1997-2003年新疆伽师地震序列时空分布研究

分析研究了伽师地震序列目录。分析结果表明：①1997-2003年伽师地震分为3个发震阶段,不同阶段具有各自的活动特点,第一阶段6级地震频次高,第二阶段5级地震频次高,第三阶段地震强度大,高b值是伽师序列明显起伏前的主要特征;②伽师6级地震经历了由西南向北东再向东南的发展过程,1997年4月16日前发生的6级地震余震分布倾向性不显著,其后发生的6级地震的余震大都分布在主震南侧,2003年2月24日伽师6．8级地震余震分布形态与以往6级地震明显不同,这可能与该区特殊的构造条件有关;③1998年以前伽师6级地震余震扩展不明显,1998年8月27日6级地震余震已显现出扩展趋势,2003年2月24日6级地震余震扩展显著;④伽师强震群6级地震震源深度介于17—31km范围,1997年4月16日后震源深度维持在27km左右范围,表明伽师序列初始破裂从上地壳开始,而优势破裂深度在中地壳;⑤伽师地震整体上表现出由浅到深的分布特征,3个活动阶段5级地震也具有这种特征,多数5级以上地震的震源深度正是震区高速体存在区。     

2003年新疆巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列特征分析

对2003年新疆巴楚—伽师6．8级地震序列进行了初步分析,结果表明其余震具有共轭型分布特征,多种地震学参数在序列中的较大余震前有不同程度异常显示,余震具有较为特殊的地震波形,与1997-1998年伽师强震群相比具有多处异同点等。结果认为巴楚—伽师6．8级地震可能为具有继承伽师地震特点的余震起伏变化较大的主余震型。     

2003年伽师6.8级地震序列特征和震源机制的初步研究

在位于1997-1998年新疆伽师9次6级地震分布区域的东南端，2003年2月24日又发生6．8级地震。结合伽师6．8级地震序列震源机制解结果，对该地震序列的基本特征和震源区应力降等进行了对比分析。结果表明，6．8级地震断层是在北西向的区域应力场挤压作用下产生的倾滑逆断层，震源以单侧破裂为主，破裂方向与极震区走向，以及北西向的主压应力方向一致。震前震源区应力显著增强，震后应力释放较为彻底。中强余震震源机制解与主震有明显差异，表现出震源区应力场处于不稳定的调整阶段，余震震源机制的差异为震后地震趋势的判定提供了依据。     

2003年2月24日伽师-巴楚6.8级地震前后地震活动与地震破裂特征

利用新疆地震目录研究伽师-巴楚6．8级地震前后，该震区附近地震活动情况，并结合其强震震源机制解，2003年1月4日5．4级、5月4日5．8级和2月24日6．8级地震宏观地震烈度。对该区域应力场和破裂方向特征进行探讨。结果表明，这次6．8级地震主压应力轴为NNW—SSE向，破裂方向为SSE向，与1997-1998年伽师强震群的区域应力场主压应力为NNE—SSW向、破裂方向为NNE向完全不同。     

1997年新疆伽师几次中强地震的短临预报过程

新疆伽师地区自1996年3月19日发生69级地震后，在原震区中强地震活动平静Ic个月的情况下，于1997年1月ZI日9时47分和48分相继发生了6．4、6．3级地震。这二次地震发生在1997年度全国地震趋势会商会圈定的11个地震重点危险区之一的新疆西部地震危险区中。伽师原震区强震在如此短的时间内再次强烈活动，引起了国家地震局和新疆维吾尔自治区地震局的高度重视。通过对去年6．9级地震序列和这二次地震余震序列的分析，认为伽师地震区的地震能量释放十分不正常，需严密监视地震发展动态，警惕其后可能还将发生的中强地震。根据国家地震局1997年…     

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师M_S6.8地震的应力触发作用研究

自1997-1998年新疆伽师强震群后,伽师震区余震活动渐趋平静。2003年1月4日伽师发生了5.4级地震,其后50天在距其20km左右在巴楚-伽师地区发生了MS6.8地震,其后发生了7次MS5.0以上强余震,序列的余震丰富、强度大。通过计算几次强余震破裂面上产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化,结合余震活动的时空演化特征定量探讨了强余震活动的可能机理。结果表明,巴楚-伽师MS6.8地震不仅有利于分布与主破裂面方向较一致的余震发生,而且触发了与其共轭方向的地震活动。     

新疆伽师强震群强震主破裂面走向初探

1997年1月21日-1998年8月27日新疆伽师发生了包含9次6级地震的强震群,震源机制解表明有NE向和NW向两个节面．有观点认为主破裂面为NNW向．本通过数字地震台阵的余震序列精确定位、震源破裂过程及滑动方向、震群空间分布图像、地震烈度等震线长轴走向和微、宏观震中动态变化方向等多种方法分析后,综合判定9次6级地震的主破裂面走向极可能为北东方向．     

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师Ms6.8级地震加速度记录简介

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师地区发生了Ms6．8级地震，极震区地震烈度Ⅸ度．布设在西克尔水库、伽师、巴楚强震固定地震台获取了该震的加速度记录。各地震台震中距分别为25km,47km、113km，记录到最大水平加速度峰值分别为85．39cm／8／8、50．71cm／s／s、76．03cm/s/s，反应谱的卓越周期为0．45—0．51s．对一次余震也作了介绍，同时提出几个问题供地震学者、地质学家及地震工程人员进一步探讨．     

2003年巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列及强余震的S波分裂特征研究

利用2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师6．8级地震后架设在震中区的三个数字地震台记录资料，分析了余震的S波分裂特征，发现震中区余震的快波偏振方向总体表现为近南北向，与主震的主压应力方向较为一致。3月16日5．1和3月31日5．3级强余震前慢波延迟时间总体表现出逐步减小的特征。     

根据余震资料求解2003年伽师MS6.8地震断层面的研究

大地震发生后,大量余震在断层面及其附近发生.余震震源位置的空间分布可以较为精确地勾画出断层面的形状和位置.假定地震发震断层可以用一个平面来模拟,且设大多数余震发生在这个断层面的附近,则可以通过余震震源位置参数来求解发震断层的走向、倾角及位置.本文首次采用2003年2月24日新疆伽师MS6.8地震后精确定位的小震资料反演了伽师地震断层面的走向和倾角,并以此为基础求得了该断层面上的滑动角.并根据小震丛集性原则,尝试用数学方法先对反演所采用的数据进行筛选再进行反演,所得的结果精确程度更高,验证了这种做法的有效性.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.