有限区域模式侧边界处理方案的比较试验

用中尺度模式（ＭＭ５）与国家气象中心全球谱模式相嵌套,比较了三种侧边界处理方案对１９９７年３月华东地区２７个测站地面要素预报质量的影响,发现不同侧边界条件对内域预报质量的影响存在一定的差异。     

TRAMS_RUC_1 km模式初始场和侧边界方案的改进研究

本文从垂直分辨率、时间更新频率和要素完整性三个方面，对水平网格距为1 km的华南区域短时临近预报模式（TRAMS_RUC_1 km: Tropical Region Assimilation Model for South China Sea_The Rapid Update Cycle_1 km）中的初始场和侧边界方案进行改进研究。首先选择一次华南飑线个例进行敏感性试验，研究结果表明:（1）提高初始场和侧边界的垂直分辨率以后，模式对飑线内部中小尺度对流系统引起的强降水中心的模拟结果明显更加接近实况，而增加中低层的垂直分辨率对预报的改进起到了主要作用。（2）将模式侧边界时间更新频率从6 h一次提高到1 h一次以后，模式侧边界要素场的逐小时剧烈变化信息可以比较完整的保留下来。在使用高时间分辨率的侧边界条件进行模拟时，粤西沿海地区的水汽辐合明显加强，这对原来模式预报飑线移速偏慢现象会有改善作用。（3）当模式侧边界条件具有较高的时空分辨率时，进一步补充垂直速度和云微物理变量的侧边界条件对于飑线模拟结果的影响并不明显。总的来说，提高初始场和侧边界的垂直分辨率以及增加侧边界更新的时间分辨率，对于区域高分辨率模式对这次华南飑线预报效果的改进具有重要意义，而忽略垂直速度和云微物理量的侧边界条件则是一种可以接受的简化。在个例研究的基础上，利用改进后的初、边界条件进行为期一个月（2019年4月份）的批量试验，评估结果表明新方案对于逐小时降水空间分布和日变化特征的模拟均有明显改善。     

风暴尺度集合预报最优侧边界条件扰动方法设计:个例分析

考虑到全球预报模式与风暴尺度预报模式在分辨率上的显著差异,在构造风暴尺度集合预报系统的时候需要用一个中间分辨率的中尺度区域模式为风暴尺度模式提供侧边界条件扰动,但如何构造侧边界扰动才能更为有效地提高风暴尺度集合预报系统的预报能力目前仍然未知。本文基于WRF模式,通过一次个例试验设计了风暴尺度集合预报中的3种不同侧边界扰动方案,结果表明:直接通过0.5°水平分辨率全球集合预报扰动插值所得到的侧边界扰动(LBC_DOWN)在预报中可以获得较高的大尺度扰动能量,而在中尺度区域模式(本文中为模式外层)中通过ETKF循环所构造的侧边界条件扰动(LBC_CYCLE)包含较高的中小尺度能量,而将LBC_CYCLE中的中尺度扰动信息与LBC_DOWN中的大尺度扰动信息相混合所得到的混合侧边界扰动(LBC_BLEND)在大尺度能量上更接近于LBC_DOWN,在中小尺度能量上更接近于LBC_CYCLE;LBC_BLEND较前两种方案有着更好的离散度技巧表现;在降水概率预报技巧方面LBC_BLEND与LBC_CYCLE较为接近,且均优于LBC_DOWN。     

有限区域套网格数值预报模式的侧边界处理技术的研究与试验

本文选择了几种有代表性的侧边界处理方案,利用三维十一层原始方程模式,引进套网格技术,用1983年3月14日20时的实测资料作为初始场,对一次倒槽气旋的南下过程进行24小时数值预报试验。通过预报试验,调试出了适合于模式的侧边界处理方案,试验表明,该方案能使天气系统自由出入细网格区域而不伴有明显的二倍格距波。具体地说,所预报的倒槽气旋及其后部的高压都能进入细网格区域并且东移发展。而细网格区域东部的高压主体则逐渐地从细网格区域东移出去。同时发现,对所试验的数值预报模式而言,在目前流行的两种处理侧边界问题的途经中,通过在侧边界邻域上引进一定宽度的侧边界过渡区,或者通过部分修正原动力学方程组的性质而引进某种形式的附加修正项,使之减弱超定义性质的途径比直接估算所谓的局地相速或特征相速而在各个侧边界有区别地应用流入流出边界条件的途径,具有运算简单,预报效果好的优点     

套网格预报中几种边界条件的试验

采用国家气象中心五层原始方程业务模式，用单向自嵌套方法，对常用的几种侧边界条件进行了对比试验。结果表明：加密网络可以改善预报效果，在试验的几种边界处理方案中，以Ｄａｖｉｅｓ方案的效果最好，不需要采用其他技术处理，就能使边界附近不产生扰动，分析的等值线光滑，计算稳定性好，可以使业务预报更加可靠，效果更加理想。     

中尺度业务模式系统侧边界嵌套方法的研究

为提高预报准确率，在对多种嵌套方案试验对比的基础上，选用了一种计算效果较好，方法也不甚复杂的Ｄａｖｉｅｓ物理量松弛方案，对中尺度业务模式系统进行了预报试验。其网格边界值采用Ｔ４２Ｌ９谱模式的预报值。嵌套模式与原模式用同一个例进行了预报对比试验。结果表明，嵌套方案考虑了大尺度环流背景场在边界附近对中尺度系统的强迫作用，提高了有限区域模式的实际预报能力。     

省级区域范围产量场预报的研究

用经验正交分解的方法将产量场分解为不随时间变化的空间函数及依赖时间变化的时间函数两部分正交分量,每个正交分量代表一种空间分布形式,即典型分布。典型产量分布的时间函数的年实际变化可以气象因子场的典型分布时间函数为自变量,用逐步回归分析方程预报,进而得到预报年的产量分布场。     

一粗细网格模式“三维嵌套”方案的设计及试验结果分析

该文简要地分析了水平侧边界嵌套技术中存在的问题，提出了“三维嵌套”的设想，并就不同范围对水平侧边界嵌套及三维嵌套方案进行了对比试验。试验结果表明：（１）三维嵌套方案对区域模式的降水及中、下层形势场的预报均有所改进；（２）嵌套区域越小，三维嵌套方案对预报的改进效果越明显；（３）三维嵌套方案对预报的改进随积分时间的增长而愈加显著     

省时显式积分方案在有限区数值预报模式中的应用

本文作了有限区数值预报模式显式和省时显式时间积分方案的对比试验。对于冬季和夏季两个个例的计算结果表明，采用省时显式方案能大大提高计算效率，同时保持几乎和显式方案同样的预报结果。此外还讨论了省时显式方案中的侧边界处理方法。     

MM4模式积云参数化方案的改进和检验Ⅱ：改进模式的检验试验

为了检验用Fritsch-Chappell积云参数化方案改进的MM4模式^[1]对梅雨锋暴雨系统的模拟能力，初步确定该模型的稳定性，可靠性，用不同的侧边界条件，地形条件，行星边界层参数化方法进行了模拟试验，并将模拟结果与采用Kuo-Anthes积云参数化方案的模式模拟结果分别进行了比较，结果表明，改进模式对高度场和降水的预报均有改善，并能预报出一些细致特征，此外，改进模式对侧边界条件和地形极为敏感，而对行星边界层参数化方法的敏感性较弱，因此在模式侧边界条件选取和地形处理方面应十分谨慎。     

A regional spectral nested shallow water equation model

A method to expand meteorological elements in terms of finite double Fourier series in a limited-region and a spectral nested shallow water equation model based upon the method with conformal map projection in rectangular coordinates, have been proposed, and computational stability and efficiency of time integration have been discussed.     

A non-linear extension of the mixed spectral finite difference model for neutrally stratified turbulent flow over topography

A non-linear extension of the mixed spectral finite difference model for neutrally stratified surface-layer flow over complex terrain is developed. The non-linear terms are treated as additional source terms in the present model. The solution is calculated iteratively in spectral space, while the source terms are evaluated in physical space (at each iteration step) with the help of a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.Results for simple 2D sinusoidal topography are shown to compare well with full non-linear finite difference results. The method, compared to conventional finite difference methods, has the advantage of rapid convergence and substantial savings in computer time.     

On expansion of analytical functions in ultraspherical polynomials on the sphere

An algorithm is proposed for computing two-dimensional Fourier series in a spherical system of coordinates over a set of orthogonal ultraspherical polynomials whose special cases are the Legendre polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind. The series uniformly converge at all points of the sphere including the poles. Unlike traditional spectral expansions on the sphere, they explicitly contain additional terms that characterize an odd component of a desired analytical function relative to the poles. It is shown that the expansion in the small vicinity of the poles (polar caps) is simplified because of the closeness to zero of the Fourier series terms responsible for the approximation of the components of the function that are odd relative to the poles. As the equatorial zone is approached, the value of the components of the desired function unsymmetrical relative to the poles increases and becomes comparable to the contribution of the symmetrical components. The new method is used for a special case of the spectral approximation of a continuous scalar analytical function with spherical harmonics used as the orthogonal basis. It is shown that double Fourier series in this case give an extension of the traditional spectral method. An alternative is to construct double Fourier series in associated Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind. An example of the spectral approximation of an analytical function on the sphere is presented.     

Validation of present-day regional climate simulations over Europe: LAM simulations with observed boundary conditions

 Nested limited-area modelling is one method of down-scaling general circulation model (GCM) climate change simulations. To give credibility to this method the nested limited-area model (LAM) must be shown to simulate local present-day climate conditions fairly accurately. Here seven different European limited-area models driven by observed boundary conditions (operational weather forecast analyses) are validated against observations, and inter-compared for summer and winter months. Relatively large biases are found. In summer large positive surface air temperature biases are found over southeast Europe. The main reason is deficiencies in the surface hydrological schemes causing an unrealistic drying of the soil. In at least one of the models, most likely several of them, an additional factor is an overestimation of incoming solar radiation. Apart from excessive precipitation in mountainous areas in some models they generally show a negative bias due to the drying and decreased advection from the Atlantic. In winter most models have a positive precipitation bias which seems to be caused by an enhancement of advection from the Atlantic and enhanced cyclone activity. Surface air temperature biases are negative probably due to an underestimation of the incoming longwave radiation. Received: 11 December 1996 / Accepted: 17 March 1997     

Fourier series on spheres

A spectral representation consisting of a two‐dimensional Fourier series for use on a sphere is described.

The method is applied to the advection of a passive scalar field over the poles and is compared to the pseudo‐spectral and grid‐point representations.

The results show that the double Fourier series method compares favourably with both the pseudo‐spectral and grid‐point schemes.     

Estimation of Winds at Different Isobaric Levels Based on the Observed Winds at 850 hPa Level Using Double Fourier Series

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Impact of resolution and downscaling technique in simulating recent Atlantic tropical cylone activity

Using the global environmental multiscale (GEM) model, we investigate the impact of increasing model resolution from 2° to 0.3° on Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. There is a clear improvement in the realism of Atlantic storms with increased resolution, in part, linked to a better representation of African easterly waves. The geographical distribution of a Genesis Potential Index, composed of large-scales fields known to impact cyclone formation, coincides closely in the model with areas of high cyclogenesis. The geographical distribution of this index also improves with resolution. We then compare two techniques for achieving local high resolution over the tropical Atlantic: a limited-area model driven at the boundaries by the global 2° GEM simulation and a global variable resolution model (GVAR). The limited-area domain and high-resolution part of the GVAR model coincide geographically, allowing a direct comparison between these two downscaling options. These integrations are further compared with a set of limited-area simulations employing the same domain and resolution, but driven at the boundaries by reanalysis. The limited-area model driven by reanalysis produces the most realistic Atlantic tropical cyclone variability. The GVAR simulation is clearly more accurate than the limited-area version driven by GEM-Global. Degradation in the simulated interannual variability is partly linked to the models failure to accurately reproduce the impact of atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific and Sahel on Atlantic cyclogenesis. Through the use of a smaller limited-area grid, driven by GEM-Global 2°, we show that an accurate representation of African Easterly Waves is crucial for simulating Atlantic tropical cyclone variability.     

有限区域模式中的单调性数位滤波器

在大多数数值模式中,为了消除小尺度（波长接近两倍网格距）的波动,必须使用数值耗散或滤波技术。然而,很少有人意识到,常规的耗散或滤波方案自身会引入噪声。例如,大部分滤波器在对梯度变化剧烈或存在陡峭坡度的气象场进行滤波时会遇到困难,即在其结果中不可避免地出现无意义的高频数值振荡（上冲和下冲）。特别是当耗散或滤波应用于有限区域模式时,错误的边值效应往往会严重破坏模式解。本分析了常用的耗散或滤波方法的优缺点,提出了一种新型的单调性数位滤波器。它可以防止在物理场出现不连续或接近不连续时由于计算激波和吉布斯振荡引起的上冲和下冲现象,与此同时仍能保持滤波的高选择特性。此外,新滤波器还采用了隐式计算方案,因而能够轻而易举地解决有限区域模式中的边界退化问题。