润滑钻井液在碎岩过程中的作用机理

文章讨论了润滑钻井液在人造金刚石钻进中的作用,并提出:①与清水比较,润滑钻井液既可提高也可降低钻进效率和钻头寿命;②润滑钻进液对硬岩钻进影响大,对软岩影响小;③对金刚石润滑与冷却作用好的钻进液,提高钻进效率与寿命明显;相反,则不明显,甚至起反作用.用试验方法证明了上述观点.     

中国深部岩心钻探钻井液技术应用现状及研究方向的探讨

出于深部找矿与科学钻探的需要,岩心钻探由浅孔向深孔迈进,钻遇易坍塌地层、硬岩地层、高温高压地层、盐膏层等复杂地层的几率增加,从而对深部取心钻进钻井液技术提出了更高的要求。在总结各类深部复杂地层取心钻进钻井液使用现状的基础上,分析并归纳了强抑制防塌钻井液、强润滑减阻钻井液、高温钻井液、饱和盐水钻井液、高密度钻井液的研配要点及难点,提出了针对性钻井液体系的性能调控思路以及研究重点,为深部岩心钻探钻井液体系选用提供借鉴依据及参考。     

大同盆地北部油气预查钻井工程实践

大同盆地北部油气预查施工区地层主要为泥岩、砂质泥岩、炭质泥岩和砂砾岩不等厚互层。上部砂砾层胶结松散、破碎,易掉块坍塌;泥岩水敏性强,易分散造浆,护壁困难,钻进中易产生卡钻及粘附卡钻。设计井深一般为1000～3000 m,钻进中合理采用了不同类型、结构的钻头,钻具和取心工具,调整了钻进技术参数,并选用了双聚-成膜无固相钻井液体系及其它相应的工艺技术措施,孔壁稳定,保证了正常施工。其中也顺利完成了侧钻井施工任务,均取得了较好的效果。     

松科1井（主井）取心钻进钻井液技术

松科1井是全球第1口陆相白垩纪科学探井,由主井(又称北井)和南井组成,主井164.77~1 792 m井段连续取心。分析了主井取心钻进存在的钻井液技术难点;经过室内钻井液体系优选,根据不同地层分别采用了PAM钻井液体系、DFD-LG-CMC钻井液体系和DFD-NH₄HPAN-SAKH钻井液体系;同时结合钻井液粘度的合理控制技术、降低循环压降的钻井液技术等,先后解决了松散砂层、水敏性泥岩和硬脆性泥岩中的取心钻进技术难题,探索出了一条用低成本钻井液进行类似科学钻探工程的成功之路。      

适于深部取心钻探井超高温聚磺钻井液体系研究

东北松辽盆地强水敏泥岩、泥页岩、凝灰岩发育,地温梯度高达4.1℃/100m。深井钻进过程中易出现井壁失稳、钻井液抗温能力不足等复杂情况,研制深部取心钻进配套用超高温钻井液具有迫切的工程需要。通过造浆土、抗温抗盐处理剂、防塌剂等处理剂优选及复配试验,完成了抗高温聚磺钻井液配方设计。钠土与凹凸棒土复配保证了高温钻井液具有合适的粘土胶粒浓度,处理剂优选在满足良好护胶性能的基础上充分考虑了其粘度效应。综合测试结果表明,该聚磺钻井液在230℃条件下连续加热滚动24h后性能稳定,且具备良好的抑制性、润滑性及一定的抗污染能力。在东北松辽盆地某深井连续取心钻进过程中取得了良好的应用效果。     

“等电位”钻进与“零电位”钻井液初探

对“等电位”钻进技术概念和“零电位”钻井液技术概念做了介绍。“等电位”钻进概念认为岩石表面的zeta电位为零,即等电位（ IEP）状态时,能够提高钻进速度和延长钻头寿命,从而提高钻进效率。“零电位”钻井液则是将目前使用的zeta电位（-40～-35 mv）的钠基膨润土变为“零电位”（-5～＋5 mv）的膨润土,改钻井液的“阴离子悬浮体系（ζ电位＞-45 mv）”为“阳离子悬浮体系（ zeta电位接近零电位）”,再将其它阴离子型的处理剂如降滤失剂、提粘剂等改变为阳离子型或非离子型,配成具有相应性能的钻井液。钻进试验表明,“等电位”钻进和“零电位”钻井液可有效提高钻进效率。提出了几点开展相关研究的认识。     

老挝可溶性矿床钻探无固相饱和盐水钻井液护壁技术和堵漏方法

在老挝可溶性矿（钾盐）地质钻探工作中,采用了无固相饱和盐水钻井液及双液单泵送浆固壁堵漏方法,钻进效率及经济效益有了大幅度提高。分析了钻探施工中遇到的问题,介绍了无固相饱和盐水钻井液护壁技术及双液单泵送浆固壁堵漏方法的应用及效果。     

低温条件下乙二醇基钻井液体系的试验研究

钻井液在冰点以下能否保持正常的工作性能对低温地层的勘探工作具有十分重要的意义,选择乙二醇作为钻井液的防冻剂可以满足勘探钻进工作的要求。对乙二醇复合聚合物钻井液的耐低温能力、流变性、失水特性以及钻井液的防塌能力进行了试验研究,确定了乙二醇及钻井液中其它聚合物的加量,使其满足低温条件下勘探的要求。     

桩西滩海中生界地层水平井钻井液技术

桩西滩海地区实施全井小循环泥浆不落地工艺,上部地层快速钻进固相控制难度大,东营组泥岩和沙河街油泥岩掉块坍塌严重,中生界水平段钻进润滑防塌要求高,分别采取了针对性的措施。现场试验表明,中上部地层采用氯化钙强抑制钻井液体系,抑制了粘土造浆和钻屑分散,满足了快速钻进阶段小循环泥浆不落地的工程要求;中下部地层采用了低活度强抑制钻井液体系,钻井液活度控制在0.96以下,高温高压滤失量＜12 mL,保证了泥岩地层的井壁稳定;三开水平段应用了油基钻井液回收循环利用工艺,性能优化后的钻井液乳化稳定性好,破乳电压＞460 V,解决了水平井钻进中生界地层摩阻扭矩大、易坍塌等问题。     

PVM聚合物型无固相钻井液研究与应用

根据钻进地层、井深、井温、涌水、漏失等因素,通过正交实验优选出PVM聚合物型无固相钻井液主剂与交联剂组分,确定了合理的配制工艺。该钻井液性能指标优良:漏斗粘度20～35s;API失水量8～18ml/30min;属于假塑性幂律流体,具有良好的剪切稀释作用;在岩石表面吸附速度快,对松散砂及风化碎石层的胶结能力强,能起到"下套管"的固壁作用;具有良好的絮凝钻屑聚沉的能力,维持体系无固相;能显著提高破碎地层的岩矿心采取率。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

MapSUV系统在惠民县土地勘测定界中的应用

该文介绍了土地勘测定界的专业背景知识及MapSUV的相关信息,阐述了MapSUV系统在惠民县土地勘测定界的应用,以及外业获取数据及内业处理的主要工作方法,最后对该系统在土地勘测定界中的应用前景进行了展望。     

环境地球化学研究近十年若干新进展

环境地球化学学科在中国生态文明和美丽中国建设、国际环境公约履约及过去全球变化研究中发挥着越来越大的作用.本文简要回顾了中国过去十年在环境地球化学领域的部分研究进展,介绍了汞、持久性有机污染物和其他重金属污染物长距离传输研究进展;总结了汞、镉、锑、铊等非传统稳定同位素在地表生物地球化学循环过程中的同位素分馏规律及污染来源...