Globalisation and Border Dynamics: impacts on the urban development of Darwin,Australia

National boundaries and border cities have been transformed globally. This is partly due to neoliberal globalisation, the continuous formation of a ‘borderless world’ and partly to the global ‘war on terror’. Darwin, the capital city of the Northern Territory (NT), is on the northern coast of Australia, bordering its overseas Asian neighbours. Far away from the main Australian population centres in the south, the city grows slowly, relying mainly on Australian government investments, infrastructure, and the incorporation of defence programs in the north. The rise of Asia, as well as Australia's increasing economic reliance on Asia, has created new opportunities for Darwin's growth. The development of Asian economies has resulted in growing global investment in resource extraction in NT. Asia, though, has been seen as a key threat in the modern history of Australia. This national sensitivity is underpinned by the global ‘war on terror’ in which Australia is deeply involved. Australia has tight border control regimes and a growing military presence on the northern border area. This paper examines how these co-existing but contradictory dynamics have reshaped the urban development of Darwin City. The consequential social and spatial patterns are identified and discussed.     

Aid,trade and the ‘new realism’: Australia's links with East and South‐East Asia

Nearly all Australia's Asian neighbours are developing countries. Some, like South Korea and Singapore are now industrialising rapidly, while others such as China, Thailand and Indonesia have economies that have shown strong growth. Their significance as trading partners for Australia has expanded accordingly. Six of Australia's 11 most important export markets, and five of the top 13 sources of imports are in East and South‐east Asia. Increased recognition of this economic relationship has been termed the ‘new realism’ of Australia's international relations. Australia's overseas development assistance program has also given increased emphasis to East and South‐east Asia, not least because of perceived trade benefits. Yet while the growth of the new realist perspective is to be welcomed, it needs to be recognised that most of the countries within the region are still poor, and not likely to catch up to Australian standards of living for many decades, if ever. Future relations between Australia and the developing countries to its north, therefore, will be best served by a development assistance program that stresses the developmental and humanitarian purposes of aid, and confines trade related concerns to the countries and situations where it is relevant.     

大连至北冰洋季克西港陆河联运路线的可行性研究

依托“冰上丝绸之路”大背景,综合分析陆河联运路线的最新研究成果,提出纵向联通中国东北和俄罗斯西伯利亚地区两条经济带的路线,即大连到北冰洋季克西港陆河联运路线（简称陆河联运路线）。陆河联运沿线的主要城市包括：大连—哈尔滨—黑河—布拉戈维申斯克（海兰泡）—涅留恩格里—雅库茨克—季克西港。陆河联运路线的陆运段主要是中国大连市到俄罗斯雅库茨克市的铁路,河运段是俄罗斯雅库茨克市到季克西港的勒拿河下游水运航道。陆河联运路线的陆运段各城市节点拥有相对成熟的交通体系、设备完善的交通站点和较好的经济发展前景;河运段每年至少可以通航3个月（7-9月）,且在勒拿河中下游河段可通航3000 t以上的船舶。中俄东北亚陆河联运路线在7-9月具备运输距离和时间短等特点。     

中尼口岸贸易与跨境交通耦合协调研究

中尼口岸作为环喜马拉雅经济合作带的窗口,其贸易和交通发展是中国建设“面向南亚开放大通道”的重要支撑。论文探讨口岸贸易与跨境交通的耦合协调机理,运用评价指标体系法和可达性模型分别评估中尼口岸的贸易可持续发展水平和跨境交通可达性,运用耦合协调模型分析2010—2019年中尼口岸贸易可持续性与跨境交通可达性的耦合协调关系。研究结果表明：① 口岸贸易与跨境交通复合系统是一个具有交互耦合关系的有机整体,口岸贸易与跨境交通高水平同步发展是口岸贸易与跨境交通耦合协调的关键。② 中尼口岸贸易的整体可持续发展水平偏低,贸易流量是中尼口岸贸易可持续发展的关键要素;中尼口岸的跨境交通可达性提升缓慢,樟木口岸的跨境运输优势明显。③ 中尼口岸贸易与交通发展的耦合协调整体处于中度失调状态,贸易滞后于交通发展,交通对贸易的促进作用有限。为了推进口岸贸易与跨境交通的耦合协调发展,应当充分发挥中尼口岸的货运职能,大力发展尼泊尔转口贸易,打通南亚大市场。加快建设吉隆口岸跨境经济合作区;远期打造新通道以发挥樟木口岸大宗货物运输功能;利用直升机发展普兰(斜尔瓦)口岸的“神山圣湖”旅游经济,促进口岸贸易可持续发展。     

Mawson and Mirnyy Stations: the spatiality of the Australian Antarctic Territory, 1954–61

This article focuses on the spatiality of the Australian Antarctic Territory in the important 1954–61 period. Attending particularly to three key components of polar spatiality—geopolitics, international territorial law, and the built environment—the article analyses the development of the Territory as a unique Australian space. The 1954–61 period is particularly significant: during this period, the International Geophysical Year brought an unprecedented number of people to Antarctica; the continent's first permanent colonies were constructed; and, despite Cold War tensions, the 1961 Antarctic Treaty established the spatial configurations and rules which continue to govern the continent today. The article focuses particularly on two key stations in the Territory constructed during this period: Australia's Mawson Station and the Soviet Mirnyy Station. Mawson is a legal colony, designed to cement Australia's claim to 42 per cent of the Antarctic continent; Mirnyy, in contrast, is an anti-colony, designed to reject Australia's claim. How the individual spatialities of these two stations articulate to the broader politics of Antarctic territoriality—and particularly Australia's claim to the Australian Antarctic Territory—is the focus of this article.     

香港港口的发展与粤港港口衔接研究

本文在宏观上论述了香港港口具有典型的山地溺谷湾形态特征和潮流强、波浪弱、泥沙淤积少的动力特性,指出过量的围海造地威胁天然良港的永续利用。文中从港口的历史发展阐明香港港口的发展模式和方向。根据货运量持续增长尤其是集装箱运输快速增长的发展现状、面临的隐优和挑战、未来运输量增长的预测,讨论了香港港口可持续发展的新港址,提出屯门龙珠岛－青山电厂煤码头,赤Ｌｉｅ角新机场以东的大屿山岛北岸两处深水岸段作为新发     

中国集装箱多门户港口区域空间结构的形成与机理

运用港口首位度和修正的赫希曼-赫芬达尔指数, 从箱流的角度对1998-2010 年中国集装箱港口体系的空间结构转型进行了定量测度。结果表明:① 集装箱港口体系的重心由珠三角地区向长三角地区缓慢转移;② 集装箱港口体系总体进入“边缘挑战阶段”, 箱流的分散化成为中国集装箱港口体系空间变化的主流倾向, 但7 大港区首位港的极辐作用存在显著差异;③ 中国集装箱港口体系空间结构呈现低级均衡、单门户、多门户并存的多样化特征, 其中, 长三角、珠三角地区形成集装箱多门户港口区域的空间结构已成事实。政府宏观调控与政策引导, 枢纽港资源瓶颈约束, 边缘港口的设施、服务趋同, 港航企业网络扩展和腹地交通网络拓展与完善等因素是多门户空间结构形成的主要动力。     

中国港口地理学研究进展与展望

基于CiteSpace文献计量工具对中国港口地理学的研究机构、研究团队、研究热点及研究阶段进行分析,总结中国港口地理研究的总体特征。研究发现：中国港口地理学实现快速发展,研究方法和研究内容日趋多元化,航运企业与航运网络、绿色低碳港口等新视角开始发轫,逐渐成为港口地理学的重要研究方向;但中国港口地理学研究机构之间尚缺乏紧密的合作关系。最后,围绕港口地理学的学科发展及国家战略需求,从完善港口地理学概念及基本范畴、扩展全球视野创新理论研究、立足微观视角强化机理探究、学科融合的理论与实践探索、面向国家战略强化政策与实践探索5个方面探讨中国港口地理学未来发展趋势。     

中国海岛港口现状特征与类型划分

我国海岛众多,具有丰富港口资源,其中一些港口深水岸线逼近岛岸,适宜发展大型深水集装箱港。目前海岛港口资源开发程度较低,在海岛上已开发的大型港口仅有上海洋山港,多数海岛县为规模不大的地方小港。对中国海岛县的港口吞吐量、港口用地等应用洛伦兹曲线(基尼系数)分析集聚状况,并用回归分析方法,分析港口发展与经济增长的关系。根据海岛港口规模、区位、腹地、港口“代际”以及海岛与大陆连通等指标,对中国海岛港口进行类型划分,并对划分的洋山港、舟山港以及地方小港等三种不同类型的港口特征进行了分析。进而结合当前国际海运业的要求与建造大船舶以适应大型深水港的发展趋势,提出了今后发展海岛深水港的方向。     

Food Safety and Contract Edamame: The Geopolitics of the Vegetable Trade in East Asia

This paper examines how the proliferation of the new Japanese food‐safety regime has influenced the edamame industries of China and Taiwan—the two largest producers of edamame beans in the world. Edamame is not only a popular cuisine in the Asia‐Pacific region, it is also responsible for the largest‐scale frozen vegetable flow in East Asia. This study addresses how the interaction between geopolitical realities and the subcontracting of edamame crops has created an access regime governing the vegetable trade in East Asia. By addressing the complexity of the geopolitics related to contract farming, this study considers the extent to which the Japanese edamame trade has subordinated edamame producers in multiple places in Asia, while Taiwan's edamame industry has positioned itself to obtain preferential access to the edamame flow between Japan, Taiwan, and China.     

南海周边航运网络脆弱性及对中国集装箱运输的影响

随着中国对外贸易的发展,南海在中国对外运输中的重要性不断提升,评估南海周边航运网络失效对中国不同港口的影响程度十分必要。以2018年前18强船公司的集装箱航线数据为基础,构建南海周边港口的集装箱航运网络,通过网络节点指标、最短路径模拟等方法测度网络的脆弱性,并分析南海周边港口失效对中国的影响。全文主要结论如下：南海航运的抗毁性较弱,15%~25%的头部港口失效对整体航运网络组织会产生实质性的毁坏;釜山和新加坡是本区域最重要的港口,海防、上海、青岛、东京、泗水、横滨、神户等在区域中具有高脆弱性;评估港口失效后的替代港口方案,发现替代集装箱港口的可选择范围很小,很少有港口失效后能同时满足地理临近、介数增长和能力相当三大条件,在海上航运网络中港口失效带来的影响是难以修补的;以最短路径模拟中国港口对南海周边其他港口的挂靠情况,发现新加坡、巴生和釜山是对中国具有全局影响力的三大港口,林查班、马尼拉、宿务、圣费尔南多、海防等对其他港口具有点对点的局域影响。     

中国嵌入“21世纪海上丝绸之路”航运网络的关键节点识别

共建“21世纪海上丝绸之路”重大倡议的提出,疏通了东西方经由航运往来,实现全要素“流动”的海上通道,拓展了中国连接世界经济的新型贸易之路。本文基于航运往来关系,引入社会网络分析方法,分析中外整体航运网络空间结构及核心—边缘构局,结合嵌入广度、嵌入深度和网络中介功能,类比不同地区航运网络嵌入模式差异;综合考量中外港口节点的网络中心地位和现实航运能力,识别航运网络中的功能节点。研究发现：①沿线航运网络呈现以中国—东南亚地区紧密关联为重心的“镐头”状空间格局,上海、深圳、新加坡、巴生港共同架构起沿线港口低耗高效的轴辐式关联网络结构;②过滤得到关联骨干网络和核心网络,并识别出关联广度和强度差异的海外港口特殊节点和核心节点;③港口嵌入航运网络的方式大致可分为以中国和东南亚港口为代表的(广度、深度、中介功能)层级嵌入模式和以非洲、南西亚—中东、南亚和欧洲地区为代表的均质嵌入模式;④中国港口外向关联强度层级特征明显,识别出潜在复合型枢纽港、外向干线港、内向直挂港、中介支线港和边缘喂给港五种类型的港口节点,并明确分工提出发展建议,以期有效协调港口组织格局和节点功能互补共进,强化“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的通道价值。     

中国北极航线港口界定

随着北冰洋夏季冰层的逐渐消融,北极航线有望全线通航。北极航线的通航将促进东亚与欧洲、北美地区的贸易往来,从而降低传统航线的地位及作用,为我国战略资源采购提供新的通道;同时也将在一定程度上改变北极航线沿线及其延长线上港口的地位及布局,但不同港口受此影响不尽相同,只有部分港口可能因为北极航线的利用实现地位提升。在假定北极航线全线开通的基础上提出北极航线港口概念,以港口所在城市的进出口贸易总额为基本界定指标,以航程缩短程度、航线密度、港口外贸箱吞吐量和港口油气吞吐能力作为竞争性界定指标进行综合评价,筛选出符合标准的中国北极航线港口,为中国利用北极航线和未来沿海港口布局提供借鉴及参考。     

吉林省“出海”通道及其开发战略研究

“出海”通道对于吉林省来说是经济对外开放和经济地域布局的重要因素。文章描述了“出海”通道的现状,对不同通道做了运输成本的比较分析,提出通道“闲置”的结论并阐述了其深层次原因,在此基础上讨论了通道与省区产业开发的战略。     

“亚洲地中海”航运连通性研究

随着《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》的签署,亚洲一体化进程进入新的阶段。作为一体化核心区的“亚洲地中海”港口间的互联互通随着时间变化有什么特点、贸易一体化进程中港口连通具有什么规律,均有待明确。本文利用1890—2008年航线数据构建长时段的航运网络,从港口功能和航线连通两个维度研究该区域的航运连通特征,并结合波特的钻石模型分析演化机制。主要结论为：① 从港口的联系强度和广度看,第二次世界大战（简称二战）前,日本港口崛起,二战后,新加坡和香港长期维持枢纽地位,中国改革开放后,特别是加入世界贸易组织后,中国港口得到快速发展;② 从港口的中转功能看,二战前,各港口的转运能力差距不大,二战后,新加坡、香港和釜山先后成为三大中转枢纽;③ 长时段的港口联通经历航运线路松散布局（19世纪90年代—20世纪20年代）、航运网路形成与发展（20世纪30年代后）、多枢纽港提升（20世纪50年代起）、港口群聚发展（20世纪90年代起）4个阶段;④ 生产要素和管理者的政策促进港口长期稳定发展,需求条件和外部机遇推动港口繁荣,管理者的变化深刻影响港口组织模式,企业战略和港口间竞争影响港口连通性。长时段的演变规律表明,该区域港口网络从分裂到融合是大势所趋,少数港口因海陆地理位置优越,长期位列第一梯队,那些后期开发和非枢纽型港口要主动融入航运网络的一体化中去,充分发挥体制机制改革的效应。     

The impact of the friction of distance on the early settlement and development of Eyre Peninsula,South Australia

The cost of overcoming distance has played and continues to play an important role in the evolution of Australia's space‐economy. This paper examines the impact of the ‘friction of distance’, as well as the quality of the resource base, on the settlement and development of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. A series of maps portraying the spread of pastoralism and then agriculture on Eyre Peninsula reveals clearly the importance of ‘accessibility’ in influencing the pattern and timing of settlement. It was not until well into this century that all the potentially agricultural land in the interior was occupied, for this required the construction of a railway and water pipeline up the centre of the peninsula.     

Grandiose plans,but insignificant outcomes: the development of colonial ports at Twofold Bay,New South Wales

In the nineteenth century, a succession of claims was made that the ports of Twofold Bay, on the New South Wales South Coast, would contest Sydney's dominance. This paper examines the period between 1820 and 1920 to explain why the ports of Twofold Bay—Boydtown and Eden—never sustained their challenge to Sydney's economic hegemony. These small ports provide an interesting insight into the economic marginalisation of localities by the process of colonisation. Twofold Bay is examined within Rimmer's spatial model of port development. Uneven port development is examined as the geographical expression of several colonisation processes; firstly, the emergence of a port hierarchy (or dominance ranking); secondly, changes in the organisation of maritime space; and thirdly, improved internal accessibility.     

CHILEAN PORTS: COMMODITY SPECIALIZATION AND POTENTIAL FOR CONTAINERIZATION*

Port commodity specialization is primarily influenced by economic functions, but also by unique geographic considerations. A port system's evolution is dependent upon a complex mix of both physical and human factors. A case study of Chilean ports examines their potential for increasing containerized traffic. By applying indices of port commodity specialization and national commodity specialization to maritime transport data, a series of working hypotheses pertinent to specialization is tested. Suggestions are made for developing a port system to accommodate containerization. The results indicate that Chile should support the development of three regional port subsystems.     

1895-2016年全球海运网络中的海峡两岸港口运输联系变化

台湾地区与中国大陆隔海相望,海上运输是两岸间货物往来的最主要方式。受国际政治和贸易模式的影响,从19世纪中后期以来,两岸港口运输联系变化剧烈。利用劳合社（Lloyd's）1895-2016年两岸港口间航线的O-D数据,从国家层面和全球层面研究海峡两岸港口运输联系的变化。主要结论为：① 近代开埠至割让给日本之前,台湾地区与大陆的海运联系紧密,厦门港是台湾地区最重要的中转港;日据之后,台湾地区成为日本的原料来源地和商品销售地,台湾地区—日本—中国大陆形成三角运输联系;两岸对峙后,两岸港口运输联系切断,台湾地区—美国—日本形成三角贸易网络;1979年后,香港港成为两岸运输联系的最重要中转港,两岸直航后,台湾地区与大陆间的港口运输联系在广度和深度上不断拓展。② 台湾地区区位优势明显,但由于是海岛,陆向腹地狭小,因此充分利用区位优势和地缘优势,把区域经济增长中心作为自身的海向腹地,以形成紧密的海上运输联系是台湾地区经济持续发展的关键。改善与中国大陆之间的关系、分享中国大陆发展的机遇、推动海峡两岸的港口运输联系是台湾地区的“天时”与“人和”。     

重新发现哈尔滨地理位置的价值:基于洲际航空物流

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