辽东湾西岸三维海陆风特征的数值模拟

本文所用的数值模式为地形影响修正的三维流体静力的中尺度气象学模式,模式对中尺度的海陆风环流和山谷风环流有较好的模拟效果.利用该模式对一个海陆风个例(1999年7月15～16日)进行了数值模拟,分析了海陆风环流的日变化规律和三维结构特征,以及地形对海陆风环流的影响,模拟结果与实际观测数据和已有研究成果具有较好的一致性.     

南海海洋环流季节变化的数值模拟研究

基于POM(Princeton Ocean Model)海洋模式,对南海不同深度环流的季节性变化进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明:南海表层和上层环流受季风影响,在夏季西南季风驱动下,南海表层环流在南部呈现强反气旋式结构,在南海北部则是一个弱的气旋环流;在冬季东北季风驱动下,南海表层环流结构呈气旋式,并且明显加强了沿越南沿岸向南流动的西边界流;春季和秋季为南海季风的转换期,其对应的环流特征也处于冬季环流与夏季环流的过渡流型,流速与冬季和夏季相比较弱。南海200m层环流的季节变化与表层相似。在500与1 000m层,则出现许多处中尺度漩涡,流场也变得较为紊乱。     

登陆珠江三角洲热带气旋的中尺度结构分析

应用带通滤波方法,分析了登陆珠江三角洲热带气旋的环流结构。结果表明,在热带气旋内部的确存在若干中尺度系统,其类型包括:中尺度气旋、反气旋,以及中尺度辐合辐散带等。这些结果可以为进一步认识热带气旋的内部环流结构,进一步提高预报水平等提供新的思路和依据。     

大西洋热盐环流年代际变化机制研究Ⅲ.北大西洋海气要素对热盐环流年代际振荡的影响

基于该系列文章前文研究中构建的海气耦合气候模式和所揭示的北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡机制,针对海气要素对该振荡机制的影响问题进行了重点的探讨。为细致准确的研究北大西洋海洋要素同北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡的关系,有针对性的定义了副极地海区表层密度指数和北大西洋暖流强度指数并对模式结果进行了全面分析。分析结果表明副极地海区表层密度变化领先大西洋径向翻转环流(MOC)变化7 a,北大西洋暖流的变化领先 MOC变化4 a,格陵兰－苏格兰海脊溢流水强度(包括丹麦海峡溢流水和法鲁海峡溢流水,是北大西洋深层水的重要来源)的变化领先 MOC的变化3 a;北大西洋大气要素变化对北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡有非常重要的调制作用,当副极地流环和北大西洋暖流(NAC)达到最强的2 a之前,高纬度地区大气为气旋式环流异常,中纬度地区大气为反气旋式环流异常,海表热通量在大西洋副极地海区是负异常,这都有利于副极地流环和NAC的加强,更多高盐度的北大西洋水进入格陵兰-冰岛-挪威海(GIN)海域,由此可以导致GIN海域表层密度上升,使水体的层结稳定性减弱,有利于深层对流的发生,同时大气变化通过风应力旋度和海表热通量也直接影响GIN海域深层水的生成,进而导致格陵兰－苏格兰海脊溢流水的强度增加。     

西沙群岛至东沙群岛断面上的地形强迫Rossby波

南海是个准封闭的辽阔海域,它的尺度足以形成独立的水平环流和涡旋。徐锡祯等人(1980)利用最近50年约六千个站次的历史资料,研究了整个南海四季表层及深层的平均水平环流模式,指出东沙群岛东北方有一个反气旋性的暖涡,西南方有一个气旋性的冷涡。冷涡夏强冬弱;暖涡相反,冬强夏弱。1979—1982年,本所进行了南海东北部海区海洋学综合调查,郭忠信、仇德忠等(1984,1985)用实测资料计算表明,在东沙群岛东北方确实有一个反气旋性的暖涡,冬强夏弱,西南方有一个气旋性的冷涡,     

夏季赤道中东太平洋海温和北极海冰异常对大气环流影响的数值模拟

利用菱形截断15波的9层全球大气环流谱模式设计了若干数值试验,分别研究了赤道中东太平洋海温偏暖、北极不同区域海冰偏多以及海温偏暖同时海冰偏多对夏季北半球大气环流的影响,结果表明北极海冰偏多和赤道中东太平洋海温偏暖,对夏季北半球大气环流具有同等效应,海冰和赤道海温任何一方的变异均可显着影响大气环流,其中亚洲-北美型和欧亚型遥相关是极冰和赤道海温影响北半球夏季大气环流异常的主要动力学途径。本文结果再一次证实了赤道和极地之间的热力差是决定大气环流的最基本因子。     

0519号台风"龙王"登陆福建沿海前后结构特征分析

通过利用双向嵌套中尺度非静力数值预报模式MM5V3对0519号台风"龙王"登陆福建前后过程(2005年10月2日08:00-3日08:00)进行了数值模拟,在模拟效果较理想的基础上利用其输出的高时空分辨率资料对"龙王"台风登陆福建沿海前后结构特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)登陆前后除暖中心在台风中心最强外,其它物理量的极值一般都出现在离台风中心100～200km区域;(2)台风登陆福建沿海后虽然在热力、动力和环流上还保留有热带气旋的一些分布特征,但在强度和空间分布上已经发生了明显的变化.     

北极大气计划

4.1 前言北极地区的大气环流以及它在大气环流模式中所起的作用,对于研究全球气候很重要:——高纬度地区是全球气候系统的一个热汇,如果要适当模拟大气环流强度,就要在模式中准确地描述这一热汇;——极地气团与来自低纬度的暖空气间的相互作用提供了形成斜压不稳定的温度差异;——海面风对海冰和海洋提供了动力强迫     

北极海冰减少的气候效应研究

本文采用了OSU两层大气环流模式对特定的北极海冰进行数值模拟,研究北极海冰减少的气候效应.试验中海温一律取为气候平均值,北极海冰作为外强迫源影响大气,大气响应完全是环流内部调整的结果.本文对北极海冰减少后的大气环流特征进行了分析,特别是与中国的气温和降水之间的关系.     

一个区域海-气耦合模式的建立:模式验证及其对热带气旋“云娜”的模拟

本文以区域热带气旋模式(GRAPES-TCM)为基础,引入海洋环流模式(Estuarine,Coastal and Ocean Model(semi-implicit),ECOM-si)和Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil 3(OASIS3)耦合器,建立了一个区域海-气耦合模式。利用该模式对0414号热带气旋"云娜"进行了数值模拟,验证了模式的性能。结果表明,耦合模式模拟的"云娜"强度相比单独的大气模式更接近观测,单独大气模式模拟的近地面风场偏强,而耦合模式模拟的近地面风场的强度和非对称结构均与观测更为接近。数值实验中,"云娜"热带气旋过境引起的海表面温度的下降与实况接近,海表面温度下降引起的海-气热通量相比控制实验的结果明显下降,分析资料表明这一下降是合理的。海洋模式的引入导致了热带气旋"云娜"结构的变化,这种变化不但反应在径向风的减弱(强度下降),还反应在对流强度和最强对流发生位置的变化,并最终引起了热带气旋降水结构的改变。     

Satellite and in situ observations of the bio-optical signatures of two mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea

Satellite ocean-color imagery and field spectroradiometer observations are used to assess the bio-optical signatures of two mesoscale features, a cyclone C1 and an 18°-water anticyclone A4, in the Sargasso Sea. Field determinations of upper layer bio-optical properties, such as the diffuse attenuation coefficient and remote-sensing reflectance spectra, show little statistically significant variations with distance to the eddy center for either eddy. This contrasts field observations showing many-fold higher phytoplankton pigment biomass at depth (and for A4 higher primary production rates at depth) than is typical for this region. The cyclone C1 does show a significant decrease in the depth of the 1% photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) isolume with increasing distance from eddy center while the anticyclone A4 shows no coherent signal vs. distance. Vertical profiles of bio-optical properties show consistent patterns where subsurface maxima are displaced higher inside the core of the cyclone C1 than in the surrounding waters while the highest values of the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 443 nm are observed within the core of anticyclone A4. Satellite observations of near-surface bio-optical properties show signals consistent with eddy physical characteristics, although the magnitude of these variations is very small, barely detectable by typical field measurement protocols. Mean values of bio-optical properties are higher within the cyclone compared with its periphery but not for the anticyclone. For both eddies, significant inverse correlations are observed between time series of bio-optical properties and eddy center sea-level anomaly. Consistent response to wind speed is also noted: following strong wind events, bio-optical parameters are elevated inside the anticyclone and are reduced inside the cyclone. These observations demonstrate that a combination of physical processes, including vertical eddy uplift, eddy horizontal advection, and eddy-scale Ekman pumping, contribute to the bio-optical imprint of mesoscale eddies. The contributions of these forcing mechanisms change over the period of observation, illustrating the limitations of inferring eddy bio-optical dynamics from short-term, field observations. The present analyses provide insights into the potential as well as the drawbacks of bio-optical techniques for probing the biological and biogeochemical impacts of open-ocean eddies.     

Formation of extreme surface turbulent heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere in the North Atlantic

The role of extreme surface turbulent fluxes in total oceanic heat loss in the North Atlantic is studied. The atmospheric circulation patterns enhancing ocean–atmosphere heat flux in regions with significant contributions of the extreme heat fluxes (up to 60% of the net heat loss) are analyzed. It is shown that extreme heat fluxes in the Gulf Stream and the Greenland and Labrador Seas occur in zones with maximal air pressure gradients, i.e., in cyclone–anticyclone interaction zones.     

华北冷涡背景下青岛三次混合型对流天气环境场条件对比分析

利用探空观测资料,对比分析华北冷涡背景下青岛三次混合型对流天气过程环境场条件,揭示出现短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹天气时的水汽、稳定度和垂直风切变差异特征。分析结果表明:500 hPa上冷涡中心位于42°N的华北冷涡、850 hPa低涡系统和偏南风急流以及地面气旋是这三次混合型对流天气的影响系统;在这三次混合型对流过程中有无雷暴大风天气的环境参数区别比较显著:有雷暴大风表现出了相对较干的中低层和中层存在浅薄湿层的水汽层结,无雷暴大风的则是上干下湿和中层大气干燥的层结特征;稳定度差异决定了对流强度的差异:同时出现短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹的对流天气的层结不稳定度最强,表现为较大的850和500 hPa温差(大于30℃)以及较强的0~3 km垂直风切变(大于12 m·s^-1);出现短时强降水和大风的大气层结稳定度最弱,相应的环境参数值也最小;在强不稳定层结和低层水汽充足的条件下,大于12 m·s^-1的0~3 km垂直风切变对青岛地区雷暴大风和冰雹的预报预警有较好的指示意义。     

Modeling the global circulation response and the regional response of the Arctic Ocean to the external forcing anomalies

The problem of numerical modeling and analysis of the large-scale World Ocean circulation variability under variations of the external forcing is considered. A numerical model was developed in the INM RAS and is based on the primitive equations of the ocean circulation written in a spherical generalized σ-coordinate system. The model’s equations are approximated on a grid with resolution of 2.5° × 2° × 33, and the North Pole is displaced to the continental point (60°E, 60.5°N). There are two stages for the numerical experiments. The quasi-equilibrium circulation of the World Ocean under the climatological atmospheric forcing is simulated at the first stage. The run is carried out over a period of 3000 years during which a quasi-equilibrium model regime is formed. At the second stage, the sensitivity of the model ocean circulation to the atmospheric forcing perturbations in the Southern Hemisphere is studied. According to the results, the strongest regional changes in the hydrography take place in the Arctic Ocean. Substantial changes of sea’s surface height and local anomalies of the temperature and salinity are formed there.     

基于遥感的南海北部中尺度涡对内孤立波传播的影响

海洋内孤立波和中尺度涡是南海北部常见的中尺度动力过程。本文利用2010-2015年的Terra/Aqua-MODIS、ENVISAT ASAR和多源卫星高度计资料开展了南海海洋内孤立波和中尺度涡遥感探测研究,分析了中尺度涡对内孤立波传播方向的影响。结果表明,中尺度涡和内孤立波主要在南海东北部海域共存,当二者共存时,气旋（冷涡）促使内孤立波偏离原来的传播方向,向西偏南方向传播;反气旋（暖涡）促使内孤立波向西偏北方向传播,气旋与反气旋改变的内孤立波传播方向刚好相反。内孤立波和中尺度涡共存时间主要集中在3-9月,其中,3月受气旋和反气旋的共同作用,内孤立波传播方向几乎无变化;4月和5月,主要受气旋影响,内孤立波偏离原来传播方向向南传播;6-9月,主要受反气旋影响,内孤立波偏离原来的传播方向向北传播。本文利用遥感手段探索了海洋中尺度涡对内孤立波传播方向的影响,结果与现场观测结果一致。     

热带太平洋海温异常对北极海冰的可能影响

本文利用1950-2015年间Hadley环流中心海冰和海温资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了热带太平洋海温异常对北极海冰的可能影响,并从大气环流和净表面热通量两个角度探讨了可能的物理机制。结果表明,在ENSO事件发展年的夏、秋季节,EP型与CP型El Niño事件与北极海冰异常的联系无明显信号。而La Niña事件期间北极海冰出现显著异常,并且EP型与CP型La Niña之间存在明显差异。EP型La Niña发生时,北极地区巴伦支海、喀拉海关键区海冰异常减少,CP型La Niña事件则对应着东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海地区海冰异常增加。在EP型La Niña发展年的夏、秋季节,热带太平洋海温异常通过遥相关波列,使得巴伦支海、喀拉海海平面气压为负异常并与中纬度气压正异常共同构成类似AO正位相的结构,形成的风场异常有利于北大西洋暖水的输入,同时造成暖平流,偏高的水汽含量进一步加强了净表面热通量收入,使得巴伦支海、喀拉海海冰异常减少。而在CP型La Niña发展年的夏季,东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海关键区受其东侧气旋式环流的影响,以异常北风分量占主导,将海冰从极点附近由北向南输送到关键区,海冰异常增加,而净表面热通量的作用较小。     

Link between anomalously cold winters in Russia and sea-ice decline in the Barents Sea

There were several anomalously cold winter weather regimes in Russia in the early 21st century. These regimes were usually associated with a blocking anticyclone south of the Barents Sea. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) using prescribed sea-ice concentration (SIC) data for different periods during the last 50 years showed that a rapid sea-ice area decline in the Barents Sea in the last decade could bring about the formation of such a blocking anticyclone and cooling over northern Eurasia. The SIC reduction in the former period, from the second half of the 1960s to the first half of the 1990s, results in a weaker response of opposite sign. This suggests a nonlinear atmospheric circulation response to the SIC reduction in the Barents Sea, which has been previously found in the idealized AGCM simulations. An impact of the Barents Sea SIC reduction on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), in particular, on the formation of the anomalously low NAO index, is found. The results indicate an important role that the Barents Sea, a region with the largest variability of the ocean–atmosphere heat exchange in the Arctic in wintertime, plays in generating anomalous weather regimes in Russia.     

Numerical simulation of a quasi-tropical cyclone over the Black Sea

The paper describes results of numerical experiments on the simulation of a mesoscale quasi-tropical cyclone, a rare event for the Black Sea, with the MM5 regional atmospheric circulation model. General characteristics of the cyclone and its evolution and physical formation mechanisms are discussed. The balances of the momentum components have been estimated, and sensitivity experiments have been performed. It is shown that, according to its main physical properties and energy supply mechanisms, the cyclone can be related to quasi-tropical cyclones.     

The mesoscale atmospheric vortex as a manifestation of the Novorossiysk bora

The WRF-ARW regional atmosphere circulation model has been used to reproduce a few episodes of cold intrusion and the Novorossiysk bora accompanied by the formation of the mesoscale cyclonic vortex over the Black sea, which can be clearly observed from satellite images of cloudiness. It has been shown that the vortex development is associated with the specific features of air flow around the northwestern edge of the Caucasus Mountains. We have estimated the vertical vorticity associated with the alongshore horizontal gradient of temperature. We have considered the field structure of wind velocity and temperature of the axisymmetric quasi-two-dimensional vortex generated in the coastal zone and displaced seaward after separating from the coast. With the background northerly wind, the coastal cyclonic circulation is not accompanied by the vortex separation from the coast. The specific feature of the development of the cyclonic vortex is the southeastern wind with velocities of up to 10 m/s in the Caucasus coastal area from Sochi to Sukhum.     

Stochastic study of the temperature response of the upper ocean to uncertainties in the atmospheric forcing in an Atlantic OGCM

The impact of errors in atmospheric forcing on the behaviour of ocean models is a fundamental issue for ocean modellers and data assimilation and one that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we use a stochastic modelling approach with 50 7-months (September–March) primitive equation eddy permitting (1/4°) integrations. We investigate the response of the oceanic circulation to atmospheric uncertainties, focusing principally on their impact on the upper oceanic temperature field. The ensemble is generated by perturbing the wind, atmospheric temperature and incoming solar radiation of the ERA40 reanalysis. Each perturbation consists of a random combination of the 20 dominant EOFs of the difference between the ERA40 and NCEP/CORE reanalysis datasets. The ensemble standard deviation of various interfacial and oceanic quantities is then examined in the upper 200 m of three distinct regions of the North Atlantic: in the Gulf Stream, in the Northern Tropical band and in the North East Atlantic. These show that even a very small perturbation of the atmospheric variables can lead to significant changes in the ocean properties and that regions of oceanic mesoscale activity are the most sensitive. The ocean response is driven by vertical diffusivity and eddy activity. The role of subsurface currents is also crucial in carrying the eddy signal away from the regions of mesoscale activity. Finally, the decorrelation time scale of the mesoscale activity is critical in determining the amplitude of the oceanic response.