,可将其归纳为2个成矿系列:与中生代火山-次火山热液有关的萤石矿床成矿系列和与中生代岩浆侵入作用有关的萤石矿床成矿系列。其中,与中生代岩浆侵入作用有关的萤石矿床成矿系列又可分为与燕山期中酸性岩浆期后热液充填作用有关的萤石矿床成矿亚系列及与燕山期中酸性岩浆热液交代作用有关的萤石矿床成矿亚系列。在此基础上,提出了2大萤石矿床成矿系列的找矿方向分别为浙东南晚白垩世火山断陷盆地边缘断裂、火山口环形和放射状断裂及浙西北高氟岩体。     

内蒙古敖包吐萤石矿床地质和地球化学特征

笔者总结了敖包吐萤石矿床的地质特征,并通过萤石的稀土元素的地球化学和Nd同位素研究,探讨了该矿床的成矿作用和成矿物质来源。敖包吐萤石矿床产出于下二叠统大石寨组火山—沉积岩与燕山中期花岗岩的接触带,为单一萤石矿床。萤石矿石的稀土元素的含量(∑REE)变化范围为(8.04～30.04)×10-6,平均为19.42×10-6;轻重稀土LREE/HREE值0.24～0.65,平均0.52;LaN/YbN为0.07～0.62,平均0.26;δEu为0.42～0.90,平均0.60,具Eu负异常和明显重稀土富集的特征。岩矿石的Nd同位素研究表明,萤石矿石的εNd(t)都表现为很大的负值,以成矿主期年龄138Ma计算的εNd(138Ma)为-7.30～-30.55,具有古陆壳的演化特征,暗示其成矿的物质来源主要是壳源物质。在Moller的Tb/La-Tb/Ca成因判别图解中,敖包吐矿床的萤石的结晶作用表现为重新活化的趋势,反映流体具有混源的特征,既有热液成因,又有沉积成因。二叠世的海相火山活动通过海底喷气和喷流的作用形成了初始矿源层,而燕山中期花岗岩浆的侵位与结晶分异,又对初始矿源层的活化和富集提供了流体和热能的来源。成矿流体在经历了长期的演化后在大石寨组的构造薄弱破碎的的部位沉淀析出,形成敖包吐萤石矿床。     

内蒙古敖包吐萤石矿床的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征

敖包吐萤石矿床是内蒙古北部苏莫查干地区单一萤石矿集区中的一个代表性矿床,产于早二叠世大石寨组火山-沉积岩与早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩的接触带上。文章通过分析该矿床岩、矿石的微量元素和稀土元素,揭示出萤石的成矿作用可分为2个阶段,即交代作用和充填作用。交代作用过程中大石寨组的结晶灰岩可能为萤石的形成提供了部分Ca来源,萤石矿石的稀土元素配分模式与海水基本类似,具有Ce负异常;成矿作用后期主要表现为充填作用,形成颗粒粗大的萤石,表现为重稀土元素富集的特征,并随着萤石的沉淀析出,稀土元素总量逐渐下降,反映出成矿流体经历了较长期的演化过程。各地层单元、花岗岩体和萤石矿石的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素研究表明,萤石的放射性同位素组成具有壳、幔源混合的特点,成矿物质来源具有多源性。早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩可能是萤石中F的主要来源,而大石寨组的结晶灰岩则可能提供了Ca。另外,Pb、Nd同位素的极大不均一性,有可能是成矿流体在运移过程中对艾力格庙群放射性组分的选择性吸收的结果。萤石成矿作用与钾玄岩的时空关系暗示了萤石的成矿过程可能是中国东部岩石圈减薄和下地壳的置换地质事件的结果。在构造转型的过程中,燕山中期富碱的酸性花岗岩浆的活动分异出富含F的成矿流体,与幔源流体混合,沿区域重新活化的深大断裂和大石寨组的层间破碎带上升,交代其间的灰岩透镜体,从而形成敖包吐中型萤石矿床。     

甘肃花牛山东钾长花岗岩40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄及其地质意义

对甘肃花牛山东复式花岗岩体中钾长花岗岩的钾长石进行了详细的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素年龄测定,11个加热阶段所获数据构成-条相关关系非常好的直线,其对应的等时线年龄为194.25±1.96 Ma(2σ).⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar初始值为288.87±2.17(2σ),接近于尼尔值(295.5).鉴于该岩体形成之后未受到明显的构造-岩浆活动或其它热事件的影响,因此,194 Ma代表了钾长花岗岩钾长石的形成时代.花牛山东钾长花岗岩是燕山早期构造-岩浆活动的产物.由此推断,花牛山地区构造-岩浆活动时间不是印支期,更不是海西期,而是中生代燕山早期.     

陕西洛南马河钼矿地质特征及成矿远景分析

洛南马河钼矿位于北秦岭加里东褶皱带之纸房-永丰褶皱束中.矿区出露地层主要为元古代一套经多期变质作用和岩浆侵入活动影响的变质岩系,不同方向的断裂构造极为发育,构造活动强烈,燕山期花岗岩体广为出露.矿体主要分布于岩体外接触带附近北宽坪群长英质片岩中,明显受赋矿地层、构造及岩浆活动的影响,并与桃官坪穹隆构造有密切关系.从矿区地质特征和矿床成因分析,该钼矿属岩浆期后高-中温热液矿床,经进一步工作,有望形成中型矿床规模.     

小秦岭地区文峪和东石英脉型金矿床铅及硫同位素研究

小秦岭地区文峪和东闯金矿床均是华北地台南缘的大型金矿床，金和金（铅）矿化主要在太古宙太华群变质岩层内呈脉状产出，并且同中生代燕山期花岗岩类具有密切的时空分布养分。文章对文峪金矿床、东闯金（铅）矿床、花岗岩类侵入岩和变质岩地层的硫和铅同位素组成进行了系统研究，对不同地质体的硫和铅同位素变化特征进行了详细讨论。研究结果表明：中生代花岗岩体源于太古宙变质的重熔和岩浆结晶分异作用。金的成矿作用发生在中生代燕山期,成矿物质主要来自花岗岩类侵入岩，岩浆热流体对太古宙变质岩地层的淋滤作用亦为金矿床的形成提供了部分物质来源。     

福建武平十二排钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os 同位素年龄及其地质意义

福建武平十二排铝矿床是近年来在闽西南地区找到的又一处铝矿床.钼矿化在中细粒黑云母花岗岩岩体与新元古界楼子坝群、晚古生界变质岩接触带内呈浸染状和脉状产出,并且构成透镜状矿体.本次研究过程中,对5件代表性辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素年龄测定,模式年龄值变化范围为149.7 ～ 152.8Ma,等时线年龄为(151 ±2) Ma,略晚于黑云母花岗岩的成岩年龄,由此认为十二排钼矿床与黑云母花岗岩的形成时间均为晚侏罗世,属燕山早期构造—岩浆活动的产物.结合矿区外围其他钼矿床同位素年龄数据,可以推测闽西南大规模钼矿化发生在印支期台地向活动大陆边缘转变阶段,并伴随燕山早期挤压隆升(约160 ～ 145 Ma)和燕山晚期由挤压向拉张机制转换(约105 ～90 Ma)作用所诱发的岩浆活动是导致钼矿床形成的主导因素.     

内蒙古小东沟斑岩型钼矿床辉钼矿铼-锇同位素年龄及地质意义

为了进一步查明小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的形成时间,对主要钼矿体6件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,所获同位素等时线年龄为135.5±1.5Ma(2σ),其MSWD值为1.4。鉴于辉钼矿呈浸染状和团块状分布于斑状花岗岩株中,并且与石英和钾长石呈共生结构关系,可以推测小东沟地区钼矿床和斑状花岗岩株的形成时间均为早白垩纪,属燕山期构造-岩浆活动的产物。     

内蒙古苏莫查干敖包萤石矿区流纹岩锆石SHRIMP定年及地质意义

内蒙古苏查（苏莫查干敖包）萤石矿区晚古生代火山沉积岩分布广泛,主要岩石类型有碳泥质板岩、结晶灰岩、凝灰岩、千枚岩、英安岩和流纹岩,其中碳泥质板岩和流纹岩为苏查特大型萤石矿床的顶和底板围岩。采用锆石SHRIMP UPb铅法分别对底板围岩中蚀变流纹岩和顶板围岩中未蚀变流纹岩样品进行了同位素年代测定,所获数据分别为276±10 Ma和271±8 Ma。蚀变和未蚀变流纹岩的形成时间均为海西晚期（早二叠世）。苏查萤石矿区早二叠世流纹岩是华北陆台与西伯利亚板块从碰撞挤压到松弛张裂转折期,酸性岩浆喷发活动的产物,其成岩物质来自壳、幔混合源。早二叠世流纹岩的出现不仅标志着苏查到西里庙地区海西期构造岩浆活动的终结,同时也为苏查特大型萤石矿床的成矿作用提供了动力、热力和物质来源。早二叠世流纹岩成岩时代的厘定不仅为阐明华北陆台北缘西段构造演化历史提供了科学依据,而且对于查明流纹岩的原岩性质和圈定新的萤石矿床找矿靶区也具有重要意义。     

蒙古国呼勒德地区正长岩锆石SHRIMP铀-铅年龄及其地质意义

呼勒德稀土元素矿化区位于蒙古国中戈壁省南部, 区内稀土元素和金矿(化)点星罗棋布, 为蒙古中南部最重要的金属矿化集中区之一。在所有上述矿床(点)中, 稀土元素矿化在下二叠统火山-沉积岩内呈似层状、脉状和透镜体状产出, 并且与呼勒德碱性正长岩株具有密切空间分布关系。本次研究对呼勒德正长岩进行了锆石SHRIMP铀-铅同位素年龄测定, 所获同位素年龄值为(214.3 ± 2.5)Ma, MSWD值为0.52, 属中生代印支期。根据上述同位素年代学数值, 同时结合其他地质与地球化学证据, 可以推测, 中生代时期, 受古陆块内部构造应力调整作用影响, 呼勒德地区一带及东西两侧曾发生过强烈构造-岩浆活动, 并且形成碱性正长岩株及相关的稀土元素矿(化)点。印支期碱性岩浆活动不仅为稀土元素矿(化)点的形成提供了物质、动力和热力来源, 而且是成矿流体对流循环的“发动机”。对比分析结果表明, 呼勒德碱性正长岩体的形成时间与南蒙古鲁金郭勒碱性花岗斑岩脉及相关稀土元素矿床形成时代大体相似, 它们均是地壳演化特定阶段混源(壳、幔源)岩浆活动的产物。     

Some progress on understanding the Phanerozoic granitoids in China

There are large volumes of the Phanerozoic granitoid rocks in China and neighboring areas. In recent years, numerous new and precise U-Pb zircon ages have been published for these granitoids, and define many important magmatic events, such as ca. 500 Ma granitoid events in the West Junggar, Altai orogens in the NW China, and Qinling orogen in the central China. These ages accurately constrain the time of important Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Early Mesozoic and Late Mesozoic magmatic events of the northern, central, western, southern and eastern orogenic Mountains in China. There occur various types of granitoids in China, such as calc-alkaline granite, alkali granite, highly-fractionated granite, leucogranite, adakite, and rapakivi granite. Rapakivi granites are not only typical Proterozoic as in the North China Craton, but were also emplaced during Paleozoic and Mesozoic in the Kunlun-Qinling orogen, a part of the China Central Orogenic Belt (CCOB). Nd-Hf isotopic tracing and mapping show that granitoids in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) in China (or the Northern China Orogenic Belt) are characterized predominantly by juvenile sources. The juvenile crust in this orogenic domain accounts for over 50% by area, distinguishing it from other orogenic belts in the world, and those in central (e.g., Qinling), southwestern and eastern China. Based on a large amount of new age data, a preliminary granitoid and granitoid-tectonic maps of China have been preliminarily compiled, and an evolutionary framework of Phanerozoic granitoids in China and neighboring areas has been established from the view of assembly and breakup of continental blocks. Research ideas on granitoid tectonics has also been proposed and discussed.     

大别山北淮阳带奥陶纪花岗岩的厘定及其对北秦岭东延的启示

详细的野外地质调查以及锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和初步的岩石学研究表明,大别山北淮阳带东段发育早古生代奥陶纪花岗岩.这些花岗岩经过了强烈的构造变形、局部发育片麻理和绿帘角闪岩相变质作用,形成时代为457±2 Ma,与北淮阳带西段马畈闪长岩的形成时代以及北秦岭-桐柏造山带一期与大洋俯冲相关的早古生代岛弧岩浆作用时代一...     

桂东北苗儿山-越城岭东北部界牌钨-铜矿区成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及华南加里东期成矿分析

界牌W-Cu矿床产于苗儿山-越城岭复式岩体东北部斑状黑云母花岗岩与灰岩接触带的矽卡岩中,是苗儿山-越城岭复式岩体矿集区最大的矽卡岩型W-Cu矿床。矿区出露的主要岩体为斑状黑云母花岗岩及后期浅色花岗岩体,矿区外围则大面积出露斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。矿化产于斑状黑云母花岗岩与灰岩接触带矽卡岩,及斑状黑云母花岗岩中灰岩捕虏体矽卡岩化带中。黑云母花岗岩发育花岗岩型钨矿床成矿早期常见的钠长石化、云英岩化及从岩体至外接触带蚀变矿物组合显示形成温度逐渐降低。这些现象表明斑状黑云母花岗岩与矿床具有紧密成因联系。本文获得矿区斑状黑云母花岗岩、斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和浅色花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为:422±11 Ma,428±7 Ma,410±7 Ma,表明界牌W-矿床及区内主要岩体均形成于加里东期。本文的同位素年龄及前人报道的苗儿山-越城岭矿集区和华南加里东期与花岗岩有关矿床同位素年龄表明苗儿山-越城岭矿集区W-Mo-Cu矿床成矿主要发生在加里东期和印支期,U矿成矿主要发生在燕山期,华南在加里东期发生了分布广泛、成矿元素组合多样的与花岗岩有关的成矿事件,有很好的找矿前景,今后应加强华南加里东期矿床的找矿工作。     

Tokur gold ore–placer cluster in Amur Province: Geological–structural features and perspective of its development

The geological–structural features and gold-potential perspective of the Tokur ore–placer cluster in the Amur Province have been studied. This ore–placer cluster is a syncline composed of Paleozoic blackshale sequence, which is cut through by Late Paleozoic and Late Mesozoic intrusions. A granitoid massif is suggested at the depth on the basis of geophysical data. The cluster is distinguished by high productivity. Approximately 37 t gold from ore deposits, primarily from the Tokur deposit, and 60 t from placers have been mined out. The Tokur deposit is compared with the Natalka and Degdekan deposits from the Yana–Kolyma Province. Perspectives of the cluster area for large gold–quartz deposits and technogenic gold placers have been estimated.     

Mesoproterozoic Continental Arc Type Granite in the Central Tianshan Mountains: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Geochemical Analyses

The Central Tianshan belt in northwestern China is a small Precambrian block located in the southern part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, which is considered as ＂the most voluminous block of young continental crust in the world＂ that comprises numerous small continental blocks separated by Paleozoic magmatic arcs. The Precambrian basement of the central Tianshan Mountains is composed of volcanic rocks and associated volcano-sedimentary rocks that were intruded by granitic plutons. Geochemical analyses demonstrate that the granitic plutons and volcanic rocks were generated in the Andean-type active continental arc environment like today＇s Chile, and the zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating indicates that they were developed at about 956 Ma, possibly corresponding to the subduction of the inferred Mozambique Ocean under the Baltic-African super-continent.     

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotopic dating of the tungsten deposits in the Tianmenshan–Hongtaoling W–Sn orefield, southern Jiangxi Province, China, and geological implications

The southern Jiangxi Province is a major part of the Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province of southern China, where all W–Sn ore deposits are temporally and spatially related to Mesozoic granitic intrusions. The Tianmenshan–Hongtaoling orefield is a recently explored territory endowed by several styles of W–Sn mineralization. The orefield comprises three composite granitic plutons: Tianmenshan, Hongtaoling and Zhangtiantang associated with several tens of W–Sn-polymetallic ore deposits (Maoping, Baxiannao, Niuling, Zhangdou, Yaolanzhai and others) along their contacts. In this study, four new SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages were determined for three composite granitic plutons, and 33 molybdenite samples from five W–Sn deposits were analysed by ICP-MS Re–Os isotopic method. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages for both medium to coarse-gained biotite granite and porphyritic biotite monzogranite from the Tianmenshan composite pluton are 157.2 ± 2.2 Ma and 151.8 ± 2.9 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages for the related Baxiannao fracture-controlled tungsten deposits are 157.9 ± 1.5 Ma. Maoping greisens-type tungsten deposits were emplaced at 155.3 ± 2.8 Ma and the Maoping wolframite–quartz veins at 150.2 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. The SHRIMP U–Pb age of zircons from the Hongtaoling biotite granite is 151.4 ± 3.1 Ma whereas the molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages of the genetically related Niuling endocontact tungsten quartz veins and Zhangdou exocontact tungsten quartz veins are 154.9 ± 4.1 to 154.6 ± 9.7 Ma and 149.1 ± 7.1 Ma, respectively. The SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of the Zhangtiantang fine-grained muscovite granite is 156.9 ± 1.7 Ma, whereas the molybdenite Re–Os isochron age for the related Yaolanzhai greisens-type tungsten deposit is 155.8 ± 2.8 Ma. These new age data, combined with those available from the literature, indicate that the ages of W–Sn ores and related granites are Late Jurassic with a peak at 150 to 160 Ma, which corresponds to the widespread Mesozoic metallogenic event in southern China. Molybdenites from this group of tungsten deposits have quite low Re contents (29.1 to 2608 ppb), suggesting continental crustal provenance of the ore metals.     

Bristen granite: a highly differentiated,fluorite-bearing A-type granite from the Aar massif,Central Alps,Switzerland

Bristen granite is a body of fine-grained leucogranite occurring in the Gotthard rail base tunnel in the Central Alps. During construction of the tunnel, Bristen granite (Brgr) has been drilled along a 600 m long section. The aplite-granite belongs to the suite of Variscan granitoid intrusions of the Aar massif and contains a variety of accessory minerals typical of highly differentiated granites. Rock forming fluorite, partly enriched in yttrium (Y) and rare earth elements (REE), is intergrown with the late Y- and REE-bearing carbonate mineral synchysite. The granite contains a variety of Ti- and Y-REE-niobates, thorite, and zircon. Compared with the calc-alkaline central Aar granite (cAgr), Bristen granite is strongly depleted in Ti, P, Mg, Sr, and Ba and shows a remarkable enrichment in incompatible elements such as Rb, Th, U, Nb, Y, HREE and F. Bristen granite is the most evolved granitoid rock of the Aar massif. The composition of Brgr is typical of post-collisional reduced (ferroan) A-type granites. The Brgr melt formed in the lower crust and crystallized from a highly differentiated melt at the cotectic point in the quartz-feldspar system close to 100 MPa and 700 °C. The Brgr intruded as a small isolated stock pre-Variscan gneisses with sharply discordant contacts. The primary igneous host of Nb, Ta, Y, U, Th and REE is biotite in addition to minor amounts of allanite, and zircon. The presence of Y-REE-fluorite, synchysite, parisite and Y- and Ti-niobates and other REE-minerals can be related to reaction of igneous biotite and primary fluorite with hydrothermal fluids. The reaction is associated with alpine metamorphism, because Y-bearing fluorite and synchysite have been reported from Alpine fissures. The transformation of primary biotite to chlorite and muscovite released the heavy metal oxides under lower greenschist facies conditions that formed the Alpine diagnostic mineral stilpnomelane at about 300 °C.     

内蒙古北山额济纳旗小红山钒钛磁铁矿床SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年及其意义

小红山钒钛磁铁矿床是近年内蒙古北山地区新发现的一个中型钒钛磁铁矿床,含矿辉长岩体侵位于蓟县系平头山组,岩体具全岩矿化,工业矿体主要赋存于中粗粒辉长岩中。采用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方法对小红山中粗粒辉长岩体进行了年代学研究,获得该岩体的锆石微区原位SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为424±6Ma,表明小红山钒钛磁铁矿成岩成矿事件发生于中志留世。该时期钒钛磁铁矿床的发现,揭示了北山地区早古生代处于陆缘裂谷环境,这对研究和认识北山地区地质构造演化及开展岩浆矿床找矿具有重要意义。