城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目拆旧地块选址适宜性评价模型研究

由于我国人口众多、人均资源相对不足,后备资源十分稀缺,人多地少的矛盾突出,因此开展城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目的意义重大。但由于目前关于选择拆旧地块要遵守的原则以及适用的方法尚不明确,因此这项工作在开展时存在着很强的随意性。本文以灵川县为实例,研究城乡建设用地增减挂钩拆旧地块选址的适宜性评价模型,并较客观地评价出该县最适宜拆旧区,为全国开展增减挂钩项目提供理论与实证支持。     

仁怀市喀斯特地区建设用地适宜性评价

建设用地适宜性评价是土地利用规划和资源管理的基础性工作.为合理确定贵州喀斯特地区城镇扩展方向,在GIS的支持下,以贵州省仁怀市为例,文章选取地形地貌、开发利用条件、地质因子3方面6个单因子,构建该研究区低丘缓坡建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,并对仁怀市低丘缓坡建设用地适宜性进行综合评价.结果表明:适宜建设用地和比较适宜建设用地主要分布仁怀在市中部和西南地区.     

土地生态经济适宜性评价模型研究

从土地生态经济系统的角度,将土地适宜性评价看作是物种的最适生态位与评价单元所提供的现实生态位之间的匹配,从区域、评价单元以及单元之间关系3个层次构建评价指标体系,并引入模糊贴近度分析方法构建土地生态经济适宜性评价模型.以武汉市黄陂区为实例验证了模型的合理性.     

遥感和GIS技术的水禽栖息地适宜性评价中的应用

由于适宜水禽栖息的生境面积不断缩小,致使湿地生态系统受到严重破坏,生物种群数量急剧下降.通过野外采点调查建立可靠的栖息地适宜点群.基于遥感和GIS空间技术获取20个评价因子,并结合二项Logistic回归模型,构造出基于像元水平的栖息地适宜性模型,经过筛选后保留对适宜性影响力较大、拟合优度高的10个评价因子,分别从社会人文、植被长势和地形地貌三大方面分析.再应用K-means聚类分析法将适宜性点群分级,得到建三江区栖息地适宜性评价分级图,有效分析适宜性5个等级的空间尺度,其中最适宜栖息,中适宜栖息,基本适宜栖息,不适宜栖息和不可用地分别占总用地的24.73%,17.69%,29.8%,17.62%和10.16%,前三类占总的72.22%.说明建三江区的适宜水禽栖息的用地较多,主要分布在流域、低河漫滩等人为干扰少的湿地沼泽平原,此研究对水禽生境的保护和可持续发展都具有指导意义.     

利用GIS和模糊层次分析法的南极考察站选址研究

南极考察站选址问题关系南极考察站的安全、功能和运行效率。从科考兴趣、环境条件、后勤保障和地形条件四个方面构建南极考察站选址指标体系,将GIS和模糊层次分析法集成构建一种新的数学模型,用于确定南极考察站建立的适宜性区域,实现选址评价。在对已建南极考察站选址分析的基础上进行了模型验证,得到模型的准确度为98.89%,证明此模型具有较高的准确性和较好的适用性。     

基于GIS的大庆市居住区空间适宜性分析

传统城市居住适宜性评价方法存在精度不高、评价效率较低等缺陷,提出了基于GIS的城市居住区空间适宜性评价方法,并以大庆市西城区为研究区进行分析实验。首先运用层次分析法(AHP)建立城市居住适宜性相关评价指标体系,然后应用ArcGIS空间分析功能依据评价指标体系生成派生数据集,并对各数据集的指标因子进行加权叠加,进而重分类并渲染,得到城市居住适宜性评价专题图。实验结果表明,该方法提高了工作效率和评价结果的准确性,实现了居住适宜性的可视化分析,为城市总体规划及建设布局提供了一定的指引。     

无居民海岛功能定位初探

根据无居民海岛的自然属性和社会属性,考虑到海岛环境的特殊性、资源承载的有限性、空间开发功能的衍生性,以及与国家主体功能区规划和全国海洋功能区划的衔接性,从海岛开发适宜性和海岛可持续保护的角度,研究无居民海岛功能分类方法,构建海岛功能分类评价指标体系,确定海岛功能分类的适宜性评价因子及评价标准,并引入综合评判理论,量化指标因子,构建综合评判模型,在此模型的基础上,借助GIS技术实现无居民海岛功能定位。     

无居民海岛功能定位初探

根据无居民海岛的自然属性和社会属性,考虑到海岛环境的特殊性、资源承载的有限性、空间开发功能的衍生性,以及与国家主体功能区规划和全国海洋功能区划的衔接性,从海岛开发适宜性和海岛可持续保护的角度,研究无居民海岛功能分类方法,构建海岛功能分类评价指标体系,确定海岛功能分类的适宜性评价因子及评价标准,并引入综合评判理论,量化指标因子,构建综合评判模型,在此模型的基础上,借助GIS技术实现无居民海岛功能定位。     

多元自适应回归样条法的滑坡敏感性评价

针对一般滑坡敏感性评价方法不能有效筛选滑坡条件因子的问题,以中国新疆维吾尔自治区新源县为研究区,基于15个滑坡敏感性条件因子,利用多元自适应回归样条法构建了滑坡敏感性指数预测模型,并自动筛选出研究区滑坡敏感性条件因子,在此基础上,实现了新源滑坡敏感性制图.此外,使用逻辑回归方法与多元自适应回归样条法进行精度对比分析.结...     

基于GIS的矿业废弃地建设用地复垦适宜性评价——以北京市门头沟区为例

在城镇化高速发展的今天,如何对有限的土地资源进行有效利用是一个非常值得思考的问题。文中以北京市门头沟区为例,在充分考虑到自然因素、安全因素和区位因素的条件下,根据指标体系的构建原则,选择了对建设用地适宜性评价产生影响的8个主要因素,采用层次分析法确定各个指标因素的权重,选择多因素综合评价模型,利用Arc GIS的空间叠加分析功能计算出评价区域的综合评价分值,把整个评价区域的综合分值平均分为4个等份,以此对评价结果进行分级,得出高度适建区、中度适建区、低度适建区和禁建区4个等级的区域面积和分布。     

Economic, legal, and public policy issues influencing the creation, accessibility, and use of GIS databases

Rhind (1992) argued that government data policies and Intellectual Property Righr (IPR) considerations would play an increasingly large role in influencing the use of GIS. This has proved to be correct in general but the non-technical factors affecting data collection, supply, and price have become ever more complex. Indeed, one characteristic of the present situation is that it is now impossible to consider the legal, economic, and public policy issues in isolation. Consequently, this paper sets out to identify the interactions between them and the areas of conflict. It draws upon the literature of a much wider area than traditional GIS. This approach is essential because of two factors. The first is that GIS databases are presently of modest commercial value compared to some other data and hence key decisions on IPR, etc are being made outside our discipline. The second is that the nature of GIS databases is mutating rapidly through the wider use of multi-media and of the internet. It is concluded that the future is largely unpredictable in any detail since the interactions differ in different countries and at different moments in time. In many cases, however, revenue generation from sales or leasing of data or from services built upon data exploitation is likely to be a characteristic of both the public and the private sectors. Such charging has observable beneficial effects to set against the frequently claimed disadvantages, whether measured in financial, legal, or public access terms.     

山水林田湖生命共同体生态保护和修复

中共中央、国务院颁布的《生态文明体制改革总体方案》提出了六大生态文明理念,其中之一就是“山水林田湖是一个生命共同体”理念.论文以系统科学和景观生态学为理论基础,探讨了“山水林田湖生命共同体”生态保护和修复的指导思想、目标、方法、技术和制度. “山水林田湖生命共同体”实质是土地/景观综合体, “山水林田湖是一个生命共同体”理念提出了两个指导思想—系统观和生命观;目标—提高以“命脉”为核心的生态景观服务功能;方法—景观方法和绿色基础设施建设;工程技术—生态景观化工程技术;制度—以土地使用者为主体的综合景观管理.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Integrated adjustment of CHAMP, GRACE, and GPS data

Various types of observations, such as space-borne Global positioning system (GPS) code and phase data, accelerometer data, K-band range and range-rate data, and ground-based satellite laser ranging data of the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and GRAvity Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite missions, are used together with ground-based GPS code and phase data in a rigorous adjustment to eventually solve for the ephemerides of the CHAMP, GRACE, and GPS satellites, geocenter variations, and low-degree gravity field parameters. It turns out that this integrated adjustment considerably improves the accuracy of the ephemerides for the high and low satellites, geocenter variations, and gravity field parameters, compared to the case when the adjustment is carried out stepwise or in individual satellite solutions.Acknowledgments. This study has been supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research through the Geotechnologies Programme grants 03F0333A/CHAMP and 03F0326A/GRACE.     

Biases and accuracy of, and an alternative to, discrete nonlinear filters

The biases and accuracy of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a second-order nonlinear filter (SONF) are discussed from the point of view of a frequentist; these are often derived by applying the relevant conditional quantities to the linear Kalman algorithm under the Bayesian framework. The EKF and the SONF are biased, although the SONF has been derived in the hope of improving first-order filters. Unfortunately the biases of the SONF may be magnified further, because the second-order terms of the relevant Bayesian conditional quantities have never been properly used to derive the SONF from the frequentist point of view. The variance–covariance matrix of the SONF given in the literature is proven to be incorrect up to the second-order approximation, and the correct one is derived. Finally, also from the point of view of a frequentist, an alternative, almost unbiased SONF is proposed, if the randomness of partials is neglected. Received: 12 July 1997 / Accepted: 5 October 1998