探空温度传感器受太阳辐射影响的仿真分析

随着高空温度探测精度要求的日益提高,如何减小温度传感器测量误差已成为亟需解决的问题,而太阳辐射作为影响温度传感器探测性能的重要因素已成为该领域研究的热点.利用计算机仿真技术,引入太阳高度角、引线夹角2个影响因子,根据流体动力学模型模拟分析探空温度传感器从海平面上升到32 km高空时所受太阳辐射的影响,最终得到辐射误差与海拔高度的关系曲线族,仿真结果将为开展高空温度传感器误差分析提供基础依据,从而提高传感器测量准确度.     

超声风速温度仪的误差分析与检定方法研究

根据超声风速温度仪的原理,分析了其测量误差的主要来源,进而总结出两个主要误差项.针对这两个主要误差项提出了一种快速的误差检定方法,理论上只需两次测量即可完成对风速温度的误差检定.同时分析了不同温度条件下相对湿度对超声风速温度仪测温的影响,并给出了相关结论.     

Errors in the gerdien measurement of atmospheric electric conductivity

Summary The measurement of conductivity has been an essential part of most atmospheric electricity research programs during the past century. This measurement is known to be vulnerable to a variety of potentially significant errors which can be separated into those resulting from diffusion of ions and those produced by electrical forces. Diffusion errors are caused by inlet tubing, screens, and inlet covers; and electrically produced errors may result from the effect of the accelerating potential or the potential of the apparatus itself. Detection and quantification of these errors has been the subject of several past studies which are discussed in detail. In this paper, a series of measurements and theoretical analyses is described in which the effects of each error mechanism are isolated, measured, and analyzed, and in which prior error reduction schemes are tested. It is shown that diffusive losses in inlet ducting and structures can be significant, and analytical estimations of these losses are presented which agree well with the measurements. The losses produced by electrical forces may also be significant even when plausible ameliorative measures are taken, and operating constraints to avoid this error source are developed. Past measurements of diffusive loss are found to be consistent with these results except in one case where improper operating conditions are indicated.With 11 FiguresRetired.     

分组Z—I关系及其在淮河流域雷达测雨中应用

本文使用713雷达及其数字化终端,对淮河正阳关以上流域进行了定量测量降雨的试验。用最优化处理方法,按DBZ值大小分组统计,得到了这一地区Z-I关系的序列。然后,用这组关系得到降雨的雷达估算值。试验结果表明,距雷达50－100km之间的区域雷达定量测雨的精度较好。和雨量计测值比较,雷达估算的单站一小时雨量的平均相对误差为46％,单站过程雨量的平均相对误差为30％。雷达定量测雨可以作为常规雨量站网的补充,准实时地提供多种雨情信息。     

SL 3型双翻斗雨量传感器翻斗协调性误差分析

通过对SL-3型双翻斗雨量传感器进行模拟降水试验,分析上翻斗与计量翻斗翻动协调性带来的降水测量误差。模拟试验初步表明:当上翻斗最大承水量不合理,计量翻斗最大承水量合理时,会使翻斗翻动不协调,降水损失增加,导致实测降水偏小,如在雨强1mm/min,当上翻斗右斗最大承水量偏小0.4mL时,实测降水误差为-4%;当上翻斗最大承水量合理,计量翻斗最大承水量不合理时,计量翻斗最大承水量不合理程度对降水测量准确度影响较大,如同样在雨强1 mm/min,计量翻斗左斗最大承水量合理,当计量翻斗右斗最大承水量偏小0.4mL,实测降水误差为+11%,测量误差明显大;并且不是上翻斗(或计量翻斗)最大承水量调节合理就一定会使测量误差小,而是上翻斗与计量翻斗的协调性好才会使测量误差小。上翻斗的增加不能完全解决单翻斗雨量计因降水强度大小不同引起的测量误差,但明显缩小了不同雨强下降水测量误差偏差。提出利用虹吸原理装置代替上翻斗,减少人为调节因素的干扰,提高测量准确度。     

双亮度差方法测量白天气象能见度时的误差分析

对数字摄像能见度观测系统采用双亮度差方法测量白天气象能见度时非标准观测条件引起的误差进行理论分析, 并给出了相应的误差控制措施。结果表明:对于正南、正北方地平线附近天空亮度的分布, 除了天空布满均匀云层和晴天的中午较为均匀以外, 其他时刻垂直相对梯度都较大, 通常在4%/°～10%/°范围内, 而水平相对梯度大多较小, 低于2%/°;不同组的目标-背景视线方向不一致是不容忽视的一个误差源, 为了限制和最大程度地减小其不利影响, 最好选择具有相同视线仰角的目标物和天空背景, 且视线方位角的差异越小越好;可对目标物两侧的天空背景的亮度进行测量, 内插获得与目标物视线方向一致的天空背景的亮度;视线方向上气柱照明不均匀会导致测量误差且人工无法调控, 应尽量选择下垫面特性较为均匀的观测场地, 通过多次采样平均在一定程度上能够减小其影响, 也可实时监测视野范围内场地和天空的亮度分布, 识别较差的照明状况以免获得误差较大的观测记录;利用树木、草丛、山体、墙壁和窗户等暗目标物难以满足双亮度差方法对观测条件的要求, 最好采用反射率足够低的人工实用黑体目标物。     

Misspecification of extreme rainfall population statistics and frequency inference due to measurement bias and variability

Statistical analysis of rainfall extremes is mostly based on the assumption of error-free data, despite common knowledge about the widespread incidence of precipitation measurement bias and variability. The objective of this study is primarily to investigate the impact of measurement bias and variability in statistical classification and quantile estimates of rainfall extremes. A theoretical framework is presented for the analysis of moment coefficients and probability distributions for rainfall extremes corrupted by measurement bias and variability. Furthermore, methods are outlined for practical statistical analysis of error-corrupted rainfall extremes, based on maximum likelihood. Frequency inference and testing for the presence of measurement variability are the main topics. Modelling of data series is undertaken in order to exemplify the statistical assessment and the real-life impact of measurement error.It is shown that: (a) unaccounted measurement error may potentially cause a considerable degree of misspecification about the conventional moment and L-moment coefficients of variation, and the conventional moments of skewness and kurtosis; (b) the presence of measurement variability alone can cause significant and nonlinear quantile bias which further strongly increases with the additional presence of measurement bias; and (c) maximum likelihood estimation provides a general and efficient tool for assessing measurement error in extreme rainfall frequency analysis.     

基于斐索干涉仪的直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达

提出结合多光束斐索(Fizeau)干涉仪和CCD探测器的条纹图像技术,测量地球边界层下的三维风场的直接探测多普勒激光雷达技术.在分析Fizeau干涉仪的物理特性和光谱特性以及影响测量多普勒频移的因数和改进方法的基础上,提出一套切合实际的直接探测多普勒激光雷达系统参数.并利用该参数进行性能评估分析,模拟不同干涉仪参数对风速精度的影响,得出一个优化的干涉仪物理参数.模拟结果显示,系统可以获得小于1 m s-1的水平风速精度.这些分析,为建立实际的激光雷达系统提供设计依据.     

Precision of evaporation measurements using the Bowen ratio

Energy balance/Bowen ratio estimation of evapotranspiration is examined to determine the effects of different sources of error. General usage of the approximate psychrometric equation which neglects terms of order 1/p (p atmospheric pressure) can lead to large bias errors if the wet-bulb temperature depression is large. Temperature and pressure corrections on the psychrometric constant cannot be neglected without the risk of a bias error in excess of precision limits placed on a result. Aspiration to an isothermal block for wet-bulb temperature measurement compared with measurement at the air stream source does not necessarily lead to a more precise estimate of the Bowen ratio.     

利用太阳法提高新一代天气雷达探测精度

针对一些型号新一代天气雷达普遍存在太阳法天线波束指向检测成功率低、精度差,而且没有天线波束宽度、雷达接收系统全链路回波强度测量误差检测功能等问题,采取5个方面改进措施:(1)改进算法;(2)改进数据质控方法;(3)改进天线控制方式;(4)改进太阳位置搜索方式;(5)降低天线转速并提高采集分辨率。实际测试评估表明:改进后的太阳法天线波束指向检测明显提高了天线波束指向精度,解决了太阳法天线波束指向检测可靠性差、成功率低的问题;现场太阳法天线波束宽度测量可靠性高,测量精度可以满足回波强度定标要求;雷达接收系统全链路回波强度测量误差检测功能能够发现雷达回波强度定标中无法发现与天馈参数有关的回波强度测量误差偏大问题。     

自动气象站数据采集器温度通道校准修正方法与不确定度评定

自动气象站数据采集器温度通道的采集处理性能直接影响温度测量数据准确性,利用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM:Least Squares Support Vector Machine)算法对一款区域站数据采集器温度通道校准数据系统误差进行拟合建模。基于该模型对校准结果进行修正,并对校准修正后温度通道的测量结果进行不确定度评估。经校准修正后,数据采集器温度通道测量误差均小于0.05℃,测量结果的不确定度为0.06℃,远小于修正前测量误差与不确定度,修正效果显著。该方法同样适用于其他型号的数据采集器,为自动站观测数据质量控制提供有效参考。     

国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度分析

国产总辐射表检定时,其测量结果的不确定度由重复性测量、标准器、温度变化、入射角、时间响应、非线性、零位漂移、数据采集器误差、操作误差和光谱响应误差多种因素引起。根据《JJF1059-1999测量不确定度评定与表示》规定的方法,对国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度进行评定。分析并列出对测量结果有明显影响的不确定度来源。对各标准不确定度分量进行定量评定。结果表明,在满足检定环境要求的条件下,总辐射表检定结果的扩展不确定度为3.4%,其中入射角误差引起的标准不确定度分量最大。因此新出厂的总辐射表必须严格按照《JJG458-96总辐射表》检定规程进行余弦响应、方位响应、非线性等误差的测试,保证总辐射表的测量准确度。     

Two Ultraviolet Radiation Datasets that Cover China

Ultraviolet(UV) radiation has significant effects on ecosystems, environments, and human health, as well as atmospheric processes and climate change. Two ultraviolet radiation datasets are described in this paper. One contains hourly observations of UV radiation measured at 40 Chinese Ecosystem Research Network stations from 2005 to 2015. CUV3 broadband radiometers were used to observe the UV radiation, with an accuracy of 5%, which meets the World Meteorology Organization's measurement standards. The extremum method was used to control the quality of the measured datasets. The other dataset contains daily cumulative UV radiation estimates that were calculated using an all-sky estimation model combined with a hybrid model. The reconstructed daily UV radiation data span from 1961 to 2014. The mean absolute bias error and root-mean-square error are smaller than 30% at most stations, and most of the mean bias error values are negative, which indicates underestimation of the UV radiation intensity. These datasets can improve our basic knowledge of the spatial and temporal variations in UV radiation. Additionally, these datasets can be used in studies of potential ozone formation and atmospheric oxidation, as well as simulations of ecological processes.     

气象仪器测量误差比较的n重制约法

把用于比较气象仪器误差的“三重制约法”推广为“ｎ重制约法”，并给出数学推导及一个实例。结果表明该方法是有效的，在没有标准仪器的情况下，可用此方法同时检验多台仪器测量精度的优劣。     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION*

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement,a radar-radiometer system has been developed.It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment,the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved.In this paper,the error of rainfall measurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement will be discussed.     

带有变量中误差非正态模型中的Box-Cox变换

Box-Cox变换主要用于得到近似正态分布的随机变量。线性模型中的响应(因)变量Y(或经过变换的Y)通常建立在精确测量无误差的独立变量集上。本文研究独立变量中的测量误差(即变量中误差)对Box-Cox变换中参数估计的影响。研究结果表明,忽略变量中的误差将产生变换参数估计的偏离,该结论由分析论证和随机模拟得以支持。     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement, a radar-radiometer system has been devel-oped. It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment, the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved. In this paper, the error of rainfallmeasurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurementwill be discussed.     

Detection of Flow Distortions and Systematic Errors in Sonic Anemometry Using the Planar Fit Method

We describe the coordinate transformations that can be used to convert the velocity components measured by a set of sonic anemometers with time-dependent tilt fluctuations into a single, time-independent coordinate system. By applying the planar fit method (PFM) to each anemometer dataset, it is possible, for planar flows, to locate the flow plane at each measurement point and compare its orientation with the topography. Installation on a ship is also considered. An application of this method to intercomparison data has led to the detection of an instrument error due to a misalignment between the assembly of the sonic transducers and the anemometer pedestal. If this error occurs, pedestal levelling does not guarantee that measurements are unbiased. A correction method is proposed and the results of two experiments are shown. Flow planarity at different levels and flow distortion caused by the mast are highlighted. The influence of the error on the evaluation of the Reynolds stresses using PFM or the double rotation method and the triple rotation method is discussed and the tilt corrected stresses calculated using the three methods compared.     

CINRAD/SB雷达回波强度定标调校方法

回波强度定标和调校方法是保障CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度的关键技术,方法不当会导致回波强度测量误差增大,直接影响雷达定量估测降水产品的可靠性。为了满足回波强度测量误差在±1 dBZ范围内的技术要求,根据雷达气象方程,通过对CINRAD/SB接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统相关影响回波强度测量误差的因素进行分析,提出了从接收机动态范围和雷达参数调整、线性通道增益定标目标常数定标,到测试通道参数调整的回波强度定标工作流程。总结出以线性通道增益定标目标常数定标为基准,采用测试通道参数测量法或基准法调校,以保证发射功率和接收机动态范围变化导致的回波强度测量误差得到在线实时校正,提高了CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度。从接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统及发射功率4个方面,给出了回波异常的分析和诊断流程。并提出在接收机保护器前端增加机外信号注入口和定标信号功率检测功能,以利于机内外回波强度定标对比校准和消除测试通道参数变化导致回波强度测量误差的建议。     

New omnidirectional anemometer with no moving parts

An anemometer based upon measurement of the tangential windspeed around a sphere with hot-film probes is described. The anemometer determined the windspeed with a root-mean-square (rms) error of 5%, and the direction with an rms error of 5.6 °. A comparison between omnidirectional and sonic anemometers in the field gave practically identical results for the vertical sensible heat flux using eddy correlation procedures. Other turbulence statistics are also reported. The new instrument should be useful for measurements in canopies, where turbulence intensities are often large.