类星体的光度演化函数Ⅰ：包括Z＞2．2大红移范围的统计演化函数

本文对前人的类星体光学演化函数进行改进，使其适用于更大的红移范围，可达Ｚ＝３以上。其物理考虑是：一方面包括核心黑洞质量和吸积率变化而引起光度演化；另一方面在高红移时类星体诞生所引起的密度演化，并且这种演化率与光度有关。这种型式更利于与类星体演化的动力学模型相衔接。新的演化函数通过三种检验来决定，即（１）类星体直到ｍ＝２２ｍ．０的星等计数，（２）以ΔＺ＝０．１为间隔的红移分布，（３）Ｚ＞２的类星体的星等计数。在适当的光学演化参数和诞生参数下，我们的演化函数与上述三项观测对比相当好，理论预言在观测误差之内。特别要强调的是改善了其它演化函数理论预言在Ｚ＞２普遍过剩的行为，因此这个演化函数可作为类星体演化动力学模型的依据之一。     

类星体的光度演化函数I：包括Z〉2.2大红移范围的统计演化函数

本文对前人的类星体光学演化函数进行改进，使其适用于更大的红移范围，可达Ｚ＝３以上。其物理考虑是：一方面包括核心黑洞质量和吸积率变化而引起光度演化；另一方面在高红移时类星体诞生所引起的密度演化，并且这种演化率与光度有关。这种型式更利于与类星体演化的动力学模型相衔接。新的演化函数通过三种检验来决定，即（１）类星体直到ｍ＝２２＾ｍ．０的星等计数，（２）以ΔＺ＝０．１为间隔的红移分布，（３）Ｚ〉２的类星体     

光学选类星体光度函数的演化

本文评述了光学选类星体光度函数演化的研究方面取得的进展。文中介绍了最新的巡天资料和各种演化模型,并对研究结果进行了讨论。     

类星体的X射线辐射 1.光度性质和演化

本文概述了Einstein天文台IPC获得X射线流量和光度的统计结果,对混合样品,即光学选择类星体样品,射电选择类星体样品和X射线选择活动星系核样品,讨论了X射线光度与光学光度、射电光度、射电形态的关系以及它的演化性质。     

类星体形成的半解析模型

以Kang等的星系形成的半解析模型为基础,研究星系和中心大质量黑洞的共同形成和演化.假设类星体的活动性由星系并合引起,通过引入黑洞吸积率,确定了红移区间0z4.5的类星体的热光度函数,并分别从爱丁顿比率、黑洞质量函数和两点相关函数3个方面对模型进行限制,模型预言的光度函数能在整个红移、整个光度范围内与观测相符合.结果显示,常数爱丁顿比率不能很好地描述黑洞吸积,爱丁顿比率需要在一定红移范围内随红移增加;星系主并合是触发类星体活动性的有效机制,而次并合只对低光度和中等光度的类星体有影响,对高光度类星体影响很小;在z=1.0处,极高光度的类星休比其他类星体具有更强的成团性.     

与发射线区成协的类星体CIV吸收系统研究（Ⅱ）统计研究（2）

本文是系列文单ＩＩ的第２篇，根据前文的统计结果，我们确认了成协吸收系统的存在，本文在此基础上，对成协吸收系统出现频率与类星体红移，光学亮度，Ｘ射线波段和红外波段辐射性质的相关性进行了讨论，结果表明成协吸收系统与类星体Ｘ射线波段性质无关，而与类星体的红移和光学亮度有关，表现为低红移低光度的类星体中成协系统的出现频率明显地比其它样本高得多。     

有射电子源结构类星体的统计分析 Ⅱ.绝对视星等、绝对射电星等和色指数差Q与子源线距的关系以及有关的演化特征

本文在第I部分的基础上,继续用类星体射电子源线距D进行“标准烛光”分类,经过统计分析,得到了子源角径最大的一类类星体的一些统计规律:它的视星等与红移之间,它的绝对星等、单频射电光度、积分射电光度和色指数差Q与D之间有很好的相关性等.由此得到下列有关有子源类星体演化性质的推论:1.随着子源间距D的增大,光学光度下降:dM_v/d_D=10.~m6/MPC.2.随着子源间线距D的增大,射电光度下降.dM_(408-5000)/dD=9.~m04/MPC.3.随着子源间线距D的增大,色指数差Q下降.dQ/dD=-1.~m55/MPC.4.在演化过程中,射电谱型,即谱指数基本保持不变.5.光学辐射主要是非热致的.但随着演化,热致辐射的成分渐渐增多.6.根据光学光度、射电光度以及色指数差Q三种物理量所估计的类星体的演化时标基本一致,大约是1.6×10~7年.7.这些性质和类星体最后演化为星系的总观点不矛盾.8.子源线距D与距离间没有明显的统计相关,即没有迹象表明类星体是在同一个时代产生的,这是大爆炸宇宙学所不能解释的.     

具有后星暴活动的类星体

利用星族合成和合成谱能量分布的方法,对10颗新的红移在0.3附近的后星暴类星体的宿主星系的星族年龄、黑洞质量以及爱丁顿比率的研究表明:这些后星暴类星体的黑洞质量约108M⊙,热光度为爱丁顿光度的百分之几,宿主星系的年龄介于几百Myr到几Gyr之间.这一结果表明在并合触发的星暴活动和类星体被触发(或光学可见)之间存在着时间延迟.后星暴类星体的合成谱能量分布显示其和极亮红外星系的联系密切,推算出的红外光度也已经达到了亮红外星系的级别,暗示这些光学光谱选择的类星体很有可能处于极亮红外星系向光学类星体演化的过程中.     

类星体的光度演化及其数目随光度距离的统计分布

本文以Burbidge最近编纂的类星体表为基础,对1467个类星体作了统计分析,得到了光度演化规律:类星体的光度演化恰好补偿了随距离衰减的效应。采用弗里德曼宇宙模型,进而得出了类星体的折合星等随时间t的演化公式。并且据此论证了Burbidge指出的N-Z图中存在的三个高峰确实表示了类星体空间分布的不均匀性。     

类星体光度函数

对前人在类星体光度函数研究中的工作作了详细的介绍,在前人工作的基础上,提出两个新的研究方法和一个新的统计方法。第一为分类研究法。针类星体分作若干子类,每一子类的光度演化形式可以通过相关分析求出,而数密度则可由简单计数求得。第二为平均星等法,定义平均星等Ｍ。研究表明,对于纯密度演化模型,Ｍ与红移ｚ无关;而对于纯光度演化模型,Ｍ与光度演化形式（Ｍｚ＝Ｍ）成线性关系,提出的新统计方法是ｎ／ｎｍａｘ检验法     

Formation and evolution of elliptical galaxies and QSO activity

We present the results of a numerical code that combines multi-zone chemical evolution with 1D hydrodynamics to follow in detail the evolution and radial behaviour of gas and stars during the formation of elliptical galaxies. We use the model to explore the links between the evolution and formation of elliptical galaxies and QSO activity. The knowledge of the radial gas flows in the galaxy allows us to trace metallicity gradients, and, in particular, the formation of a high-metallicity core in ellipticals. The high-metallicity core is formed soon enough to explain the metal abundances inferred in high-redshift quasars. The star formation rate and the subsequent feedback regulate the episodes of wind, outflow and cooling flow, thus affecting the recycling of the gas and the chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium. The evolution of the galaxy shows several stages, some of which are characterized by a complex flow pattern, with inflow in some regions and outflow in other regions. All models, however, exhibit during their late evolution a galactic wind at the outer boundary and, during their early evolution, an inflow towards the galactic nucleus. The characteristics of the inner inflow could explain the bolometric luminosity of a quasar lodged at the galactic centre as well as the evolution of the optical luminosity of quasars.     

The UVX quasar optical luminosity function and its evolution

The recently finished Edinburgh UVX quasar survey at B <18 is used together with other complete samples to estimate the shape and evolution of the optical luminosity function in the redshift range 0.3< z <2.2. There is a significantly higher space density of quasars at high luminosity and low redshift than previously found in the PG sample of Schmidt & Green, with the result that the shape of the luminosity function at low redshifts ( z <1) is seen to be consistent with a single power law. At higher redshifts the slope of the power law at high luminosities appears to steepen significantly. There does not appear to be any consistent break feature which could be used as a tracer of luminosity evolution in the population.     

The quasar epoch and the stellar ages of early-type galaxies

We investigate the hypothesis that quasars formed together with the stellar populations of early-type galaxies. This hypothesis – in conjunction with the stellar ages of early-type galaxies from population synthesis models, the relation of black hole mass to bulge velocity dispersion, and the velocity dispersion distribution of spheroids from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey – completely determines the cosmic accretion history of supermassive black holes and the redshift evolution of the characteristic luminosity. On the other hand, the precise shape of the luminosity function of quasars depends on the light curve of quasars and – in the optical, but not so much in X-rays – on the covering factor of the dust surrounding the active nucleus. We find a plausible set of assumptions for which the coeval formation of supermassive black holes and elliptical galaxies is in good agreement with the observed B -band and X-ray luminosity functions of quasars.     

A simple model for the evolution of supermassive black holes and the quasar population

An empirically motivated model is presented for accretion-dominated growth of supermassive black holes (SMBH) in galaxies, and the implications are studied for the evolution of the quasar population in the Universe. We investigate the core aspects of the quasar population, including space density evolution, evolution of the characteristic luminosity, plausible minimum masses of quasars, the mass function of SMBH and their formation epoch distribution. Our model suggests that the characteristic luminosity in the quasar luminosity function arises primarily as a consequence of a characteristic mass scale above which there is a systematic separation between the black hole and the halo merging rates. At lower mass scales, black hole merging closely tracks the merging of dark haloes. When combined with a declining efficiency of black hole formation with redshift, the model can reproduce the quasar luminosity function over a wide range of redshifts. The observed space density evolution of quasars is well described by formation rates of SMBH above  ∼10⁸  M_⊙  . The inferred mass density of SMBH agrees with that found independently from estimates of the SMBH mass function derived empirically from the quasar luminosity function.     

A Semi-analytical Model of Quasar Formation

On the basis of Kang et al.’s semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution, the joint formation and evolution of galaxies and their central massive black holes are studied. It is assumed that the activity of quasars is caused by merging of galaxies. Via the introduction of the mass accretion rate of black holes, the bolometric luminosity function of quasars with the redshifts in the region of 0 < z < 4.5 is ascertained. With the respective limitations of the three factors, i.e., the Eddington ratio, black-hole mass function and two-point correlation function, the luminosity function predicted by the model may coincide with observations in the entire range of luminosity. This result reveals that the constant Eddington ratio cannot well describe the accretion of black holes, so the Eddington ratio has to be increased with the redshift in a certain range of redshift. The major merging of galaxies is the effective mechanism of triggering the quasar activity, while the minor merging can merely affect the quasars with low and intermediate luminosities. Its effect on the high-luminosity quasars is very small. At the place of z=1, the quasars with extremely high luminosities possess more intense properties of clustering than other quasars.     

高红移类星体的21cm信号研究

利用高精度数值模拟的结果修正了高红移类星体(QSO)电离和加热中性气体的理论模拟,并预测了500m口径球面射电望远镜(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, FAST)观测QSO周围21 cm辐射的信号特征以及信噪比,得出如下结论:(1)红移z=8且光度与ULAS J1120+0641一致的QSO在FAST望远镜视场下的21 cm频率谱有完整的HII区,但在z=10且较低QSO光度下的21 cm频率谱仅有一个小的凹陷;(2)光子有限旅行时间(Finite Light Travel Time, FLTT)效应明显改变高红移QSO的21 cm频率谱,使得较低频率端的过渡曲线明显比较高频率端陡;(3)使用FAST望远镜观测高红移QSO的21 cm辐射的信噪比非常高,最高可达～12,因此可以很好地识别HII区和FLTT效应.     

Effect of a varying gravitational constant on the SN Ia Hubble diagram,AGN luminosity evolution,and X-ray source counts

The impact of a cosmic time evolution of the gravitational constant on SN Ia luminosity and AGN/QSO luminosity functions is studied. The gravitational constant scales linearly with the Hubble parameter, its present-day variation being \(\dot{G}_{0}/G_{0}\approx 1.9\times 10^{-4}\)?Gyr^?1, compatible with current bounds from lunar laser ranging. Distance moduli of Type Ia supernovae are fitted with a cosmic expansion factor derived from temperature variations of planetary paleoclimates, and a luminosity dependence on look-back time proportional to the varying gravitational constant is inferred from the Hubble diagram. A fit is performed to the comoving space density of X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and optically selected quasars (QSOs) extending to redshifts z≈6. The initial steep increase of the AGN space density is reproduced by a redshift evolution depending solely on the Hubble parameter as scaling variable. The AGN luminosity scales with the Hubble parameter, and the scaling exponents of the luminosity function, composed of two competing power laws with exponential cutoff, are obtained. Based on the AGN luminosity function, flux-limited X-ray source counts are investigated. The counting functions are derived and put to test by fitting cumulative number counts of soft X-ray point sources compiled from ROSAT, XMM-Newton, and Chandra surveys.     

The space density of low-redshift active galactic nuclei

We present a new determination of the optical luminosity function (OLF) of active galactic nuclei (AGN) at low redshifts ( z <0.15) based on Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) observations of X-ray-selected AGN. The HST observations have allowed us to derive a true nuclear luminosity function for these AGN. The resulting OLF illustrates a two power-law form similar to that derived for quasi‐stellar objects (QSOs) at higher redshifts. At bright magnitudes, M _B <−20, the OLF derived here exhibits good agreement with that derived from the Hamburg/European Southern Observatory (ESO) QSO survey. However, the single power-law form for the OLF derived from the Hamburg/ESO survey is strongly ruled out by our data at M _B >−20. Although the estimate of the OLF is best fitted by a power-law slope at M _B <−20.5 that is flatter than the slope of the OLF derived at z >0.35, the binned estimate of the low-redshift OLF is still consistent with an extrapolation of the z >0.35 OLF based on pure luminosity evolution.     

类星体团演化的证据

本文讨论了类星体成团随红移的变化。利用Hewitt-Burbidge类星体星表和寻找类星体对的统计方法,分析结果表明类星体成团主要是由于小红移类星体的贡献,大红移类星体没有成团分布的证据。进一步分析表明不同红移类星体在成团分布上的区别并不是由于样品的绝对光度不同而引起的选择效应,而是反映了类星体团随宇宙时间变化的演化效应。