庆深气田深层勘探钻井配套技术研究与应用

针对庆深气田深部地层的地质特点,开展深层天然气勘探钻井配套技术研究。在非储层试验深层提速配套钻井技术、空气钻井工艺技术;在储层采用欠平衡钻井、充气钻井工艺和储层保护技术。通过近2年来在庆深气田深探井试验了23口井深层提速钻井配套技术,13口井欠平衡钻井技术,1口充氮气钻井技术,1口空气和充空气钻井技术,大幅度提高了钻井速度,及时发现和有效保护了气层,取得了重大的技术突破,为松北深层徐家围子地区天然气勘探展现1000亿m3储量规模起到了关键技术作用。     

大庆油田莺深2井钻井设计与实践

莺深2井是大庆油田2008年完钻最深的一口天然气探井。根据松辽地区的特点,在深入分析影响该地区钻井速度和安全钻进的主要因素的基础上,针对不同的影响因素,进行了优化钻井设计研究,主要从优化井身结构、优选钻头和优选钻井工艺方式几个方面对莺深2井进行了设计优化。实钻结果表明,该井创造了大庆油田超过5500 m深层天然气探井钻井记录,并且采用氮气及水包油欠平衡钻井技术取得了勘探突破,中途测试获得低产气流,完钻测试获得工业气流,取得了较好的勘探效果。     

徐家围子深井高温复合钻井技术的试验研究

为加快大庆油田徐家围子地区天然气勘探开发的步伐，提高深井钻井速度，缩短建井周期，进行了复合钻井试验研究。详细介绍了徐家围子深井钻井难点以及现场试验情况和成果。     

琼西莺歌海盆地中深层天然气成藏条件分析及其与浅层成藏条件的比较

莺歌海盆地浅层天然气勘探和研究程度相对较高，绝大部分探井和发现的天然气储量亦主要集中于浅层。但迄今为止，浅层好的勘探目标、规模较大的局部构造大多已钻探，剩余好的勘探目标不多，故天然气勘探潜力不容乐观、本区中深层勘探领域则探井甚少，勘探和研究程度非常低，故发现并落实的天然气储量亦少，通过叶浅层与中深层勘探领域天然气成藏地质条件的综合分析、类比和评价，指出和强调中深层天然气成藏地质条件优于浅层、中深层应是本区手找大中型气田的勘探方向。     

徐深气田开展天然气钻井的可行性分析

为了提高大庆地区深层钻井速度,保护和发现储层,依据Mohr-Coulomb准则,引进非线性校正系数,建立了大庆地区深井地层坍塌压力预测模型,并从地质条件、气源井条件、安全性、经济性以及技术条件等几方面分析了徐深气田进行天然气钻井的可行性。优选徐东、徐中、丰乐、升平区块的泉二段至营城组中部（2700～4000 m）为天然气钻井井段。研究结果表明,应用天然气钻井来提高大庆地区深层的钻井速度是完全可行的,并有利于提高深层天然气勘探发现效率。     

徐家围子断陷深层天然气盖层特征及封盖性评价

利用钻井、测井和分析测试资料,结合天然气气藏剖面可知:徐家围子断陷共发育两种类型盖层,即泥岩和火山岩.通过对徐家围子断陷深层天然气盖层识别标志、分布、封闭能力及对天然气成藏与分布控制作用的分析表明:徐家围子断陷深层天然气发育泉一、二段,登二段两套区域性盖层;营一段顶部局部性盖层和营一段、三段内的隔层.区域性盖层和局部性盖层分布范围广、厚度大、排替压力较高、封闭能力强,控制着徐家围子断陷深层天然气的区域聚集与分布;隔夹层分布范围小、厚度薄、排替压力低、封闭能力弱,仅控制着天然气在储集层中的局部聚集与分布.     

岩石吸留烃气相色谱快速检测技术及其应用研究

在油气勘探有机地化实验室中，岩石中全烃制备分析方法主要有“岩石氯仿抽提物及气相色谱分析技术”、“岩石热解气相色谱分析技术”等，而这些技术都存在操作烦琐、不适合钻井现场分析等缺陷，而新开发的岩石吸留烃气相色谱快速检测技术，就是利用气相色谱仪特点研制出解吸装置及技术，省去了实验室中繁杂的烃类制备过程，直接进岩样测定岩石中吸留烃C3—C40单体烃化舍物。本方法不仅适舍实验室岩石中全烃分析，更适合现场分析，在柴达木盆地某深探井现场地化录井及识别真假油显示的实际应用效果好，是油气地球化学勘探的一种新方法。     

塔深1井寒武系超深层优质储集空间特征

塔深1井是世界上第一口以寻找石油和天然气为目的的超深科学探井。根据岩性、岩性组合、电性特征对该井储层特征进行的研究,不仅对塔里木盆地北部深层油气勘探具有重大的实际意义,而且在理论上对石油地质学和沉积学都有极高的研究价值。其研究结果不仅可能在油气勘探领域实现新的突破,也可能给石油地质理论带来创新。     

大庆深层涡轮钻井匹配钻头相关技术研究与应用

为提高大庆深层致密砂砾岩气藏勘探效益,缩短钻井周期,降低钻井投资,开展了深层涡轮钻井提速技术研究。首先,依据涡轮钻井技术的工作原理,进行优选匹配钻头等相关技术的研究,通过先导性试验,确定了匹配钻头;其次,综合考虑现场施工条件,开展钻具组合等配套技术的研究。最终形成了大庆深层涡轮钻井的提速技术,并在达深15井成功实施,创造了庆深气田提速新纪录,为深层天然气藏的勘探开发提供了新的技术手段。     

庆深气田深层钻完井配套技术

自庆深气田徐深1井取得深层天然气勘探重大突破以来,大庆油田步入了油气勘探开发并举阶段。2004—2010年完成123口井,平均井深4118 m、钻井周期141 d,钻井技术水平较低。虽然开展提速技术攻关取得一定效果,但仍然不能满足天然气快速增储上产的需求,还存在着固井后井口带压问题,急需深入开展钻完井技术攻关。自2011年起,借鉴国内外深层提速技术成果,分开次、分层段针对岩性特点制定提速对策,通过优化井身结构、优选高效PDC钻头、实验并自研液动旋冲和涡轮等新型提速工具,大幅度提高了深井钻井技术水平,2011—2013年完成19口井,平均井深4075 m、同比缩短钻井周期48.6 d;针对井口带压问题,综合分析其产生因素,开展系列技术研究,形成了防气窜固井配套技术,为深层天然气快速增储上产提供了支持和保障。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。