南昆铁路建设对山区环境的影响、保护与营造

南昆铁路是在地质复杂的高原山区兴建的现代化电气化铁路干线。沿线山区环境脆弱，铁路建设中对生态环境，声学环境，水环境，大气环境及电磁环境所受的影响进行了科学评价，实施了以水土保持为重点的相应的环境保护措施，并营造了新的经济环境，促进了沿线经济的持续发展。     

Population-adjusted street connectivity,urbanicity and risk of obesity in the U.S.

Street connectivity, defined as the number of (3-way or more) intersections per area unit, is an important index of built environments as a proxy for walkability in a neighborhood. This paper examines its geographic variations across the rural-urban continuum (urbanicity), major racial-ethnic groups and various poverty levels. The population-adjusted street connectivity index is proposed as a better measure than the regular index for a large area such as county due to likely concentration of population in limited space within the large area. Based on the data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), this paper uses multilevel modeling to analyze its association with physical activity and obesity while controlling for various individual- and county-level variables. Analysis of data subsets indicates that the influences of individual and county-level variables on obesity risk vary across areas of different urbanization levels. The positive influence of street connectivity on obesity control is limited to the more but not the mostly urbanized areas. This demonstrates the value of obesogenic environment research in different geographic settings, helps us reconcile and synthesize some seemingly contradictory results reported in different studies, and also promotes that effective policies need to be highly sensitive to the diversity of demographic groups and geographically adaptable.     

儿童地理学视角下的留守儿童研究述评

文章通过梳理在WOS（Web Of Science）核心数据集、谷歌学术、中国知网（CNKI）等平台筛选出的较高引用率、方法比较规范、与留守儿童主题相关性强的国内外文献159篇,从理论层面总结了儿童地理学研究的新转向：关注儿童与空间的关系,强调儿童在空间使用中的主体性,重视不同情境下儿童地理体验的差异性。并梳理了跨国迁移背景下留守儿童的3个研究主题：从空间视角探讨留守儿童的日常生活实践;从主体性出发探讨儿童在迁移链中的体验;在童年的差异性基础上讨论本土儿童的问题。同时从问题视角和积极视角分析了国内城乡迁移背景下留守儿童的研究主题,指出因现有研究范式中的经验主义和成人中心主义而存在的局限性。尝试勾勒出符合中国情境的留守儿童研究新范式,提出留守儿童的日常生活空间,留守儿童的能动性、异质性和多样性是国内留守儿童研究亟需关注的内容。呼吁学者采用历时和动态的研究设计,充分展现儿童如何理解、体验和应对复杂的流动背景下的日常生活。     

Mixed land use and obesity: an empirical comparison of alternative land use measures and geographic scales

Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States. Walkable neighborhoods, characterized as having the 3Ds of walkability (population Density, land use Diversity, and pedestrian-friendly Design), have been identified as a potentially promising factor to prevent obesity for their residents. Past studies examining the relationship between obesity and walkability vary in geographic scales of neighborhood definitions and methods of measuring the 3Ds. To better understand potential influences of these sometimes arbitrary choices, we test how four types of alternative measures of land use diversity measured at three geographic scales relate to body mass index for 4960 Salt Lake County adults. Generalized estimation equation models demonstrate that optimal diversity measures differed by gender and geographic scale and that integrating walkability measures at different scales improved the overall performance of models.     

Mixed Land Use and Obesity: An Empirical Comparison of Alternative Land Use Measures and Geographic Scales

Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States. Walkable neighborhoods, characterized as having the three Ds of walkability (population Density, land use Diversity, and pedestrian-friendly Design), have been identified as a potentially promising factor to prevent obesity for residents. Past studies examining the relationship between obesity and walkability vary in geographic scales of neighborhood definitions and methods of measuring the three Ds. To better understand potential influences of these sometimes arbitrary choices, we test how four types of alternative measures of land use diversity measured at three geographic scales relate to body mass index for 4,960 Salt Lake County adults. Generalized estimation equation models demonstrate that optimal diversity measures differed by gender and geographic scale and that integrating walkability measures at different scales improved the overall performance of models.     

区域地理环境因素对宁夏泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响

选取宁夏泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病作为研究对象,运用时间序列及空间分析方法分析儿童呼吸系统疾病发病的区域时空分布规律,使用地理探测器方法探究区域环境影响因素。结果表明：温度、降水、相对湿度、风速以及社会经济因素等均会对儿童呼吸系统疾病发病有影响。在时间上,泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病发病与月平均气温及月降水量之间存在显著负相关性,气温与降水的季节性差异导致泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病也表现出明显的季节性特征;在空间上,儿童呼吸系统疾病呈现“中部高,南北低”的特点,整体发病率重心向南部偏移。各区域地理环境因素对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响存在空间差异性,表明地区温度、湿度、风速以及当地社会经济因素等在不同程度上影响了儿童呼吸系统疾病的空间分布。     

社区建成环境对健康的影响——基于居民个体超重的实证研究

随着中国经济发展和居民生活水平的提升,超重和肥胖问题开始显现,严重影响到居民的身体健康。基于中国家庭追踪调查的全国抽样数据,采用结构方程模型检验社区建成环境对居民个体超重的影响。研究发现,控制社会经济属性后,提高社区人口密度或设施可达性、缩短居民到公交站距离,可以通过减少个体机动化出行倾向而间接降低超重的可能性,但对超重的直接效应及总效应为正。这一结论与西方发达国家的经验不同,因此制定健康政策需要基于中国自身国情和规律,在建成环境方面应重点提高室外空间可步行性和休闲吸引力。     

Neighbourhoods and health: A review of the New Zealand literature

Over the past two decades, there has been a resurgence of interest into place‐based influences on health. Researchers have identified that various characteristics of neighbourhoods exert an influence on the health outcomes and behaviours of local residents. Understanding the processes linking places to health provides considerable potential for a range of policy interventions. We review the New Zealand‐based neighbourhoods and health research. Consideration is given to the types of neighbourhood characteristics, as well the range of health outcomes that have been studied. Finally, we suggest some priorities for further research into the mechanisms underpinning neighbourhood influences on health in New Zealand.     

我国资源环境对城镇化问题的影响因素

城镇化问题是当代中国社会经济发展的综合性重大问题。涉及到国民经济如何协调发展,达到一个新水平 的根本问题;也涉及到我国的资源环境合理开发利用与长远保护的可持续发展问题。 我国是世界上人多地少、资源十分有限的发展中国家。人口基数达13 亿人,城镇总人口的绝对数量也是世界 最大的国家。因此,资源环境对我国城镇化的影响是巨大的,也是非常深刻的。本论文从我国的城市化概念出发,深 入论述资源环境基础对我国城镇化的影响与制约因素,并对我国的国情条件作了辩证的分析研究。按照科学发展 观的思想,对我国今后城镇化发展提出了符合我国国情健康发展的城镇化道路及其对策。     

Port Cities as Areas of Transition: Ethnographic Perspectives. Waltraud Kokot,Mijal Gandelsman-Trier,Kathrin Wildner,and Astrid Wonneberger,editors

Research on the impact of the built environment on obesity and access to healthful foods often fails to incorporate information about how individuals interact with their environment. A sample of 198 low-income WIC recipients from two urban neighborhoods were interviewed about where they do their food shopping and surveys were conducted of food stores in their neighborhoods to assess the availability of healthful foods. Results indicate that participants rarely shop at the closest supermarket, traveling on average 1.58 miles for non-WIC food shopping and 1.07 miles for WIC shopping. Findings suggest that access to healthful foods is not synonymous with geographic proximity.     

老龄化社会中的地方和非正式照护①——地理老年学最新研究进展

发达国家政策制定者和执行者正面临着一个重要问题,即如何照护身体衰弱的老年群体,以应对人均寿命延长给社会经济与福利带来的影响。当然寿命延长本身是人类取得的一个巨大成功。然而,预期寿命的增加也引发了老年人口尤其是高龄老人数量的增长,这些高龄老人面临疾病高发和工具性日常生活活动能力(Instrumental Activities of Daily Life, IADLs)下降的情况,而这种能力对保持他们晚年生活的独立和尊严非常重要。与此同时,政策和实践的重心已经从机构养老转为“就地养老”,即支持老年人尽可能长时间地住在自己家里。从概念上讲,这意味着之前由机构提供的服务和照护(care)将改为由家庭来提供,这样脆弱的老年人也可以得到来自家人、朋友和邻居的非正式照护。一方面,这意味着许多老年人能够享受到由家庭照护所带来的亲密感、安全感和情感支持;另一方面,家庭结构的变化,社区的衰落,以及经济紧缩时期保障和福利的大幅削减,造成越来越多的老年人要面对孤独、孤立及风险。于是,老年人的照护者、照护地点和照护方式,及老年人对这些因素的差异化体验,将成为对健康和老龄化研究感兴趣的地理学家越来越关心的问题。本文回顾了地理老年学对非正式照护和家庭研究的最新进展,指出该领域的工作对老年人口照护的多学科探讨具有重要贡献。     

被拐儿童记忆地图模式及其影响因素

拐卖儿童犯罪屡禁不止,备受社会和学界关注。地理学视角下的已有研究多注重宏观区域定量分析,缺少基于寻亲成功案例聚焦被拐儿童的微观定性分析,尤其对被拐儿童记忆空间与记忆地图的探究不足。文章基于从“宝贝回家”公益平台提取的典型案例,综合运用文本分析、认知地图分析、案例分析等方法,探索寻亲成功的被拐儿童记忆地图模式及其影响因素。结果表明：1）被拐儿童记忆内容由地方性知识、家庭性知识和个体性知识3部分构成。其中,地方性知识包括儿童家乡的自然物理环境与社会文化环境要素;家庭性知识包括儿童原生家庭成员信息、亲缘关系等要素;个体性知识包括儿童自身体貌特征、失踪时穿着等要素。2）被拐儿童记忆空间形成于其日常活动空间,是地理空间与人文情感的结合;随着儿童年龄增长和时代变迁,儿童记忆空间要素产生变化,形成不同阶段不同时代的独特个体记忆,儿童生活环境的变化易塑造混合复杂的记忆空间。3）被拐儿童记忆地图根据其记忆内容及记忆要素类型分为多要素混合式记忆地图（依托多种感官、多要素定位家乡区域）、空间化布局式记忆地图（即手绘完整地图,具有空间性和尺度性）、单要素主导式记忆地图（即以地标和地名为关键要素）3种模式。4）儿童对其日常活动中频繁接触的场所会留下较为深刻印象,家乡环境中独特形状的道路、水域更易使儿童产生记忆,成为寻亲过程中的重要促进因素;地名、方言、习俗组合与地名、地标组合成为寻亲成功的关键要素组合。     

个体与环境交互作用下中国成人超重肥胖情况变化趋势及影响因素研究

论文基于中国25个省份内635个社区的29586个成年居民2010—2016年的纵向追踪调查数据,分别利用非线性发展模型和多层Logistic回归模型,阐释中国居民超重肥胖情况的变化趋势,同时探究其在个体与环境交互作用下的影响机制。研究发现：① 以身体质量指数衡量的中国成人超重肥胖发生风险逐年增加,其中女性、年龄、有配偶人群、日均锻炼时长负向作用于成人身体质量指数增长速率;② 中国成人超重肥胖差异具有多层级性,个体层面社会经济属性、饮食习惯和行为方式,社区层面建成环境和自然环境,省域层面城市化水平,均能影响成人超重肥胖发生;③ 不同层级间超重肥胖影响因子具有交互作用关系,环境能通过影响个体心理状态及行为选择对个体健康结果的作用,间接作用于居民超重肥胖结果。研究结果旨在帮助中国成人居民达到更好的健康状态,以及为相关政府部门制定促进人口健康的政策提供理论依据。     

日常和旅游两种情景的自然接触对儿童亲环境行为意愿的影响差异——兼论自然联结的中介效应

儿童是保护环境的积极行动者,激发其亲环境行为意愿是应对环境问题挑战的现实需求。然而,已有研究却很少关注儿童的亲环境行为意愿及其驱动机制。文章采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的混合研究方法,以南京市小学儿童为样本,旨在通过分析儿童自然经验图式的特点,探究日常和旅游两种情景的自然接触对儿童亲环境行为意愿的影响差异,并检验自然联结在其中扮演的中介角色。结果发现：① 与日常自然接触相比,旅游自然接触更能激发儿童的亲环境行为意愿;② 自然接触促进自然联结主要体现在情感维度,其次是认知维度,而自然联结促进亲环境行为意愿以认知路径为主,情感路径为辅;③ 情感型和认知型自然联结在自然接触与亲环境行为意愿间扮演双重中介角色,且认知型自然联结的中介效应高于情感型自然联结的中介效应。研究结果对科学制定面向儿童的自然空间规划和环境教育策略具有参考价值。     

Eating Out Ethically: An Analysis of the Influence of Ethical Food Consumption in a Vegetarian Restaurant in Guangzhou,China

For exploring vegetarian eating in contemporary Guangzhou, this article employs the concept of ‘ethical eating’ and the framework of ethical consumption as outlined by Clive Barnett and his coauthors to examine food practices in a vegetarian restaurant through two dimensions: the restaurant dimension and the consumer dimension (2005b). Drawing on the ethnographic observations and interviews on food practices in a vegetarian restaurant conducted by Refreshing Vegetarian Food (Yixin Su Shi), in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province, this article argues that, on the one hand, the restaurant can provide an ethical environment for vegetarian eating and connects ethics and human bodies encountered through eating experiences. On the other hand, the restaurant is reshaped as an ethical food space through the performance of consumers' social identities and “self‐other” relations.     

Micro-level analysis of childhood obesity, diet, physical activity, residential socioeconomic and social capital variables: where are the obesogenic environments in Leeds?

This paper describes global (whole of Leeds) and local (super output area) analyses of the relationship between childhood obesity and many 'obesogenic environment' variables, such as deprivation, urbanisation, access to local amenities, and perceived local safety, as well as dietary and physical activity behaviours. The analyses identify the covariates with the strongest relationships with obesity, and highlight variation in these relationships across Leeds, thus identifying 'at-risk' populations. This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of analysis at the micro-level in order to provide health planners with additional information with which to tailor interventions and health policies to prevent childhood obesity.     

多尺度步行环境对居民肥胖的影响机理——以广州为例

基于2019年广州18个社区1 470份问卷数据,通过构建结构方程模型探究不同尺度步行环境（包括步行适宜性和其他与步行相关的建成环境要素）对居民肥胖的影响机理。研究发现：居民出行态度与偏好会影响通勤行为,但对居民肥胖没有显著的直接影响。在考虑了居民社会经济属性和出行态度偏好后,居住地步行环境对居民身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）具有显著的负向总体效应。步行环境对居民BMI的影响具有尺度效应,社区尺度的步行适宜性影响最为显著。不同尺度的绿度、路网密度、地铁站密度和与城市中心的距离等其他与步行相关的建成环境均对居民BMI有不同程度的影响。     

生计风险及其对重点生态功能区农户生活满意度的影响

基于甘南黄河水源补给区入户调查数据,在分析农户生计风险及生活满意度特征的基础上,探明生计风险对农户生活满意度的影响。结果发现：① 甘南黄河水源补给区农户面临的主要生计风险为自然灾害、家人患病和子女学费开支,其对农户的冲击最为严重且持续时间较长;② 农户大多遭受多重风险的冲击,其生计风险多样化指数为4.12,面临家人患病与自然灾害、家人患病与子女学费开支、家人患病与建房开支等风险组合冲击的家庭较多;③ 农户的生活满意度处于中等水平,且经济示范区高于重点保护区和恢复治理区;④ 农户生活满意度除受子女学费开支、草场/耕地质量下降、人畜饮水困难、家人去世开支、生态政策等风险的严重程度和持续时间、家人患病风险的持续时间以及金融资本、自然资本、社会资本、心理资本、生计方式多样化程度的影响外,受家人患病与子女学费开支、自然灾害与子女就业困难及生计风险的综合严重性程度与综合持续性程度交互作用的影响更加显著。最后,提出防范生计风险、提高生活满意度的政策建议。     

Same Disease—different research strategies: Bananas and Black Sigatoka in Brazil and Colombia

Fungal disease epidemics have the potential to bring about drastic innovations. However, in the case of the Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) fungus in bananas, producers and international traders are still awaiting a breakthrough in crop protection research. Using the cases of Brazil and Colombia, this paper examines different agricultural research responses to the disease. Brazil opted to replace susceptible varieties with resistant ones, whereas in Colombia chemical control by private actors dominated. We argue that these different responses result from at least three interrelated factors. First, producer type—smallholder farmers or larger export‐oriented plantations—influences the setting of crop protection research priorities. Second, a central, state‐led role versus a private sector response influences the size and time perspective of research activities. Third, domestic markets with multiple crop varieties versus Cavendish‐only export markets leads to differences in control practices and research responses. From this case study, we argue that the currently proposed innovation systems approaches in international agricultural research should adopt a broader perspective that assesses how research is interwoven with agrarian dynamics, commodity chains and particular state roles to elucidate how state–producer–researcher networks perform disease control and where and how to find new solutions.     

青藏高原大骨节病流行区环境、食物及人群硒水平研究

为了解青藏高原大骨节病流行区环境、食物及人群硒水平的分布现状,论文通过CNKI、Web of Science和Google Scholar等数据库检索收集了2000—2018年间发表的关于青藏高原大骨节病病区土壤、粮食、饮水及人发硒含量的文献,按拟定标准共筛选出33篇文献并提取有效数据进行统计分析。结果显示,青藏高原大骨节病病区自然环境总体仍处于低硒循环状态,其中耕作土壤、饮水平均硒含量分别为0.147 mg·kg^-1和0.54 μg·L^-1,高原自产青稞、小麦、糌粑平均含硒量分别为9.27、19.08、11.07 μg·kg^-1;而病区儿童整体硒营养水平较1990年以前有明显升高趋势,发硒平均含量为0.234 mg·kg^-1,已基本脱离硒缺乏状态(<0.20 mg·kg^-1);外源性大米的硒含量为43.29 μg·kg^-1;病区儿童发硒水平与土壤总硒含量无明显相关关系(r=0.125,P>0.05,N=23)。青藏高原大骨节病流行区儿童发硒水平与自然环境硒水平不一致的变化趋势提示,随着社会人文因素的干预,外源性硒的输入有所增加,并在一定程度上降低了病区人群对当地低硒环境的依赖性,这可能是青藏高原大骨节病病情稳定下降并得到有效控制的主要原因。