排-留烃过程对富有机质页岩纳米孔隙发育影响的热模拟实验研究北大核心CSCD

为研究生-排烃过程对页岩纳米孔隙演化的影响,选择低成熟且生烃潜力差异显著的茂名油页岩和大隆组硅质页岩为研究对象,经低温热模拟和索氏抽提增加了页岩在生油高峰期的排烃效率后,通过高温热模拟实验,使具有不同残留烃含量的样品演化到过成熟阶段。通过热模拟产物的地球化学分析和孔隙测量,获得了不同残留烃含量的页岩有机质与孔隙发育的热演化规律。结果表明,在高成熟阶段,富I型有机质的黏土质茂名油页岩的残留烃大量转化为固体沥青,促进了中孔、大孔的发育,对微孔的发育影响较小;具Ⅱ型有机质的大隆组硅质页岩,高成熟阶段残留于页岩中的极性有机组分与干酪根生成新的固体有机质,其纳米孔隙发育较差,导致残留烃对中孔和大孔的发育影响不明显。     

排-留烃过程对富有机质页岩纳米孔隙发育影响的热模拟实验研究

为研究生-排烃过程对页岩纳米孔隙演化的影响,选择低成熟且生烃潜力差异显著的茂名油页岩和大隆组硅质页岩为研究对象,经低温热模拟和索氏抽提增加了页岩在生油高峰期的排烃效率后,通过高温热模拟实验,使具有不同残留烃含量的样品演化到过成熟阶段。通过热模拟产物的地球化学分析和孔隙测量,获得了不同残留烃含量的页岩有机质与孔隙发育的热演化规律。结果表明,在高成熟阶段,富I型有机质的黏土质茂名油页岩的残留烃大量转化为固体沥青,促进了中孔、大孔的发育,对微孔的发育影响较小;具Ⅱ型有机质的大隆组硅质页岩,高成熟阶段残留于页岩中的极性有机组分与干酪根生成新的固体有机质,其纳米孔隙发育较差,导致残留烃对中孔和大孔的发育影响不明显。     

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

基于压机热模拟实验的页岩孔隙演化特征

富有机质页岩微观孔隙结构是影响页岩油气富集的重要因素,但热演化过程中的孔隙结构变化特征不甚清楚,是当前领域研究的难点.用新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组低成熟油页岩样品开展高温高压半封闭体系热模拟实验,对各温度阶段的样品进行抽提,利用低温吸附技术定量表征未抽提和抽提样品的孔隙结构,揭示低熟到过成熟页岩样品的孔隙演化特征.结果表明:低熟-成熟阶段,中、大孔量随热模拟温度上升而降低,微孔量先降低再升高,高压及滞留油/沥青对所有孔隙均有一定的抑制作用;高-过成熟阶段,孔含量明显上升,残留沥青中会产生微孔及中、大孔.在热模拟实验中温度、压力条件对孔隙结构具有重要影响,有机质演化产物与孔隙演化趋势紧密相关.      

人工熟化过程中可溶有机质对页岩孔隙特征的影响

有机质成熟过程中,可溶有机质在页岩中赋存状态的演化规律对于深入了解页岩油气的储集空间具有重要意义。采用压机半封闭体系,对低成熟的鄂尔多斯长7段页岩进行了不同温度条件下的高压热模拟实验研究,获取了一系列成熟度梯度(0.7%VRo3.5%)的页岩样品。通过混合溶剂(CH_2CL_2﹕CH_3OH=93﹕7)进行索氏抽提,结合低压N_2和CO_2气体吸附实验对抽提前后页岩孔隙特征进行了对比研究,得出以下认识:去除可溶有机质的页岩的TOC含量、吸附烃S_1、热解烃S_2、氢指数IH在成熟阶段(VRo2.0%)都有明显的降低,但在过成熟阶段(VRo2.0%)差异较小且相对稳定;可溶有机质对微孔的影响可能以覆盖遮掩为主,对页岩孔体积的影响主要集中在介孔和大孔部分,但对页岩比表面积的影响主要集中在微孔和介孔范围。     

基于统计学方法的页岩孔容预测

页岩气储集空间与储层矿物特征关系密切,以四川盆地东缘龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用矿物组成、微量元素、地球化学等测试结果,结合低温氮气吸附法和高分辨率成像技术,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了页岩孔容预测方程,并分析孔隙分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,龙马溪组中部和底部页岩组分含量差异较大,生物成因的自生石英发育是龙马溪组底部石英含量高的主要原因;页岩纳米级孔隙以2~5 nm为主,对孔容贡献率介于64.2%~70.1%;建立的页岩组分含量与孔容的预测模型高度显著。脆性矿物孔、黏土矿物片间孔及其粒内孔是富黏土矿物页岩的主要孔隙类型,孔隙呈微缝状,小于2 nm孔隙不发育;有机质含量是富有机质页岩孔容大小的主控因素,有机质孔的面孔率介于8.8%~12.5%;有机质含量及成熟度是小于2 nm微孔发育的主控因素,大于50 nm孔隙的发育则受控于黏土矿物、石英及长石含量。      

陆相页岩热演化过程中孔隙分形特征

分形维数可定量表征储层孔隙结构的复杂性,为页岩储层评价提供思路。以热模拟获得的不同热演化阶段的鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩为研究对象,应用场发射扫描电镜观察了各演化阶段孔隙变化特征,并通过低温液氮吸附实验,研究各个演化阶段页岩孔隙分形特征,运用FHH模型计算页岩孔隙分形维数,探讨了分形维数与有机碳、矿物成分、孔隙结构参数的关系。研究结果表明:低成熟阶段页岩中纳米级有机质孔发育有限,随着成熟度的增加,在有机质内部开始逐渐发育孔隙,同时黏土矿物颗粒间的有机质也开始分解,出现纳米级层间孔,主要发育墨水瓶状孔和少部分的平行板状孔;孔径峰值主要在2~4 nm和40~50 nm,随着成熟度增加,上述2个孔径段的孔隙相对数量增加,分形维数依次增大,分形维数为2.592~2.717,孔隙非均质性增强。分形维数随着有机碳含量的减少而增加,而与石英、黏土矿物含量相关性不明显;随着成熟度增加,微孔和中孔比例增加,平均孔径减小,孔隙表面越复杂,比表面积和分形维数增加;分形维数与总孔隙体积、微孔体积、中孔体积具有很好的正相关性,而与大孔体积相关性较差。      

黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩的孔隙类型、结构对于页岩气资源评价与开采具有重要意义,为了进一步认识页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,利用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验对黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩微观孔隙类型、结构进行了研究,结果表明,研究区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层的储集空间类型多样,主要包含粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。页岩孔隙以介孔为主,介孔是页岩气的主要储集空间;孔隙结构以墨水瓶状孔和平行板状孔为主。探讨了影响页岩孔隙发育的主要因素,有机碳含量、热演化程度和矿物成分含量均对页岩孔隙的发育有影响,而且并非单相性的,是相互制约的。研究剖面石英含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度呈良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔发育程度的相关性不明显;黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度的相关性不明显,而与宏孔的发育程度呈负相关关系;有机质孔隙正处在其发育高峰期,对于页岩孔隙具有重要贡献,且随成熟度增加而增加。     

新疆阜康地区八道湾组煤系页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价煤系页岩气的储层性质,运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低压N_2和CO_2气体吸附等实验方法,对新疆阜康地区侏罗系八道湾组煤系页岩气储层孔隙的发育情况、结构特征进行了研究,并分析了八道湾组页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,八道湾组页岩发育多种类型孔隙,以粒内孔、粒间孔为主,有机质孔次之,溶蚀孔发育较少,为煤系页岩气赋存提供储集空间。八道湾组页岩纳米级孔隙以微孔和介孔为主,占孔隙总孔容的77.30%,占总比表面积的89.80%,是页岩气赋存的主要载体;页岩孔隙结构类型以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔隙主要分布在0.4～1.3 nm、3～30 nm和50～200 nm之间。八道湾组页岩孔隙的发育受页岩有机碳含量、成熟度和矿物成分含量影响较大,其中有机碳含量对微孔发育的促进作用明显,成熟度的增加主要对页岩中介孔和宏孔的发育产生重要影响,黏土矿物含量与页岩的介孔孔容及总孔容呈一定的正相关关系,脆性矿物则相反。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with