Discovery of Trace Fossils from the Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Beds in Eastern Yunnan and Their Significance for Global Correlation

There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.     

滇东、川中地区震旦系——寒武系界线附近的遗迹化石

本文描述的遗迹化石采自滇东地区和四川中部峨眉、乐山地区的震旦系—寒武系界线附近。经鉴定有23个遗迹属、31个遗迹种,其中两个新遗迹属、5个新遗迹种。在系统描述的基础上,还进行了遗迹化石的习性类型解释。这些习性类型包括觅食迹、牧食迹、居住迹和游泳迹。     

新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格地区寒武─奥陶纪遗迹化石

本文研究的遗迹化石采自新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格山上寒武统和奥陶系．经鉴定计有１６个遗迹属，２１个遗迹种，其中有４个新遗迹种．这个地区丰富的深海Ｎｅｒｅｉｔｅｓ遗迹相遗迹化石在我国首次发现，这些发现对于塔里木盆地的油气勘探，沉积环境分析具有重要的意义．     

新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格地区寒武─奥陶纪遗迹化石

本文研究的遗迹化石采自新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格山上寒武统和奥陶系．经鉴定计有１６个遗迹属，２１个遗迹种，其中有４个新遗迹种．这个地区丰富的深海Ｎｅｒｅｉｔｅｓ遗迹相遗迹化石在我国首次发现，这些发现对于塔里木盆地的油气勘探，沉积环境分析具有重要的意义．     

Biotic characteristics of the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in China and the boundary problems

There is general agreement that the first appearance of various small shelly fossils should be used to help delineate the beginning of the Cambrian Period. The history of research on this stratigraphic topic in China is briefly outlined and leads on to a discussion of the boundary problem in the light of information available both inside and outside China.The sections across the Precambrian—Cambrian (Sinian—Cambrian) boundary are described with notes on fossils in: (1) Tianzhushan section, Yichang, Hubei; (2) Maidiping section, Emli, Sichuan; (3) Wangjiawan section, Jinning County, Yunnan; and (4) Kunyang section, Yunnan.This is followed by a consideration of the biotic characteristics of Sinian—Cambrian Period. The history of research on this stratigraphic topic in China is briefly outlined and leads on to a discussion of the boundary problem in the light of information available both inside and outside China. This is followed by a consideration of the biotic characteristics of Sinian—Cambrian boundary beds, with respect to stratigraphy as well as organic evolution. The Precambrian—Cambrian boundary in China is estimated to have an age of 615 ± 20 Ma.It is commented that the above sections are qualified to be important candidates for the selection of the Sinian—Cambrian boundary stratotype and are also important working reference sections for the international Precambrian—Cambrian boundary stratotype.     

滇东震旦系—寒武系界线层遗迹化石新发现及对比意义

滇东震旦系—寒武系界线层含有丰富多样的遗迹化石,经对27条剖面系统地采集化石和研究,共鉴定有遗迹属45个,遗迹种87个。其中新属2个,新种7个,已知属在本区首次发现的有31个,已知种在本区首次发现的有38个。根据不同遗迹属在界线层中出现的顺序和组合特征,将本区震旦系—寒武系界线层遗迹化石由老到新划分为4个遗迹化石组合带,并与国外相当层位的遗迹化石进行了对比,对地质意义作了初步地探讨。     

新化,湘潭等地跳马涧组的遗迹化石

新化、湘潭等地跳马涧组的遗迹化石经笔者鉴定与描术者共15个遗迹属24个遗迹种(包括4个新遗迹种)。它们大部分属于跳马涧组上部,可分为Arenicolites-Palaeophycus组合,Skolithos-Planolites组合,Palaeophycus-Gordia组合,Rhizocorallium-Planolites组合,代表近滨环境,属Cruziana遗迹相。部分属于顶部Zoophycus-Cochlichnus组合和Zoophycus-Skolithos组合,属Zoophycus遗迹相上部。综合前人资料,湖南跳马涧组遗迹化石现已发现22属45种,可归并为居住迹、觅食迹、爬行迹、休息迹、啮食迹、钻孔、逃逸构造、生物扰动构造八种生态类型。由跳马涧组下部至顶部,由以居住迹为主的遗迹组合,转变为居住迹、觅食迹同等发育或以觅食迹为主,转变为啮食迹为主的组合。反映由前滨转变为近滨,再转变为远滨,代表海水加深、海侵扩大的过程。     

藏南(萨噶-江孜地区)中生代遗迹化石及其行为习性分析

文中描述的遗迹化石是河北区调队1/25万萨噶幅(2001年)和中国地质大学1/25万江孜幅、亚东幅（2002年）野外地质调查过程分别的。遗迹化石的产地和时代是：萨噶和吉隆附近的晚白垩世，冈底斯弧前盆地日喀则群昂仁组复理石（化石点1）；和产自康马地区马拉雅拉轨岗日带晚三叠世捏如组，早中侏罗世田巴群，早白垩世加不拉组和晚白垩世宗卓组复理石(化石点2)，少量标本产自北喜拉南带岗巴?定日晚白垩世岗巴村口组(化石点3)。文内共计描述上述地区中生代遗迹化石12个遗迹属，14个遗迹种包含4个未定遗迹种其中多数(5个遗迹属，7个遗迹种)为首次在中被发现和描述(包含有两个新遗迹种)。本文详细研究了各遗迹属的行为习性特征，其中数（有9个遗迹属）过去经常产于世界各地中新生代深海复理石内，根据不同的埋和保存环境它们又可分为两大类，第一类为浊流形后（Post-turbidite）形成的遗迹，它们都是深海食沉积物动物的觅食（Fodinichnia）和游动的牧食迹（Pascichnia）如Gyrophyllites，Phymatoderma，Helminthoida和Phycosiphon，它们的主要特是都具有主动回填构造（active backfill）；另一类为流形成前（Pre-turbidite）形成的雕画迹，它们的主要特征是生活时期形成复的多孔的水道系统，并在其中培养细菌形成园艺式(Gardening)觅食或称为耕作迹（Agrichnia）Megagrapton,Rhabdoglyphus,Helicorhaphe,其中还包括适应低氧环境的化学共（Chemosymbiosis）类型如Chondrites和Cladichnus。在描述的遗迹中还包括住兼觅食(Dwellingandfeedingstructures):Schaubcylindrichnus和Syringomorpha以及一种经常趋向水流的停栖迹(Cubichnia)Sagittichnus。深海相中生代复理石地层（尤其晚三叠世，侏罗白垩纪），在我国除西藏地区特别发育外，内地其他各省区很少发育，因此上述中代遗迹化石资料显得特别珍贵，研它们相信会对今后西藏的地层学，沉积学和岩相古地理学研究，提供有价值的地质资料。     

Stratigraphic significance of the Cambrian ichnofauna of the Zanskar region,Ladakh Himalaya,India

The Cambrian succession in the Zanskar Basin of Tethys Himalaya contains an abundant ichnofossils like in the other Tethyan Himalayan successions. The ichnofossils are stratigraphically important as they occur below the trilobite body fossils and are useful to define the basal part of the Cambrian. The ichnofossil assemblage reported from the Zanskar Basin of Ladakh Himalaya is significant to demarcate the Early Cambrian age due to lack of other faunal elements so far. The body fossils of trilobites recorded from the overlying beds indicates the earliest part of the Middle Cambrian age. Sixteen ichnogenera identified include: Bifungites, Cruziana, Diplichnites, Dimorphichnus, Isopodichnus, Lockeia, Merostomichnites; Monomorphichnus, Psammichnites, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rhizocorallium, Skolithos, Taphrhelminthopsis, Teichichnus, Trepitichnus and trilobite scratch marks etc. The ichnogenera reported so far from this part of the Tethyan Himalayan region belongs mostly to the traces of arthropod origin. The ichnofauna ranges in age from Lower Cambrian to late part of the Middle Cambrian. The ichnofaunal assemblage can be assigned to repichnial, cubichinial, pascichnial, to fodinichnial behaviour. The distribution of ichnofossils in the studied sections shows that the ichnofossils are predominately less in occurrence in the sections were trilobites dominates and higher in the successions the abundance of ichnofossils decreases.     

A diverse ichnofauna from silurian flysch of the aberystwyth grits formation,Wales

The most extensive ichnofauna yet recorded from a deep water Lower Palaeozoic sequence occurs within the distal turbidites of the Lower Silurian Aberystwyth Grits Formation of Central Wales. The strata contain an abundant assemblage comprising 25 ichnogenera: Asteriacites, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Cosmorhaphe, Glockerichnus, Gordia, Helicolithus, Helminthopsis, Helminthoida, Hormosiroidea, Lorenzinia, Megagrapton, Monomorphichnus, Neonereites, Nereites, Palaeophycus, Paleodictyon, Planolites, Protopaleodictyon, Spirorhaphe, Spirophycus, Squamodictyon, Subphyllochorda, Taphrhelminthopsis; 36 ichnospecies are described, three of which (Asteriacites aberensis, Helminthopsis regularis, Cosmorhaphe elongata) are new. The inorganic sedimentary structures and trace fossils of some 418 sandstone beds were examined in detail; 16 per cent of the beds commence with Divisions A or B and 84 per cent with Division C of the turbidite sequence. This indicates a relatively distal environment, mainly receiving low velocity turbidity currents, and favouring trace fossil preservation. The most common traces were Helminthopsis, Paleodictyon, and Squamodictyon which were found on 46 per cent, 34 per cent, and 19 per cent of the beds examined. Data from this, and other recently described sequences, confirms that there was a gradual increase in trace fossil diversity in the deep oceans throughout the Lower Palaeozoic, in contrast to the situation in shallow water shelf seas where a peak was reached as early as the Lower Cambrian.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组潮坪沉积中的遗迹化石

在塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组中共发现遗迹化石 11属 12种,包括Skolithoslinearis、Skolithosverticalis、Ophiomorphanodosa、Arenicolitesisp.、Cylindrichnusisp.、Thalassinoidessuevicus、Diplocraterionparallelum、Taenidi umsatanassi、Macaronichnussegregatis、Palaeophycustubularis、Planolitesbeverlegensis和Cochlichnusanguineus。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕或下浮痕保存。按其古生态和沉积学特征,可划分出三个遗迹组合:①Skolithos-Thalassinoides遗迹组合,代表了平坦底型条件下的砂坪沉积环境;②Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,反映了潮间带砂泥坪沉积环境;③Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,代表了平均低潮线附近的泥坪沉积环境。     

贵阳地区下三叠统安顺组遗迹化石及古环境意义

贵阳地区下三叠统安顺组中的遗迹化石是研究P-T生物大灭绝后古环境、古生态的良好材料,在研究区发现、描述了8个遗迹属,9个遗迹种。安顺组中遗迹化石的垂向分布表明:安顺组一段以结构单一、个体较小的遗迹化石Planolites montanus,Palaeophycus curvatus和Phycodes palmatus为主;二、三段中遗迹化石属种增多、生物扰动增强,除了一段的3个遗迹种外还发现有6个遗迹种:Beaconichnus darwinum,Chondrites recurvus, Thalassinoides paradoxicus,Thalassinoides horizontalis,Arenicolites isp.,Rhizocorallium commune,在三段出现的复杂遗迹化石Rhizocorallium commune和Thalassinoides paradoxicus代表了本地区海洋环境在早三叠世晚期的重大改善。岩性特征和生物化石特征表明安顺组一段上部为台缘浅滩环境,二段为碳酸盐岩台地边缘斜坡环境,三段为靠近台地边缘的潮间-潮下环境,在一至三段沉积期,海水含氧条件有所改善,研究区处于浅海“宜居带”上。安顺组四段沉积于半局限台地内的潮间-潮上环境,处于“宜居带”之外,在此区域遗迹化石不发育,生物活动相对较弱。早三叠世奥伦尼克期遗迹化石发育特征表明生物复苏活动在碳酸盐岩台地边缘带相对活跃。     

Cambrian trace fossils of the Cruziana ichnofacies from the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,north western Indian Craton

The Marwar Supergroup of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin is composed of sediments deposited from the late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) to Upper Cambrian. The Nagaur Sandstone Formation of the Nagaur Group (uppermost division of the Marwar Supergroup) preserves trace fossils significant for establishing Early Cambrian biostratigraphic zones and depositional facies. Fifteen ichnospecies (and eight ichnogenera) identified in the Nagaur Sandstone Formation include “Treptichnus” pedum, Cruziana cf. tenella, Cruziana isp., Diplichnites ispp. A, B, and C, Gyrophyllites isp., Lockeia isp., Merostomichnites isp., Monomorphichnus gregarius isp. nov., Monomorphichnus isp., Planolites isp., Psammichnites isp., Rusophycus bikanerus isp. nov., Rusophycus cf. carbonarius, Rusophycus isp. and radial trace fossils.These trace fossils belong to ethological categories pascichnia, repichnia, cubichnia, and fodinichnia and represent arthropod and worm-like burrowing biota. The assemblage and a regional comparison with contemporaneous trace fossils in the eastern Gondwanan realm suggest that the sequence in the study area belongs to the Cruziana tenella Ichnozone and to Stage 2 (upper part of Terreneuvian), however the Middle Cambrian is not excluded. The trace fossil assemblage belongs to the archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. Cross bedded sandstone, mud cracks and rainprints in the ichniferous strata of the Nagaur Sandstone Formation indicate deposition in an intertidal sand flat with channels that was exposed episodically.     

云南梅树村震旦系—寒武系边界层水平状遗迹化石形态功能分析和环境意义

云南省梅树村震旦系—寒武系界线层型剖面中有丰富的遗迹化石。根据造迹生物的行为方式,将化石分为停息迹、居住迹、觅食迹和行移迹四大类。在形态上有单槽型、双槽型、分枝型、环圈型、简单潜穴型。对剖面中自下而上遗迹化石形态和组合特征的分析,认为本区的环境演变经历了潮间—潮下浅水—潮间—潮下较深水的变化过程。     

西秦岭西段志留纪遗迹化石

本文研究了西秦岭西段志留纪海水深浅不同的两种遗迹相及其沉积环境,一种是甘南迭部拉路沟中志留世晚期浅海砂岩系所含Cruziana遗迹相,另一种是川北若尔盖晚志留世早期深海复理石Nereites遗迹相。共描述遗迹化石10属11种,其中建立3个新遗迹种。这些遗迹化石对研究西秦岭的地层发育、沉积矿产和古环境的演变提供了重要的生物成因标志,对我国的遗迹化石研究也提供了新的资料。     

川西与滇东震旦系—寒武系边界层遗迹化石比较及地质意义的探讨

本文通过对我国震旦系-寒武系边界层中厚度较大、化石丰富、生物演变序列清楚的川西和滇东地区遗迹化石的研究,并比较其异同点,从而阐明遗迹化石对寒武系底界的划分及恢复古环境方面的意义。     

Ichnology of the Goradongar Formation,Goradongar hill range,Patcham island,Kachchh, Western India

The middle Jurassic Goradongar Formation exposed in Goradongar hill represents a mixed siliciclasticcarbonate succession with shales and limestones. They contain a large number of well preserved trace fossils. Total 44 ichnospecies of 31 ichnogenera; representing diverse ethology, were grouped in five ichnoassemblages (Planolites, Palaeophycus, Gyrochorte, Rhizocorallium and Arenicolites assemblage). These recurring ichnoassemblages represent the Cruziana ichnofacies and occasionally a mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies. Patterns of diversity and density of the trace fossils reveal changes in bathymetry, oxygen level, trophic level and the sub-strate conditions at the time of deposition. These paleoenvironment and palaeo-oceanography changes are co-relatable to world-wide Bathonian-Callovian (middle Jurassic) deposits.     

四川峨眉高桥震旦系—寒武系界线

<正> 一、前言 四川峨眉高桥震旦系—寒武系界线剖面位于峨眉山东麓。其大地构造位置居川滇南北向构造带东侧,扬子台背斜西部边缘地带。这里震旦纪和寒武纪地层广泛发育,构造简单,沉积连续,化石丰富,交通方便,是研究震且系与寒武系界线比较理想的地区之一。     

Trilobite trace fossils and their stratigraphical significance in the Cambrian sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains,Poland

Abundant and varied trilobite trace fossils are recognized and described in the Cambrian sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains. Cruziana and Rusophycus are stratigraphically significant and some of the described traces may be used as local index fossils. The first recognition of the Cruziana barbata ichnozone in Poland is made and it occurs in the uppermost Middle Cambrian. A new position for the Middle/Upper Cambrian boundary is established. Three new ichnospecies are described: Cruziana magna, C. regularis and Rusophycus crebus.     

宁夏石嘴山石炭系中的半咸水遗迹群落及其古生态环境分析

宁夏石嘴山石炭系纳缪尔期的砂 泥岩互层中赋存有低分异度的遗迹化石群落，但这套岩系中的砂岩层和泥岩层各具有不同的遗迹种。ＰｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓｍｏｎｔａｎｕｓＲｉｃｈｔｅｒ仅限于保存在砂岩的下层面，形成表生迹；它们的造迹生物是泥质沉积物中潜穴生存的、营沉积摄食方式的蠕虫类。仅限于砂岩上层面的遗迹化石是Ｍｏｎｏｃｒａｔｅｒｉｏｎｎｉｎｇｘｉａｅｎｓｉｓ（ｎ．ｉｃｈｏｓｐ．），系本文新建立的一个遗迹种，均为底生迹。其造迹生物是营悬浮滤食方式的蠕虫类。导致这两种遗迹化石交替出现的因素是半咸水条件和沉积物粒度的变化。这两类造迹生物都属于在高环境压力下所形成的爆发性繁衍的机会种群，并由此指示着具有最低生物分异度的、其含盐度在０５％～０９％的中盐度域的沉积环境，同时也表明这一时期古气候潮湿温暖并伴之以周期性的大量降水