小井眼钻具升降产生的孔内波动压力

钻具在充满钻井液的钻孔内运动时所产生的波动压力是影响钻孔稳定的主要因素。为了研究影响孔底波动压力的因素,对俄罗斯学者的试验数据进行回归分析,得出波动压力与起下钻速度、钻孔深度成正比关系,并受钻井液性能、钻孔结构等参数影响,得出波动压力计算公式。经过工程实例验证,该公式计算结果准确可靠,能满足工程实际需要。      

涵洞顶填土压力的计算分析

简要介绍了圆管涵破裂的原因，论述了根据公路规范、铁路规范计算涵洞顶场土压力的方法及其缺陷，提出了种新的涵洞顶场土压力计算方法。计算结果表明，该方法克服了上述两种规范中计算方法的不足。     

基于统计损伤的井壁坍塌压力模型

目前在计算油气井壁坍塌压力时,通常采用摩尔-库仑准则,该准则没有考虑中间应力对岩石破坏过程的影响,计算结果比较保守,限制了低密度钻井液发展。针对这一情况,考虑岩石破坏过程中的损伤,基于统计损伤原理,对统一强度准则进行了修正,并利用修正后的强度准则建立了新的井壁坍塌压力模型。结果表明,修正后的统一强度准则能更好地模拟岩石强度,利用该准则建立的井壁坍塌模型计算出的坍塌压力比传统的摩尔-库仑准则低,准确率更高     

温压耦合影响下科学钻探深井结晶岩层井壁稳定性分析

科学钻探深井结晶岩处在高地应力、高地层压力和高地温的“三高”环境中,自身的结构特征和物化特性会发生根本性变化,因温度变化引起的应力变化极易导致井壁失稳。本文依据温压耦合影响下坍塌压力和破裂压力计算模式,确定不同井壁温度下的安全钻井液密度窗口,通过FLAC3D开展温压耦合影响下井壁稳定数值模拟,分析在不同钻井液密度下井眼打开后不同时间的井壁周边温度和井壁稳定变化情况。结果表明：地层弹性参数对地层破裂压力的影响较大,对于花岗岩此类弹性模量较大的结晶岩,温度变化对破裂压力影响更大;井壁处附加应力受温度变化的影响程度：附加周向应力>附加径向应力>附加垂向应力;在最小主应力方向的井壁周边地层等效应力与钻井液密度呈正比关系,在最大主应力方向呈反比关系。     

土体洞室松动土体压力计算

本文指出《岩土工程勘察规范》ＧＢ５００２１－９４,附录第１８４￣１８５页有关土体洞室松动土压力的计算,公式中有三处字母有误。接着又对上覆土层性质较好的浅埋洞室松动土体压力的计算方法提出了质疑,并提供了修改意见。     

一种快速建立上覆岩层压力体的方法

上覆岩层压力是地层沉积压实作用的源动力,也是地层孔隙压力计算的重要基础数据。本文通过Eaton公式推导出密度变化与上覆岩层压力和孔隙压力的计算模型,验证了不同厚度下低密度泥岩对上覆岩层压力以及孔隙压力的影响关系,证实密度差异为0.3 g/cm 3、厚度从100~500 m的低密泥岩对孔隙压力的影响最大仅为0.02 psi,从3~250 Hz的频率扫描密度曲线计算得到的上覆岩层压力几乎无差别,证实上覆岩层压力仅代表沉积地层的低频成分,因此根据正常压实地层有效应力和上覆岩层压力的关系确定了基于井控地震层速度场转换上覆岩层压力体的快速方法。以渤海西部某构造为例,新方法求取的上覆岩层压力体被多口钻井一一验证,满足了快速勘探评价的需求。     

沉桩超孔隙水压力对码头边坡稳定的影响

沉桩会对码头边坡稳定产生不利影响,一是引起桩周土体超孔隙水压力的急剧上升,导致土体有效应力降低;二是沉桩的振动加速度会产生对边坡稳定不利的瞬时惯性力。对于灵敏度低的土质岸坡来说,前者是影响其稳定性的主要因素。考虑沉桩时初始超孔隙水压力的分布,根据Biot固结方程超孔隙水压力消散解的一般表达式,建立了沉桩引起的超孔隙水压力随时间消散的解析式,在条分法的基础上考虑沉桩产生的超孔隙水压力的不利影响,建立了沉桩时边坡稳定安全系数的计算公式。根据沉桩顺序对某码头进行边坡稳定分析,结果表明：考虑打桩作用的岸坡稳定安全系数明显降低,沉桩产生的超孔隙水压力逐渐消散,边坡稳定安全系数随沉桩工序历时变化,施工中期由于超孔隙水压力叠加,岸坡最危险,沉桩结束3个月以后,超孔隙水压力基本消散,边坡稳定安全系数接近不考虑沉桩时的值。工程中要根据打桩计划进行边坡稳定计算。     

河元背地区绳索取心钻进泵压计算模型的建立与应用

泵压是反映金刚石绳索取心钻进时井内作业是否正常的重要参数。为了进一步研究泵压波动变化与实际钻进作业之间的关系,指导钻进工作的快速、安全开展,结合江西相山河元背地区CUSD2井实际泵压波动数据及相关钻进资料,建立了适用于本井的循环系统压力损失计算模型。对比分析模型计算的理论泵压与实际泵压的波动变化趋势,将模型应用于实际钻进,在此基础上预测后续地层的泵压波动区域范围,发现7 MPa的泵压安全值不再适用于后续地层钻进,调整设置泵压安全值为10 MPa,并利用邻井泵压波动数据进一步验证其可靠性。适当调整修正理论模型,使其可应用于河元背以及相山地区绳索取心钻进中,指导该地区钻探工作。     

危岩裂隙水压力修正计算方法

“暴雨状态的裂隙水压力是危岩防治工程设计的控制性荷载”是人所共识的,但“静水压力公式究竟能否直接用于确定危岩裂隙水压力”却是三峡库区地质灾害科技工作者多年来一直关心的重要问题之一。本文通过72组裂隙水压力室内模型试验,对比分析了应用压力计直接测定的裂隙水压力和根据测压管读数由静水压力公式计算的裂隙水压力之间的差异,用到静水压力公式计算危岩裂隙水压力比实际值大30％-50％;通过对静水压力公式引入折减系数,建立了适用于压剪-滑动型危岩和拉剪一倾倒型危岩裂隙水压力的计算式,并建立了折减系数计算方法。所建立的危岩裂隙水压力计算方法的实用性界定在主控结构面开度在0．2～2．0cm之间。     

西湖1井钻前地震压力预测

西湖1井是准噶尔盆地南缘深部地层进一步油气勘探研究提供基础资料而部署的一口风险预探井。该井钻探构造高陡,钻遇断裂多,地层变化大,钻前地层压力预测更为重要。在地震地质解释研究的基础上,综合分析了工区内已钻的异常压力分布情况和形成机理,确定了本区地层压力的经验公式。通过对地震速度研究,建立三维速度场,进行层速度反演,提取井点地震速度。正确地估算了西湖1井的地层压力,为井身结构工程设计提供了依据,确保了钻井的顺利,地层压力预测结果与完钻后地层压力测试一致。     

Formation of submarginal and proglacial end moraines: implications of ice‐flow mechanism during the 1963–64 surge of Brúarjökull,Iceland

The morphology, sedimentology and architecture of an end moraine formed by a ～9 km surge of Brúarjökull in 1963–64 are described and related to ice‐marginal conditions at surge termination. Field observations and accurate mapping using digital elevation models and high‐resolution aerial photographs recorded at surge termination and after the surge show that commonly the surge end moraine was positioned underneath the glacier snout by the termination of the surge. Ground‐penetrating radar profiles and sedimentological data reveal 4–5 m thick deformed sediments consisting of a top layer of till overlying gravel and fine‐grained sediments, and structural geological investigations show that the end moraine is dominated by thrust sheets. A sequential model explaining the formation of submarginal end moraines is proposed. The hydraulic conductivity of the bed had a major influence on the subglacial drainage efficiency and associated porewater pressure at the end of the surge, thereby affecting the rates of subglacial deformation. High porewater pressure in the till decreased its shear strength and raised its strain rate, while low porewater pressure in the underlying gravel had the opposite effect, such that the gravel deformed more slowly than the till. The principal velocity component was therefore located within the till, allowing the glacier to override the gravel thrust sheets that constitute the end moraine. The model suggests that the processes responsible for the formation of submarginal end moraines are different from those operating during the formation of proglacial end moraines.     

Simulation of atmospheric states for a storm surge on the west coast of Korea: model comparison between MM5, WRF and COAMPS

High-quality informations on sea level pressure and sea surface wind stress are required to accurately predict storm surges over the Korean Peninsula. The storm surge on 31 March 2007 at Yeonggwang, on the western coast, was an abrupt response to mesocyclone development. In the present study, we attempted to obtain reliable surface winds and sea level pressures. Using an optimal physical parameterization for wind conditions, MM5, WRF and COAMPS were used to simulate the atmospheric states that accompanied the storm surge. The use of MM5, WRF and COAMPS simulations indicated the development of high winds in the strong pressure gradient due to an anticyclone and a mesocyclone in the southern part of the western coast. The response to this situation to the storm surge was sensitive. A low-level warm advection was examined as a possible causal mechanism for the development of a mesocyclone in the generating storm surge. The low-level warm temperature advection was simulated using the three models, but MM5 and WRF tended to underestimate the warm tongue and overestimate the wind speed. The WRF simulation was closer to the observed data than the other simulations in terms of wind speed and the intensity of the mesocyclone. It can be concluded that the magnitude of the storm surge at Yeonggwang was dependent, not only on the development of a mesocyclone but on ocean effects as well.     

On the accuracy of atmospheric forcing for extra-tropical storm surge prediction

The ability of the SMARA storm surge numerical prediction system to reproduce local effects in estuarine and coastal winds was recently improved by considering one-way coupling of the air–sea momentum exchange through the wave stress, and best forecasting practices for downscaling. The inclusion of long period atmospheric pressure forcing in tide and tide/surge calculations corrected a systematic error in the surge, produced by the South Atlantic Ocean quasi-stationary pressure patterns. The maximum forecast range for the storm surge at Buenos Aires provided by the real-time use of water level observations is approximately 12 h. The best available water level prediction is the 6-h forecast (nowcast) based on the closest water level observations. The 24-h forecast from the numerical models slightly improves this nowcast. Although the numerical forecast accuracy degrades after the first 48 h, the improvement to the full range observation-based prediction is maintained at the inner Río de la Plata area and extends to the first 3 days at the intermediate navigation channels.     

Dynamic issues in the SE South America storm surge modeling

The ability of the SMARA storm surge numerical prediction system to reproduce local effects in estuarine and coastal winds was recently improved by considering one-way coupling of the air–sea momentum exchange through the wave stress, and best forecasting practices for downscaling. The inclusion of long period atmospheric pressure forcing in tide and tide/surge calculations corrected a systematic error in the surge, produced by the South Atlantic Ocean quasi-stationary pressure patterns. The maximum forecast range for the storm surge at Buenos Aires provided by the real-time use of water level observations is approximately 12 h. The best available water level prediction is the 6-h forecast (nowcast) based on the closest water level observations. The 24-h forecast from the numerical models slightly improves this nowcast. Although the numerical forecast accuracy degrades after the first 48 h, the improvement to the full range observation-based prediction is maintained at the inner Río de la Plata area and extends to the first 3 days at the intermediate navigation channels.     

A numerical study of storm surges caused by cold-air outbreaks in the Bohai Sea

Storm surges in the Bohai Sea are not only associated with tropical cyclones and extra-tropical cyclones, but also cold-air outbreaks. Cold-air outbreaks attack China from four major tracks, with each track having its own prevailing wind over the Bohai Sea. As the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks can be converted into the surface wind, storm surges can be investigated by the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks entirely. This paper took the different major tracks, pressure field, and high wind period into consideration and constructed 20 scenarios to describe the actual situation of cold-air outbreaks. Based on the results modeled by FVCOM, the influence of various cold-air outbreaks on the maximum surge in the Bohai Sea and the probability of the surge elevation at three typical tide gauges were investigated. Finally, a powerful decision-making tool to estimate storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks was provided.     

Measurement and Analysis of Pore Water Pressure in Large Caverns and Shafts in a Hydro-electric Project

With an objective to understand the behaviour of pore water pressure around large underground openings, piezometers were installed in the rock around the desanding chambers, surge shaft, its drainage galleries, and the transformer cavern of a large hydro-electric project. The monitored data indicated that the pore water pressure was insignificant in the rock surrounding the desanding chambers prior to lining. On completion of the concrete lining of the chambers, the maximum pore water pressure was about 50 kPa as the flow of water was restricted. When one of the desanding chambers was charged with water, the piezometers around it indicated an excessive increase in the pore water pressure due to seepage of water from the chamber. Thus the piezometer readings were useful in taking appropriate remedial measures. In the surge shaft, higher values of pore water pressure were recorded on the hill side of the shaft as compared to the valley side. In one of the drainage galleries, the pore water pressure gradually increased to 450 kPa, which was released by drilling relief holes in the area. In the other drainage gallery, no significant change in the pore water was recorded. In the transformer cavern, the recorded pore water pressures were within 20 kPa.     

Regional attributes of hurricane surge response functions for hazard assessment

Accurate quantification of hurricane surge probabilities is critically important for coastal planning and design. Recently, the joint probability method has been shown to yield statistically reliable surge probabilities and has quickly become the method of choice for extreme-value surge analysis in the United States. A main disadvantage of the joint probability method is the requirement to have accurate computational surge simulations for a large array of hurricane conditions. Recently, this shortcoming has been overcome by using a variety of interpolation schemes to reduce the number of surge simulations required to an optimal sample for joint probability analysis. One interpolation scheme uses response functions, or physically based dimensionless scaling laws, that consider the relative impact of hurricane landfall position, central pressure, and storm size on surge magnitude at the location of interest. Here, the influence of regional changes in bathymetry on the physically based response function form is investigated. It will be shown that the influence of continental shelf width on surge generation along a continuous coast is coupled with the influence of storm size and that this coupled physical effect can be treated within the response functions via dimensionless scaling. The surge response function model presented here has an algebraic form for rapid calculation. This model performs well for the entire 600-km Texas coast, yielding accurate surge estimates (root-mean-square errors less than 0.22?m and R ² correlations better than 0.97) with virtually no bias (mean error magnitudes less than 0.03?m).     

淮安赵集岩盐矿井涌水分析及治理

为探究江苏淮安赵集岩盐矿生产井的涌水原因,通过井筒试压、声波变密度测井、井温测井、冒落带裂隙带厚度推算等方法,分析生产井注采比异常和钻井涌水原因。经测试,井筒压力稳定在70 kg/m3,声波在1 340 m处显示异常,相对声幅为33.6%,固井质量不理想;井温在1 340 m处显示异常,有流体流出,最大冒落带厚度为22.64 m,导水裂隙带厚度约为198 m。分析认为,生产井含盐系顶板垮塌形成冒落带,溶腔内的水顺着裂隙带的导水通道渗透进砂岩地层中是造成矿井涌水的主要原因;部分井段胶结水泥环脱落破碎,致使溶腔内的卤水沿套管外壁的第一界面及第二界面漏失。对已满足服务年限或已开采至矿层顶板的盐井采用潜卤泵采卤法进行生产或实施封孔作业,可以有效防止井内流体渗透;水泥环的破损,可采取增加套管壁厚、提高套管钢级及控制合理内压等措施。     

Surge dynamics of Aavatsmarkbreen,Svalbard, inferred from the geomorphological record

This study investigated the surge dynamics of Aavatsmarkbreen, a glacier in Svalbard and its geomorphological impact based on remote sensing data and field observations. The main objective was to analyse and classify subglacial and supraglacial landforms in the context of glacial deformation and basal sliding over a thin layer of thawed, water‐saturated deposits. The study also focused on the geomorphological evidence of surge‐related sub‐ and supraglacial crevassing and glacier front fracturing. From 2006 to 2013, the average recession of Aavatsmarkbreen was 363 m (52 m a⁻¹). A subsequent surge during 2013–2015 resulted in a substantial advance of the glacier front of over 1 km and an increase in its surface area of more than 2 km². The surface of Aavatsmarkbreen was severely fractured. Significant ice‐flow acceleration was noted whereby the highest surface velocity reached 4.9 m day⁻¹. The ephemeral water‐escape structures and mini‐flutings on the fine‐grained till surface that formed during the surge are indicative of high subglacial pore‐water pressure and enhanced basal sliding. Two genetic types of clast pavements occur in the marginal zone of Aavatsmarkbreen. The results of this study will help to constrain glaciological and geomorphological processes involved in surge phenomena. Understanding the scale and effects of these processes provides insight into the behaviour of fast‐flowing glaciers and ice streams and reveals their relationships with external factors.