单片机矿井用智能钻探参数测试仪

单片机矿井用智能钻探参数测试仪是一种以８０Ｃ３１单片机为主体研制的煤矿井下智能化多参数检测防爆仪器。该仪器可同时测量、记录６路钻探参数，并能用记录器转存回放。对该仪器的设计原则、关键问题的解决、方案设计及原理、主要技术指标等方面作了较详细的阐述。     

基于超前钻探测试的隧道地层智能识别方法

可靠地识别掌子面前方地层是保证隧道工程稳定与安全的重要因素之一。传统的超前地质预报方法不能同时保证有高识别精度、低实施成本和占用少的施工时间,对于不同地质情况的地层识别通用性不强。在传统超前钻孔的同时获取掌子面前方围岩钻探测试数据,实时获取不同深度岩层情况,将大大提高超前预报效率,方便快捷,不影响施工,但目前缺乏客观、准确的地层识别方法。提出了一种基于神经网络的钻探测试数据智能分析和地层识别方法,对楚大高速公路九顶山隧道超前钻探测试数据进行了深入分析,通过隧道开挖后所揭示地层对分析方法进行了验证。结果表明：单一钻进参数用于地层识别的错误率在35%左右,打击能和打击数、送水压力和送水流量的参数组合不能显著提升地层识别准确率;钻进速度、扭矩、回转数、推进力的参数组合可降低地层识别错误率至22%。在神经网络模型中引入钻进参数的标准差,可大幅降低错误率,可使地层划分错误率下降9%～12%;多参数组合下的神经网络钻探测试神经网络模型对随机抽样的地层识别错误率小于10%,对单个钻孔的地层识别错误率小于14%。     

空气反循环钻探管路中介质及固相参数的测试与研究

反循环钻探管路中空气的运动参数包括流量、流速、压力、差压,相互间存在一定的函数关系,这些参数对携带固相有很大影响。测试运动参数并找出规律性,探讨介质携大相的运动机理,对反循环钻探施工有一定的指导意义。介绍了测试内容及目的,并对测试结果进行了分析。     

基于数字孪生的智能钻探服务平台架构

针对地质钻进过程中钻遇对象未知且复杂多变、钻进事故频发的现状,采用数字孪生技术,构建了基于时序数据驱动的地质钻探数字孪生模型体系,用以满足随钻探测、工况识别、钻速优化等实际需求。将监测到的地表设备、随钻测量、钻进工艺等数据按照时间序列分解为事前数据、实时数据、延时数据和迟到数据,利用物联网技术将这些多源异构数据进行处理,采用时序数据进行特征分析,基于事前数据建立典型工况,实时数据进行随钻预测和钻进过程工况识别,延时数据和迟到数据演进融合进行钻后优化,建立了数字孪生智能钻进周期服务平台,平台设计了设备物理层、虚拟模型层、数据处理层及钻探服务层4层交互系统,实现钻前、钻中、钻后全数据的全过程集成融合,达到了钻进系统参数最优化配置和安全高效钻探的目的。基于上述平台,利用Unity3D软件开发了数字孪生智能钻进原型系统,实现了钻前设备的数字化设计、钻进过程孔内三维可视化和钻进过程参数实时监测与控制的功能。结果表明,基于时序数据构建的数字孪生模型可有效提高钻进过程的效率和可靠性。研究结果为智能钻探优化提供了全新的路径和方法,有望在煤炭、石油、天然气、页岩气等钻探领域实现工程应用。     

钻探微机智能监测系统的研制与应用

钻探微机智能监测系统是检测技术、识别算法、计算机技术与钻探工艺相结合的高科技成果。它可方便快捷地安装于野外钻进现场,自动生成钻进参数的约束条件,对孔内工况进行智能识别,从而提高钻探效率,降低事故率,还可跟踪钻孔轨迹,进行中靶预测,建立钻探生产数据库。     

钻井参数定量分析方法

钻井参数定量分析方法地矿部探矿工艺研究所周策，汪光宅过去，我们在研究钻压、泵压、泵量、扭矩等参数的选择时，往往采用类比的方法进行定性分析，而给不出一种定量的研究方法，很多采用泵压、泵量、钻压等来报信的钻具，往往从表头只知其开始与工作时的表头值，而其参...     

反循环钻探工艺试验台的建立与测试装置的研究

简要介绍了反循环钻探工艺试验台的试验测试系统、数据采集系统、主要技术性能和技术参数、试验台主要设备、测试装置的研制情况以及计算机自动数据检测效果。     

中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

贵州广顺二叠系化学地层的划分及沉积环境分析

本文以贵州省广顺二叠纪坝子头－茶叶剖面作了基准剖面，通过野外观察和室内岩相分析，根据岩石的成岩作用，颜色，微相特征及岩层的厚度和叠置关系，进行了层序的划分。在此基础上，以该剖面５９个岩层的１７个微量元素（Ａｓ，Ｂ，Ｂａ，Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｇａ，Ｍｎ，Ｍｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｎ，Ｓｒ，Ｔｉ，Ｖ，Ｚｎ和Ｚｒ）为变量，用因子分析和群分析进行了化学地层单元的划分，通过化学地层和层序地层划分结果的对比，结合化学     

泰国、老挝南部和越南中部的非海相白垩纪双壳类生物地层学

泰国、老挝和越南白垩纪沉积全属非海相,它们广泛分布于泰国北部、东北部、西南部和南部,老挝北部、中部和南部,越南东北部、西北部、中部和南部。泰国南部的白垩纪地层分为Lam Thap,Sam Chom和Phun Phin组;其他地区,特别是西北部的呵叻高原地区的白垩系属呵叻群的Phra Wihan,Sao Khua,Phu Phan,Khok Kruat,Maha Sarakham及Phu Thok组。在老挝,万象盆地的白垩系由老挝呵叻群的NamSet,Phu Phanang,Ban Ang,Champa和Ban Thalat组与丰洪群的Thangon和Saysomboun组组成;沙湾拿吉(东兴)盆地的白垩系由南通(河)群的Nam Phouan,Nam Xot,Nam Noy和Nong Boua组组成。越南的白垩系在西北部分为Nam Na,Yen Chau,Van Chan和Ngoi Thia组,东北部为Ban Hang组,中部分为NhaTrang,Mu Gia和Dong Dzuong组,南部则为Phu Quoc组。三国白垩系的岩性普遍以红棕色至浅灰色砂岩、砾(岩质)砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和砾岩为主。泥岩中具有钙质结核和硅结砾岩,但盐和石膏仅见于Maha Sarakham,Saysomboun和Yen Chau组内。过去,这些白垩纪地层的生物地层没有经过详细研究。根据地层层序和化石对比,在泰国东北部呵叻高原和南部半岛地区及老挝南部沙湾拿吉(东兴)盆地中识别出了2个标记非海相白垩纪的类三角蚌类化石组合:阿普特期(但可上延至阿尔必期)的Trigonioides(Trigonioides)kobayashi-Plicatounio(Guangxiconcha)suzukii组合,阿普特阿尔必期(但主要为阿尔必期)的Trigonioides(Diversitrigonioides)diversicostatus-Pseudohyria subovalis组合。越南中部可能也产早白垩世阿普特阿尔必期的类三角蚌类双壳类Plisatouniosp.-Trigonioidessp.组合。通过双壳类组合,并结合包括孢粉和恐龙在内的其他化石的对比,泰国北部和南部、老挝南部和越南中部的非海相白垩纪地层得到了定年和对比,从而揭示了东南亚非海相白垩纪盆地的演化历史。     

岩溶地下河污染物运移特征及自净能力 ——以广西里湖地下河为例

以广西里湖地下河为研究对象,通过观测地下河系统中污染物的运移行为来研究其自净过程。于不同季节沿着地下河的径流方向进行一个水文年的调查取样。结果发现地下河主要受到NO₂-N、NH₄+-N、COD和As、Cd、Hg等重金属的污染。污染物从地表进入岩溶含水层,到达地下河出口时部分污染物浓度衰减明显,说明一些离子有明显的自净能力。因地下河的结构和部分管道半充水状态、明暗流交替等水文地质条件,地下河的自净机制主要是物理过程的稀释作用和化学过程的氧化还原反应。通过对比地下河主要离子的衰减量和衰减速率,发现衰减比例最高的为铵态氮,最低为保守元素氯离子。根据衰减速率,将水中的离子和微量元素分为4种衰减特征类型:TFe、Al和Zn一旦进入岩溶含水层后全部衰减;K、Na、Mg、F、Cl、HPO₄和TP在洞穴伏流段具有最高的衰减速率;来自生活和工业污染的NH₄-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅从上游至下游逐渐减少;Mn、 Ba和Hg从明流转为伏流时衰减速率最快,但在洞穴伏流内存在二次悬浮。     

Geological characteristics of the Sizhuang gold deposit in the region of Jiaodong, Shandong Province——A study on tectono-geochemical ore prospecting of ore deposits

Tectono-geochemical samples were systematically collected from 5 drillcores along the No. 304 explora-tion line and at the -310 m level under the pit in the mining area, totalling 705 samples from the metamorphic rocks, granites, altered rocks and orebodies, and were determined for their contents of 20 kinds of elements including Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Cu,,Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, Mo, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Ba, Rb, Sr, etc. By using the Surfer software the geochemical exploration line profile maps for the 20 kinds of elements and the curves for the element geochemical contents of individual ore vein groups were established. In conbination with the geochemical map analytical method and Gregorian’s zoning index calculation method, the vertical, longitudinal and lateral zonation sequences of the elements were ascertained and the geochemical three-dimentional zonation model of the primary halos was estab-lished on the basis of the analysis of metallogenic structures and alteration zonation. Coupled with the results of analysis of the geology and geochemistry data, it may be concluded that the process of alteration of granites in the mining area is also accompanied with the process of gold enrichment and mineralization. With the intensification of alteration of granites from granite →potash feldspathization granite →sericite-quartz alteration granite, seric-ite-quartz rocks →beresitized granite, pyrite sericite-quartz rock, silicified granite →gold ore, the contents of thio-phile ore-forming elements such as Au, Ag, As, Cu, Bi, Mo, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Sn tended to increase. Factor analysis of trace elements indicated: factor F2 (Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, As) represents the element association brought in at the main stage of hydrothermal metallogenesis; factor F4 (Bi, Sb) and factor F5 (Pb, Zn) represent the ore-forming element association supperposed during the late stage of Au-bearing sulfides. By using the Gregorian’s zoning index and map analysis method we have ascertained the primary halo axial zonation sequence (form frontal halo →tail halo): Pb, Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Rb, As, Sb, Ag, Cu, Sn, Mo, Au, Bi, Hg, Ti, Cr, V, Ni, and Co. The geochemical anomalies in the mining area display a tendency of lateral plunging to WS, which is consistent with the lateral plunging of orebodies and mineralization alteration zone. Comprehensive analysis of the results of investigations on ore-controlling structures, mineralization-alteration zonation and geochemical zonation of the primary halos indicates that the gold orebodies in this area are still of greater extension.     

Geological factors influencing the concentration of trace elements in the Philippi peatland, eastern Macedonia, Greece

Six peat samples obtained from the Holocene and the Weichselian of the Philippi peat deposit, eastern Macedonia, Greece, were analyzed for 48 trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS). The ash contents of these samples were also determined. Most of the trace elements are associated with the minerals in the peat, while Ge, Mo, Pb, Se, Ta, Tl, U, and W display a greater affinity with the organic matter. Compared with crustal averages (Clarke concentrations), the Philippi peat is enriched in some elements (Ag, As, Au, Cd, Mo, Se, Te, U, and W) because of the respective mineralizations in the area. The Philippi peat is also enriched in Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sc, Sn, T, V, Y, and Zn in comparison with typical fen peats, as well as in As, Cr, Mo, Se, and U in comparison with typical coals. Climatic and hydrogeological conditions strongly influenced the peat-forming environment resulting in a differentiation between Holocene and Weichselian peat. Generally, the Holocene peat contains lower concentrations of trace elements in the northern and southern part of the fen, than the Weichselian one. The opposite trend is observed in the fen area close to the western basin margins.     

青海纳日贡玛始新世-渐新世含矿斑岩体地球化学特征

纳日贡玛一带的始新世—渐新世斑岩体多以不规则小岩株形式产出,由二长花岗斑岩组成;岩石化学类型为亚碱性的富钾钙碱性系列,SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Na2O、LREE,Sr、Rb、Ba、Th、Ce、Mo、Cu、Au、Ag含量高,CaO、TiO2、HREE、Y、Yb、Cr、Sc、Co、Ni亏损。稀土分馏明显,Eu异常不明显。斑岩源岩为壳源,有洋壳物质的混染;其形成模式为陆内俯冲导致软流圈上涌,并向下地壳注入诱发下地壳物质熔融产生岩浆。     

中国东部中生代岩浆活动与板块俯冲的关系——浙闽与日本弧和安第斯弧的对比及其意义

中国东部中-新生代的构造背景是中国地质学界最关注的问题之一。自20世纪70年代板块构造学说引入中国后,中国地质学家普遍接受了太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲导致中国东部中生代强烈的构造-岩浆活动和相应的成矿作用的观点,乃至成为被中外学者普遍认知的理论,至今仍然广泛流传。但是,本文研究认为问题很多。众所周知,岛弧是以玄武岩出露为主,大陆弧则是以安山岩出露最多,而中国东部玄武岩和安山岩极不发育。本文按照大数据研究思路,对日本和安第斯全部新生代岩浆岩的统计研究表明,上述认识基本上是对的:日本弧主要是玄武岩,其次是安山岩;安第斯弧主要是安山岩,其次是玄武岩;而中国东部(以浙闽地区为代表),主要是花岗岩,其次是玄武岩,出现双峰式分布的特征。看来,中国东部与日本和安第斯的构造背景完全不同,中国东部没有俯冲作用的明显证据。其次,岛弧和大陆弧有明显的成分和结构分带,如日本弧,从海沟开始,岩浆活动是从前弧-岛弧-后弧-弧后(frant-arc,arc,rear-arc,back-arc)。安第斯弧不如日本弧明显,从海沟向东到大陆是从弧前杂岩-弧岩浆岩-弧后盆地。中国东部(包括东海大陆架、中国东部沿海)与俯冲有关的结构和成分分带哪里有?我们的研究集中讨论了浙闽地区400km宽度范围内侏罗纪-白垩纪岩浆岩的分布,从年龄到地球化学(Si O2的变化,Mg O、K2O的变化,年龄的变化等等),基本上见不到有从东到西分带的趋势,这种情况如何与板块俯冲作用联系起来呢?岛弧岩浆岩主要来源于亏损的地幔、洋壳、深海沉积物,以及由俯冲带带来的流体,因此,岛弧岩浆岩洋壳的特征非常明显。大陆弧也来自地幔,但是,岩浆穿过大陆壳,会带来明显的陆壳混染的影响,因此安第斯型岩浆岩陆壳的印记比较明显。大陆岩浆岩如果不考虑俯冲带的影响,岩浆岩应当来自高热的软流圈地幔。如果高热的软流圈停滞在岩石圈底部,在那里发生部分熔融,形成的应当是大陆溢流玄武岩,而中酸性岩浆岩非常少;相反,如果高热的软流圈突破岩石圈的阻隔而上升到地壳底部,则会加热下地壳底部使之发生部分熔融,形成的则是大量的酸性花岗岩,而玄武岩和安山岩很少。峨眉山是前面的情况,中国东部则是后面的情况。中国东部岩浆岩究竟与日本、安第斯有何异同点?应当是岩石学家研究的首要命题,建议中国的岩石学家和地球化学家不要仅限于中国东部的研究,而将研究的触角延伸一步,深入细致地研究一下日本和安第斯岩浆岩的情况,再对比中国东部的情况,如此可能会得出新的认识,这样的认识也许才可能有益于解决中国东部岩浆岩形成背景的问题。     

Geochemical and mineralogical properties of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in Finland

 The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of bulk samples and various size fractions of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in the Petalax area, western Finland, were studied with ICP-AES (aqua regia digestion and "total" digestion) and X-ray diffraction. The sediments, which are dominated by particles <0.06 mm (clay and silt size), are composed of phyllosilicates (micas, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite), quartz, feldspars, amphiboles, organic matter, and secondary S minerals. The chemical analyses show that Na, Ca, and Sr are enriched in the silt and sand fractions, that Zr is enriched in the silt fraction, and that the concentrations of all other studied metals (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, Sc, Th, Ti, V, Y, and Zn) increase from the sand to the clay fraction. Sodium, Ca, and Sr occur largely in poorly dissolved feldspars, which explains the distribution of these metals in the sediments. The increase in the concentrations of most metals in the clay fraction is interpreted to be the result mainly of an increase in phyllosilicates in this size fraction. A geochemical comparison between the sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments and glacial till shows that the former are enriched in several potentially toxic metals. It is therefore argued that the hydrological and ecological problems associated with the sulfide-bearing sediments are related not only to the production of acidity in oxidized layers, but also to mobilization and dispersion of toxic metals. Strategies to minimize damage of freshwater systems in areas covered with sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments are suggested. Received: 20 February 1997 · Accepted: 25 August 1997     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.