交通荷载下软土地基长期沉降的有限元法

软土地基在交通荷载作用下的长期沉降是决定软土地区交通设施耐久性的关键因素。为合理地预测该部分沉降,提出了一个适用于交通荷载长期作用下的饱和软土累积变形（残余体变和残余剪切变形）计算的经验公式。该模型采用一个反映排水条件的参数描述不同的排水条件对残余体变发展过程的影响。通过采用体变硬化模式,考虑部分排水条件对残余体积变形和残余剪切变形发展过程的影响。基于该经验模型,发展了有限元实用计算方法,编制了相应的程序ROAD2D。通过对实际边值问题的计算,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性和有效性。分析结果表明,与部分排水路段相比,排水不畅的路段在交通荷载长期作用下将出现更大的地基沉降和侧向挤出,其变形模式更不利于路面的正常使用。     

真空预压地基沉降计算方法研究

采用单井地基等效圆内真空压力的平均值等效代替群井地基内部真空压力的平均值推求在K0固结条件下地基沉降计算方法。在原有考虑土体侧向变形（非K0固结）的地基沉降计算方法的基础上对体积应变修正系数进行了新的考虑与分析,提出平均体积应变系数的概念,认为考虑侧向位移的固结沉降应采用平均体积应变系数对公式进行修正。进行有限元计算分析,将理论计算值、有限元计算值、实测值三者进行比较分析,认为计算值合理、可靠。采用真空预压沉降计算方法进行沉降预测较为合理便捷,对真空预压设计有一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

路堤下软土地基侧向位移与沉降关系分析研究

总结了软土地基下侧向位移的研究现状,从路堤中最大侧向位移和路中沉降之间的比例关系出发进行了分析研究。利用有限单元法,建立了路堤下软土地基的计算模型。计算结果表明,在路堤填筑期间最大侧向位移和路中沉降的增量大致相等,而在固结期两者的比例关系在0.14左右。不同的加载方式在数值上也有所不同。计算结果对路堤下地基侧向变形的计算分析具有一定的指导作用。     

滨海软土非线性流变模型及其工程应用研究

基于室内一维固结蠕变试验,研究了天津滨海淤泥质软黏土的蠕变变形规律,建立了反映滨海软黏土的非线性流变本构模型,确定了模型中的各个参数。通过此本构模型推导出天津软黏土的沉降计算公式,利用该公式对天津滨海地区北塘水库大坝软土堤基进行了沉降计算和分析,计算值与实测值比较吻合,证明了流变模型的合理性,同时也说明在软土地基沉降计算中,考虑非线性流变性状的影响是必要的。并对天津滨海新区软土长期蠕变沉降作出预测。     

真空排水预压下土体变形的应力路径分析

通过室内试验, 对真空排水预压下土体变形特性进行了应力路径分析, 测定软土地基在真空预压加固后应力路径的改变对沉降量的影响, 论证真空排水预压加固软土地基不能消除其剪应力引起的剪切变形, 结合实例, 计算其后期沉降量与固结沉降量的比值, 并推算软土地基在真空预压下其最终沉降量计算公式的修正系数。     

真空排水预压下土体变形的应力路径分析

通过室内试验,对真空排水预压下土体变形特性进行了应力路径分析,测定软土地基在真空预压加固后应力路径的改变对沉降量的影响,论证真空排水预压加固软土地基不能消除其剪应力引起的剪切变形,结合实例,计算其后期沉降量与固结沉降量的比值,并推算软土地基在真空预压下其最终沉降量计算公式的修正系数.     

抽真空引起周围土体竖向变形的有限元分析

真空预压法加固深厚超软土地基时,一方面使地基土体产生侧向收缩变形,有利于地基的稳定;但另一方面向真空预压区的侧向变形对周围房屋、地下管线、道路等建筑物也产生不利影响,甚至会出现管道断裂、围墙倒塌、路堤被毁等严重工程事故。结合真空预压加固软基工程中出现的对周围环境影响的问题,进行了考虑土体拉裂影响的有限元分析,研究抽真空过程及加固区外不同距离、不同土体深度沉降的变化规律。研究结果表明,采用Biot固结理论、考虑土体拉裂的有限元计算结果与现场加固区外土体沉降及影响区范围的实测结果基本一致。     

常规次固结沉降计算方法的改进研究

软土具有高含水率、大孔隙比等特点,在荷载作用下超静孔隙水压力消散后会产生次固结变形。实际工程中很多工程问题是由土体的次固结引起,因此对其沉降进行计算和预测很有必要。针对常规次固结沉降计算方法的不足,进行了改进,使随时间的发展,次固结沉降趋于一个定值而不是无限增长。对Yin & Graham一维弹黏塑性模型进行了简要介绍,并进行了改进,结合改进模型提出一种次固结沉降起讫时间的确定方法。与常规计算公式相比,改进公式可行,且更加合理,可用于实际工程地基次固结沉降的计算。     

考虑侧向变形的路堤沉降一维法计算修正系数研究

软土路基中三维固结效应以及路堤的应力重分布产生的水平推力,引起的侧向变形是不容忽视的。通过非线性有限元计算,分别给出了一般粘性土和软土的沉降修正系数式子,它们是在路堤高度及路基土体孔隙比之间直接建模的,主要适用于均质或近似均质的路基。实例计算表明：经过修正后,沉降一维计算结果基本上可考虑到土体的侧向变形,且修正后的沉降比较接近实测值,在工程上具有一定的参考价值。     

基于一维和三维固结挤土桩沉降时效计算分析

饱和软黏土地基中的挤土桩,施工引起的桩侧土体超孔隙水压力消散和竖向荷载引起的桩底土体固结是导致其沉降的主要因素。基于三维固结理论,研究了桩侧地基土再固结沉降的变化规律,并从桩-土相互作用的原理出发,结合边界条件,推导出了在桩侧地基土再固结沉降的作用下挤土桩沉降的计算公式。运用太沙基一维固结理论并采用分层总和法计算竖向荷载作用下桩底土体的沉降。提出了饱和软土中挤土桩沉降时效的计算方法。并对工程实例进行了计算分析,其结果符合工程实际沉降规律。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.