新疆东天山斑岩铜矿的找矿模型试探

东天山斑岩铜（钼）矿床位于新疆东天山觉洛塔格晚古生代岛弧北缘的大草滩断裂南侧。该区自早石炭世开始拉张，晚石炭世早期转入汇聚阶段，区内经历了拉张、汇聚、碰撞－固结，陆内堆积和纾张作用多类地质事件，形成一套双峰式火山－沉积建造，复理石建造和钙碱笥系列的花岗岩类侵入建造（属辉长岩－闪长岩－花岗长岩，斜长花岗岩－二长花岗岩组合）。与成矿作用有成因联系的含矿母岸为斜长花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩。研究认为属斑岩型铜（钼）矿床，矿床蚀变强烈，有明显的分带性。在矿产勘查中，应用地质、遥感、地球物理和地球化学勘查方法，其效果甚佳，试探建立了东天山斑岩铜（钼）矿床的找矿模型雏型。     

新疆斑岩铜矿的成矿条件和远景

对哈密土屋地区斑岩铜矿和觉罗塔格斑岩铜矿成矿带的成矿地质条件进行了研究,其形成于造山带汇聚阶段中一后期的活动陆缘环境。与环太平洋斑岩铜矿对比,有利成矿的构造类型为“安第斯型”,即扇形形态构造;与新疆周边国家和地区斑岩铜矿成矿带对比,新疆具有类似的成矿地质条件,找矿远景很大,特别是西天山、西昆仑、木孜塔格、祁漫 塔格、东准噶尔南部等地区,具有斑岩铜矿成矿的广阔前景,有希望找到新的大型－超大型铜矿床。     

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿地质特征：区域成矿地质背景

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿是乌兹别克斯坦共和国最大的铜矿床，也是世界上著名的超大型铜矿。它产于地壳深部地幔隆起区和地幔幼陷区过渡带，康氏面和费氏面隆起区边缘，前苏联中天山地地槽褶皱带中间地块南缘加里东－海构造－岩浆活化带东段，具多期构造－岩浆强烈活化特点。区域内正交断裂体系和斜交断裂体系强烈发育，并控制差区域矿产分布；区内加里东期和海西期岩浆活动强烈，而海西中、晚期广泛发育的富碱的安山岩－英安岩－流纹岩火     

新疆东天山斑岩型铜矿带及其大地构造格局

新疆哈密南部发现的土屋、延东大型斑岩铜(钼)矿床,构成了东天山斑岩铜矿带。其中成矿的斜长花岗斑岩同位素年龄为369～356 Ma(Rb-Sr等时线法和单颗粒锆石U-Pb法),辉钼矿的同位素年龄为320 Ma(Re-Os等时线法),蚀变岩的同位素年龄为341～310Ma,含矿围岩由粗面质玄武岩到粗安岩,可能属于泥盆纪(416Ma,Sm-Nd法;>356 Ma、390 Ma、440 Ma,单颗粒锆石U-Pb法)。矿床成因归属为岛弧火山—深成作用产物。斑岩铜矿带的南部为著名的康古尔塔格金矿带,再往南为星星峡银矿带。这些造山带矿床组合由北而南构成斑岩型铜(钽)矿带→韧性剪切带型和浅成热液型金矿带→浅成热液型(构造蚀变带型)钼矿带,显示了构造岩浆是由北而南下插的,岩浆侵位时间北老南新,花岗质岩浆源区的部分熔融深度由北而南加深。反映壳幔演化的东天山构造岩浆作用从370 Ma到240 Ma、从北部的哈尔里克和康古尔塔格到南部的中天山,似乎存在一个连续的花岗质岩浆演化带,丝毫看不到深部作用过程由于古生代东天山数度拉张沦为海槽而被中断的迹象。基于以上主要证据,本文综合讨论了东天山斑岩型铜矿、韧性剪切带型金矿和构造蚀变带型银矿的形成机制及其大地构造格局,建立了东天山造山带的成矿模型,为今后找矿开辟了新方向。     

新疆乌伦布拉隐爆角烁岩筒型斑岩铜矿成矿地质特征

矿床直接产于一套浅成一超浅成或次火山侵入的花岗质潜火山杂岩中,赋矿岩为斜长花岗岩、石英闪长岩、闪长岩及英安玢岩质隐爆角砾岩。矿石矿物有孔誉石、兰铜矿、兰辉铜矿、赤铜矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、矿石结构构造为交代残余结构、包含结构和星点状、细脉状、网脉状、团块状构造、围岩蚀变为硅化、赤铁矿化、碳酸盐化、绢云母化和绿泥石化。成矿温度为１１０℃、     

新疆东天山地区土屋和延东铜矿床斑岩叠加改造成矿作用

土屋和延东铜矿床位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带南部,是中亚成矿带的重要组成部分。文章根据脉次穿插关系、蚀变矿物组合及矿物共生关系,将土屋和延东铜矿床均划分为斑岩成矿期、叠加改造期和表生期3个期次。土屋铜矿床的铜矿化形成于斑岩成矿期和叠加改造期,而延东铜矿床的铜矿化主要形成于叠加改造期;土屋和延东铜矿床伴生的钼矿化主要形成于叠加改造期。因此,笔者认为前人获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(326.2~322.7 Ma)代表叠加改造期的成矿年龄,该期矿化与石英钠长斑岩((323.6±2.5)Ma)的侵入相关,而斑岩成矿期的矿化与斜长花岗斑岩(339~332 Ma)相关,成矿年龄为341.2~333.9 Ma。叠加改造期的存在,使得斑岩成矿期的蚀变分带可能受到了叠加和破坏。     

Himalayan magmatism and porphyry copper–molybdenum mineralization in the Yulong ore belt, East Tibet

Summary ?The NW–SE-trending Yulong porphyry Cu–Mo ore belt, situated in the Sanjiang0 area of eastern Tibet, is approximately 400 km long and 35 to 70 km wide. Complex tectonic and magmatic processes during the Himalayan epoch have given rise to favorable conditions for porphyry-type Cu–Mo mineralization. Porphyry masses of the Himalayan epoch in the Yulong ore belt are distributed in groups along regional NW–SE striking tectonic lineaments. They were emplaced mainly into Triassic and Lower Permian sedimentary-volcanic rocks. K–Ar und U–Pb isotopic datings give an intrusion age range of 57–26 Ma. The porphyries are mainly of biotite monzogranitic and biotite syenogranitic compositions. Geological and geochemical data indicate that the various porphyritic intrusions in the belt had a common or similar magma source, are metaluminous to peraluminous, Nb–Y–Ba-depleted, I-type granitoids, and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. Within the Yulong subvolcanic belt a number of porphyry stocks bear typical porphyry type Cu–Mo alteration and mineralization. The most prominent porphyry Co–Mo deposits include Yulong, Malasongduo, Duoxiasongduo, Mangzong and Zhanaga, of which Yulong is one of the largest porphyry Cu (Mo) deposits in China with approximately 8 × 10⁶ tons of contained Cu metal. Hydrothermal alteration at Yulong developed around a biotite–monzogranitic porphyry stock that was emplaced within Upper Triassic limestone, siltstone and mudstone. The earliest alteration was due to the effects of contact metamorphism of the country rocks and alkali metasomatism (potassic alteration) within and around the porphyry body. The alteration of this stage was accompanied by a small amount of disseminated and veinlet Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization. Later alteration–mineralization zones form more or less concentric shells around the potassic zone, around which are distributed a phyllic or quartz–sericite–pyrite zone, a silicification and argillic zone, and a propylitic zone. Fluid inclusion data indicate that three types of fluids were involved in the alteration–mineralization processes: (1) early high temperature (660–420 °C) and high salinity (30–51 wt% NaCl equiv) fluids responsible for the potassic alteration and the earliest disseminated and/or veinlet Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization; (2) intermediate unmixed fluids corresponding to phyllic alteration and most Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization, with salinities of 30–50 wt% NaCl equiv and homogenization temperatures of 460–280 °C; and (3) late low to moderate temperature (300–160 °C) and low salinity (6–13 wt% NaCl equiv) fluids responsible for argillic and propylitic alteration. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic studies show that the early hydrothermal fluids are of magmatic origin and were succeeded by increasing amounts of meteoric-derived convective waters. Sulfur isotopes also indicate a magmatic source for the sulfur in the early sulfide mineralization, with the increasing addition of sedimentary sulfur outward from the porphyry stock. Received August 29, 2001; revised version accepted May 1, 2002 Published online: November 29, 2002     

冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿带有望成为西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带

斑岩型铜矿的产出环境至少有两种：岩浆弧环境和碰撞造山带环境。前者以环太平洋斑岩铜矿带为代表，如产于安第斯大陆边缘弧的斑岩铜矿带［１］，主要发育于晚中新世安第斯构造旋回，受平行弧展布的走滑断裂和ＮＷ向基底构造控制［２］。后者以产于喜马拉雅－西藏造山带的玉龙斑岩铜矿带为代表，形成于印度－亚洲大陆大规模碰撞（５０～５５Ｍａ）之后，受高原东缘的ＮＷ向大规模走滑断裂系统控制［３］。最近，笔者的调查研究和地勘部门的矿产勘查揭示：沿西藏高原腹地冈底斯火山－岩浆弧，发育一条东西长约４００ｋｍ，南北宽近５０ｋｍ的…     

Progress in porphyry copper exploration from the Gangdise belt, Tibet, China

Recent mineral exploration in the Gangdise porphyry copper deposit belt, an important component of the Himalaya-Tethyan metallogenic belt, has led to the discovery of a number of deposits, as exemplified by the world-class Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu deposit. This paper reviews major advances in the studies of ore genesis and metallogenic regularity and progresses in mineral exploration of porphyry Cu deposits in the belt. Existing problems and suggestion for future exploration also are given.     

安第斯成矿带斑岩铜矿成矿规律综述

本文重点论述了安第斯成矿带地质构造背景、矿床特征及成矿规律,提出了安第斯成矿带受板块俯冲致深成岩浆强烈侵位和近南北的逆冲断层控制矿床的双重构造因素的控制(大多数大型、超大型斑岩铜矿产于该断裂带)及安第斯成矿带斑岩铜矿南北分区,东西分带的矿床分布规律。     

冈底斯铜矿带冲江含矿斑岩的岩石化学及锆石SHRIMP年龄特征

青藏高原南部冈底斯斑岩铜矿带冲江含矿斑岩早期为闪长岩,主期为花岗闪长斑岩及石英二长斑岩,晚期为花岗斑岩.岩石化学特征表现为早期和主期岩体主要为高钾钙碱性岩石系列,晚期岩体介于高钾钙碱和钾玄质岩石系列之间.含矿斑岩锆石SHRIMP年龄为(12.9±0.3)Ma,此年龄及前人的年龄资料表明冲江含矿斑岩体是多阶段作用形成的,第一阶段为14～15.6 Ma,第二阶段为12～13.8 Ma.现有冈底斯铜矿带年龄资料表明,冈底斯斑岩铜矿带成岩成矿时代在12～18 Ma之间,岩浆活动时限约6 Ma.     

Geochemical signature of porphyries in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt, western Junggar, NW China

The Baogutu porphyry copper belt lies in the Darbut transitional island arc of the western Junggar, in the western section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NW China. Our new petrographic results for the ore-bearing porphyry stocks in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt recognize them as diorite porphyry stocks rather than the granodiorite porphyry stocks as previously identified. The copper mineralization is hosted in the diorite, diorite porphyries and related breccias of the diorite porphyry stocks.Geochemical data indicate that the ore-bearing porphyries have a predominantly intermediate composition with a transitional character from tholeiite to calc-alkaline, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE) with a clear negative Nb anomaly. REE patterns show distinct enrichments in LREE relative to HREE. The rocks also exhibit high initial εNd(t) (+ 2.7 to + 6.3) ratios and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.70359–0.70397). Many samples are chemically similar to adakites (e. g. Yb < 1.9 ppm, Y < 18 ppm, Sr/Yb > 20, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr < 0.7045). These data are consistent with a transitional island arc from immature arc to mature arc and suggest that the ore-bearing porphyry system was derived from the partial melting of multiple sources including oceanic crust and a subduction-modified mantle wedge, with melts undergoing significant crystal fractionation during convergence between the paleo-Junggar ocean and the Darbut arc.     

西藏冈底斯朱诺斑岩型铜矿床流体包裹体特征

冈底斯是我国重要的斑岩型铜矿带,东段已发现一系列大型-超大型斑岩矿床且研究程度较高,而西段仅发现朱诺一例大型斑岩铜矿床,且研究程度较低,这不利于冈底斯东西段的对比研究。本文对朱诺矿床进行了流体包裹体岩相学研究、包裹体测温及激光拉曼光谱分析,并与冈底斯东段的驱龙斑岩矿床开展了对比。研究表明朱诺矿床共发育四种类型包裹体,分别为富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体(LV)、富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体(VL)、含子晶多相(LVH)及富CO2三相(C)包裹体。从成矿早期到晚期(即由A脉向B脉至D脉阶段),包裹体均一温度集中分布在350~550℃、250~350℃、250~300℃,盐度为5%~55%NaCleqv、5%~40%NaCleqv、2%~10%NaCleqv,显示包裹体均一温度及盐度呈递减趋势。而在B脉阶段,在显微镜下同一视域内可见不同类型(LV、VL、LVH)的包裹体共存,并且具有相似的均一温度而盐度变化较大特征,这是流体沸腾的明显标志,预示压力的降低及硫化物的沉淀。通过压力估算得到朱诺矿床A、B、D脉阶段的成矿深度分别为2.9km、2.7km、2.3km。通过与驱龙铜矿的对比,朱诺矿床硬石膏发育相对较弱,预示成矿流体氧逸度相对驱龙矿床低,此外二者在包裹体类型、温度、盐度等方面相似,但朱诺的成矿深度比驱龙的略浅,这在冈底斯西段总体剥蚀程度相对东段低的背景下是有利于矿床的寻找。     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿矿床地质特征

新发现的包古图斑岩铜矿床位于准噶尔盆地西缘,达尔布特断裂以南的包古图地区。通过对 V 号主要赋矿岩体及钻孔岩心的野外和镜下观察,研究了矿体矿化情况、蚀变分带特征和矿石组合。对该矿床的流体包裹体分类研究表明,主成矿期成矿温度在180℃～450℃,包裹体的形成压力多在1～9MPa。由此得出的斑岩体的侵位深度在100～600m。黄铜矿和黄铁矿的δ~(34)S 变化范围分别是-2.4‰～-0.8‰和-2.7‰～ 0.7‰。对该矿床的初步研究认为,矿床是在埃达克质岩浆侵位到地壳浅部冷却成岩后,经历了两期含矿热液的作用而成矿的。早期形成 Cu、Fe、Mo、Zn 的硫化物矿物,可划分为4个成矿阶段;晚期形成 Cu-Te-Bi-Au-Ag 的复杂矿物组合。早期矿化形成的辉钼矿 Re-Os 年龄是310Ma。     

西藏冈底斯中新世斑岩铜矿带：埃达克质斑岩成因与构造控制

作为贱金属主要来源的斑岩铜矿床，大多数产出于大陆边缘和岛弧环境。普遍认为，被俯冲洋壳板片释放流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融形成的玄武质岩浆，在相对封闭系统结晶分异和／或同化混染形成含铜长英质岩浆。然而，我们的研究表明，在西藏碰撞造山带，发育一条具有巨大成矿潜力的中新世斑岩铜矿带，含铜斑岩具有埃达克岩地球化学特性，来源于被加厚的藏南镁铁质下地壳，但俯冲的新特提斯洋壳板片部分熔融也不能完全被排除。斑岩铜矿形成于陆-陆后碰撞伸展时期(13～18Ma)，即青藏高原迅速抬升之后。横切碰撞造山带的南北向正断层系统，类似于岛弧环境下的横切弧的断层系统，成为埃达克质斑岩岩浆快速上升和就位的通道与场所，并使岩浆热液系统中大量的含矿流体充分地分离而成矿。