低地应力区地下洞室开挖围岩剪应力静态数值模拟研究

本文以西北某市大型水利地下洞室工程为例,采用弹塑性二维有限元法对低地应力区洞室开挖后围岩剪应力分布与围岩变形破坏进行了数值模拟,总结出了低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩剪应力大小、分布规律与围岩变形破坏的关系.该项研究它将有利于进一步研究低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩稳定性,同时对保障地下洞室工程的圆满进行具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.     

岩石地下洞室围岩稳定性分析应注意的几个问题

有压或无压输水隧洞、道路隧道、人工开挖洞室等地下洞室的围岩稳定性分析是基岩区隧道、隧洞等地下洞室工程设计技术的关键问题,正确而又全面地对地下洞室围岩进行稳定性分析计算也是基础问题,本文主要阐述地下洞室勘察设计中围岩稳定性分析计算应注意的几个问题。     

水电站大型地下洞室长期稳定性数值分析

围岩的流变特性是影响地下洞室变形及长期稳定的重要因素。在长期荷载作用下岩体会发生流变现象,特别软弱夹层在较高应力作用下其流变特性更为显著。以某水电站大型地下洞室为例,针对该地下洞室附近围岩存在着软弱夹层,且有些软弱夹层与开挖的洞室相互交汇,基于大型岩土工程分析软件FLAC3D,采用黏弹塑性流变本构模型（Cvisc）,模拟了地下洞室围岩的流变力学行为;根据主厂房顶拱位移变化率规律确定出了开挖洞室2次支护的时间,对比分析了瞬时弹塑性条件下与考虑流变特性条件下洞室开挖后围岩的位移变形、应力场及塑性区的分布。数值模拟结果表明,由于着软弱夹层的影响,洞室围岩发生较大的变形,特别是在开挖洞室与软弱夹层的交汇处围岩随着时间的长期变形量会更大,这对洞室的稳定性有着一定的影响;对于水电站地下洞室的长期稳定性分析,充分考虑岩体流变效应是非常重要和必要的。     

佛子岭抽水蓄能水电站地下厂房施工开挖过程的FLAC3D数值模拟

选取佛子岭抽水蓄能水电站地下厂房区,采用三维快速拉格朗日法（FLAC3D）模拟施工开挖过程,研究了洞室群围岩的开挖变形形态和应力状态,分析了围岩和调压井高边坡在自重荷载作用下的开挖稳定性。通过对地下厂房洞室群区的加固处理,分析了围岩在加固后的力学特性。利用FLAC3D程序的Ubiquitous模型,引入了一组主要节理裂隙,分析了此组节理裂隙对地下洞室群围岩的开挖变形及整体稳定性的影响,并与无节理裂隙的数值模拟结果进行对比,综合评价了节理裂隙对洞室群围岩稳定性的影响。     

水平薄层岩体中大跨度地下洞室工程地质研究

山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩为水平薄层岩层,工程竣工发电已多年,施工及运行期安全,但工程开工前,还没有在水平薄层岩体中开挖大跨度高边墙地下洞室的成功范例,鉴于此,以山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程为依托,从工程地质角度,对水平薄层围岩岩性特征、岩体结构特征、岩体力学特性、大跨度高边墙地下洞室围岩分类、围岩变形特征等方面进行了研究,依据研究成果,对洞室开挖支护施工、围岩变形监测等进行了分析,依据围岩变形监测成果对围岩力学参数进行了反演,验证了前期勘察成果,取得了在水平薄层状地质环境中开挖大型地下洞室的宝贵经验,进而为在水平薄层状地质体中修建大跨度、高边墙地下洞室提供了更多的技术支持,对此类不良地质条件下大型地下洞室群建设具有重要的指导意义。     

地下洞室开挖爆破围岩松动圈的数值分析计算

根据数值计算提出了在地下洞室开挖爆破中,确定围岩松动圈的方法。给出了地下洞室开挖爆破的三维弹塑性损伤有限元计算方法。该方法论述了爆破荷载、重力荷载和开挖荷载的计算、施加以及迭代的方法,可以合理反应爆破对围岩稳定的影响和锚固支护施加的效果;结合岩石松动圈的实测方法,推导了判定围岩开始松动的损伤系数阈值公式,可以结合数值计算得到的洞周围岩损伤系数分布,确定在开挖爆破作用下围岩松动圈的范围。对实际工程的分析计算表明,根据数值计算判定的围岩松动范围与实测松动范围的规律基本一致,量值吻合较好,其结果为地下洞室开挖爆破的围岩松动圈的确定提供了有效的方法。     

某地下洞室围岩松动区深度的测试与分析

地下洞室开挖后,地应力重新分布,在洞室围岩周围形成一定深度的松动区,松动区深度的确定对评价围岩稳定性和指导洞室支护设计都具有重要意义。利用围岩超声波测试成果和施工期位移监测成果,通过对比分析确定出某洞室围岩松动区的深度范围,为选择合理的围岩支护参数提供依据。     

大跨度高边墙地下洞室分层间隔施工方法

结合某大垮度、高边墙地下洞室的施工实践,详细阐述了大洞室纵向预留隔层、隔层上中下同步开挖、最后清除隔层这一新的开挖方法施工全过程。通过数值模拟,对这一新的开挖方法与自上而下台阶式开挖方法引起围岩最大变形、围岩塑性破坏和锚杆轴力进行了对比分析,结果表明,新的开挖方法对围岩的扰动破坏更小。指出了采用这种新方法的适用条件。对于其他用途大跨高边墙地下洞室的施工具有一定的参考价值。     

澜沧江某电站左岸地下洞室群围岩稳定性的三维数值模拟

在岩体结构模型概化的基础上 ,采用三维有限元数值分析方法 ,系统研究了澜沧江某大型水电站大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群开挖完成后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的变化特征。总结了地下洞室群围岩应力、变形和破坏区的分布特征和变化规律 ,为洞室群稳定性评价和工程施工设计提供了基础资料和参考依据。     

澜沧江某电站左岸地下洞室群围岩稳定性的FLAC3D分析

在岩体结构模型概化的基础上,采用FLAC3D数值分析方法,系统研究了澜沧江某大型水电站大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群开挖完成后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的变化特征。总结了地下洞室群围岩应力、变形和破坏区的分布特征和变化规律,为洞室群稳定性评价和工程施工设计提供了基础资料和参考依据。     

某引水工程中长输水隧洞断面初选设计分析

断面比选设计是为了研究输水隧洞在复杂的地质条件中能够更好的施工,在运行期具有更好的过流能力,并且在建设中节省工程投资而进行的不同断面设计分析。以在建某长输水隧洞为例,选择城门洞型和马蹄形两种不同设计断面,从水力参数设计、施工方法、工程量及工程投资等各个方面进行对比分析计算,选择出易于施工,水利条件好并节省投资的设计断面,再进行输水隧洞正常水深、临界水深、临界底坡的水力计算,并分析了设计断面的水力特性。最后,提出了在输水隧洞断面设计上的几点建议,供水利设计和施工人员参考。     

论隧道洞口段的绿化设计

随着基础设施建设及环境保护的协调发展，隧道洞口边、仰坡和洞门区域的植被恢复与绿化设计技术研究已越来越受到工程界的重视。隧道洞口设计不能象过去一样仅仅做单一的结构设计，必须与绿化设计有机结合。但目前这方面的研究成果很少。文章从隧道洞口绿化设计的一般原则、绿化设计模式、与洞门结构相适应的绿化方法以及景观效果等方面，研究了隧道洞口段绿化设计方法。提出洞门结构设计与景观效果设计有机结合的原则，总结了隧道洞口绿化设计的总体模式。该模式给出进行洞口绿化设计时需要做的全部工作，包括洞门位置选择、洞口结构设计、绿化方法优选、边、仰坡的稳定性分析、景观效果设计等内容。除了考虑植被效果外，还须考虑隧道所在地的环境与意境的协调以及人文景观设计。成果可为工程界做好隧道洞口段的绿化设计提供参考。     

Multiobjective optimization-based design of stabilizing piles in earth slopes

Though the technology of using stabilizing piles to prevent landsliding is not new, the design of such piles with a meaningful optimization framework has been rarely reported. In this paper, a multiobjective optimization-based framework for design of stabilizing piles is presented, in which both reinforcement effectiveness and cost efficiency could be explicitly considered. The design parameters considered in the proposed design framework are the pile parameters, including pile diameter, spacing, length, and position, and the design objectives considered are the reinforcement effectiveness and cost efficiency. The design of stabilizing piles is then implemented as a multiobjective optimization problem. In that the desire to maximize the reinforcement effectiveness and that to maximize the cost efficiency are two conflicting objectives, the output of this multiobjective optimization will be a Pareto front that depicts a trade-off between these two design objectives. With the obtained Pareto front, an informed decision regarding the design of stabilizing piles is reached. The effectiveness and significance of the proposed multiobjective optimization-based design framework for stabilizing piles are demonstrated through two illustrative examples: one is the design of stabilizing piles in a one-layer earth slope and the other the design of stabilizing piles in a two-layer earth slope. Further, parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the influences of the pile design parameters on the stability of reinforced slopes.     

Optimised design of jet-grouted raft using response surface method

The use of jet grouting as a foundation supporting element has brought about the need to define the design strategies for jet-grouted raft (JGR) system which differs from the traditional raft design due to the effects of jet-grouted columns (JGCs). Paper tackles this important aspect by combining the previously defined design strategies on piled raft and JGC to achieve an optimised design of complete JGR system. Initially, a single JGC has been analysed by means of three dimensional finite element (3D FE) analysis accounting for the previously measured actual trial JGC’s geometrical variation with depth. The image processing technique allowing the complex 3D FE modelling of JGC system is utilised and the results are validated by the back-analysis of the well-known experimental results reported in the literature. In a parametric study, extension of the numerical analysis to the complete JGR system is accomplished by considering the mutual interaction between the foundation elements. The effects of design factors that are interlayer thickness, JGC spacing and lengths on the design responses of vertical stresses, bending moments, average and differential settlements are presented. Response Surface Method is utilised in the multi objective optimisation analysis to present the optimised design solution by accounting for the design constraints previously defined for the considered factors and the responses. The significance of design constraints and their relative influences on the optimised design of JGR are finally discussed.     

砂井地基固结的概率设计

将概率统计理论引入砂井地基固结问题的分析中,克服了现行“确定性”分析和设计法的不足。对砂井地基固结的概率分析进行了系统全面地研究,提出了砂井地基固结概率设计的设计系数法。该法用设计系数将砂井地基的固结概率设计与常规设计联系起来。径向固结系数的设计值等于其标准值与设计系数的乘积,也等于其均值与中心设计系数乘积。推导了径向固结系数为对数正态分布和伽玛分布时设计系数的计算公式,并据此研究了设计系数的变化规律。中心设计系数是径向固结系数变异系数的减函数,而是失效概率的增函数。研究了径向固结系数标准值的计算方法。为便于工程查用,提供了设计系数图表。提出了砂井地基固结概率设计的一般步骤,并用算例说明了该法在实际工程中的应用。     

Bayesian assessment of site‐specific performance of geotechnical design charts with unknown model uncertainty

Soil properties are indispensable input parameters in geotechnical design and analysis. In engineering practice, particularly for projects with relatively small or medium sizes, soil properties are often not measured directly, but estimated from geotechnical design charts using results of some commonly used laboratory or in situ tests. For example, effective friction angle ?′ of soil is frequently estimated using standard penetration test (SPT) N values and design charts relating SPT N values to ?′. Note that directly measured ?′ data are generally not available when (and probably why) the use of design charts is needed. Because design charts are usually developed from past observation data, on either empirical or semi‐theoretical basis, uncertainty is unavoidably involved in the design charts. This situation leads to two important questions in engineering practice: 1 how good or reliable are the soil properties estimated in a specific site when using the design charts? (or how to measure the performance of the design charts in a specific site?); and 2 how to incorporate rationally the model uncertainty when estimating soil properties using the design charts? This paper aims to address these two questions by developing a Bayesian statistical approach. In this paper, the second question is firstly addressed (i.e., soil properties are probabilistically characterized by rationally incorporating the model uncertainty in the design chart). Then, based on the characterization results obtained, an index is proposed to evaluate the site‐specific performance of design charts (i.e., to address the first question). Equations are derived for the proposed approach, and the proposed approach is illustrated using both real and simulated SPT data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cost Optimization of Reinforced Earth Walls

This paper deals with optimum cost (objective function) design of geosynthetic reinforced earth retaining walls subjected to static and dynamic loading. The design restrictions are imposed as design constraints in the analysis. Choice of the initial designed length and strength of the reinforcement, which are the elements of the design vectors are made in a way that it forms an initial feasible design vector. Thus the problem is one of mathematical programming. The constraints and the objective function being nonlinear in nature, the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) has been used in conjunction with conjugate direction and quadratic fit methods for multidimensional and unidirectional minimization to arrive at the optimal (minimum) cost of the reinforced earth wall. Optimal cost tables are presented for different combinations of the loading and the developed procedure is validated by taking up an example problem. It has been found from the typical example problem that saving of the order of 7–8% can be made over the conventional design of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls with the aid of design charts.     

Analysis of resistance factors for LFRD of soil nail walls against external stability failures

This paper presents reliability analyses of soil nail walls against two external ultimate limit states, global and sliding stabilities, which are related to the external stability failures of soil nail walls. Reliability analyses are conducted using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Soil nailing is a popular retaining system in highway construction and slope stabilization, and its current design practice is still based on the working stress design. There remains a need to establish a more rational design framework—load and resistance factor design—based on the concept of limit state design and reliability analysis for soil nail walls. The development of load and resistance factor design approach must consider multiple ultimate limit states, associated with external, internal, and facing failures. The analyses of resistance factors against two external failures are conducted in this study considering various influencing factors, including statistical parameters of soil friction angle, ultimate bond strength between soil and nails, soil type, wall geometry (wall height, back slope angle, and face batter angle), and nail configurations (nail inclination angle, drillhole diameter, and nail spacing). In the end, a series of resistance factors are proposed for potential application of load and resistance factor design approach against external failures for soil nail walls according to different design codes.     

深部钻探金刚石钻头设计思路

针对深部钻探特点,从金刚石钻头类型、胎体设计、金刚石参数设计、钻头结构及热压参数等方面进行了分析研究,提出了深部钻探金刚石钻头的设计思路。在多个深孔钻探的应用中取得了良好的效果。本文总结的深孔金刚石钻头设计与使用体会,可为钻头研究人员提供一定的借鉴,同时对广大钻探工程技术人员合理选择、使用金刚石钻头具有一定的指导意义。     

3500 m全液压岩心钻机动力头结构设计

在简要阐述了动力头设计的作用及其设计应当满足的条件和动力头设计的一般过程的基础上,介绍了3500 m全液压岩心钻机动力头的设计过程和设计方案,并总结了该动力头的性能特点。