大气湿沉降向太湖水生生态系统输送氮的初步估算

测定和分析了2002年7月至2003年6月太湖周边地区太湖站、拖山岛、东山站、无锡、苏州、湖州、常州等7个站点大气降水化学组成,计算了水气界面TN、NH4 -N、NO3--N、T1N、TON的湿沉降率。结果表明,大气降水的TN浓度变化范围为2.06±0.30(常州)-3.71±0.43(拖山岛),太湖流域大气降水已呈富营养化水质的特征;大气降水TN、NH4 -N、NO3--N、TIN、TON的年均湿沉降率分别为2806.75kg/km2、1458.81kg/km2、631.67kg/km2、2090.48kg/km2和716.28kg/km2;每年由湿沉降直接进入太湖水体的TN约为6562.2t,NH4 -N为3410.7t,NO3--N为1476.8t,TIN为4887.5t,TON为1674.7t;TN占入湖河道年输入污染物总量的13.6%.大气湿沉降中,TIN对TN的贡献比较大,平均约占TN的78.78%.TIN的湿沉降率具有季节性分布,夏季高,春季次之,冬秋季低。这种现象无疑对太湖水体的蓝藻爆发和富营养化具有潜在的促进作用.     

IRTCES CELEBRATED ITS 20 YEARS BIRTHDAY WITH A PAGEANT

The 20th anniversary of IRTCES was celebrated with a pageant at the IRTCES building in Beijing on July 21, 2004. Mr. Lisheng Suo, the Vice Minister of Water Resources, Mrs. Zhengying Qian, the former vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Mr. Y. Aoshima, the Director and Representative, UNESCO Office of the Representative to DPR Korea, Japan, Mongolia, PR of China and Republic of Korea, Mr. Xiaogang Tian, the Secretary General of the Chinese National Commission of UNESCO, Dr. Guangdou Zhang, Academician of Chinese Academy of Science and Chinese academy of engineering, Dr. Bingnan Lin, Academician of Chinese Academy of Science, Mr. Zhenhuai Yang, the former Minister of MRS, Mr. Gengyi Chen, the former Vice Minister of MRS and Mr. Chunyuan Zhang,the former Vice Minister of MRS and 110 guests attended the ceremony.     

Element geochemistry and cleaning potential of the No. 11 coal seam from Antaibao mining district

It has aroused great attention that the mobilization of potential toxic substance during coal mining, pro- cessing and using has serious negative influence on environment. Clearly, the coal cleaning can be prop-erly applied to removing hazardous elements or re-ducing their concentrations prior to combustion, which also is considered as an economical and effective technique in minimizing some of these problems[1]. Unfortunately, there are fairly few studies on the parti-tioning behavior of trac…     

Concentrations of trace elements in muscle of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea

Concentrations of 21 trace elements were determined in muscle of beluga (Huso huso), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) and stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) collected from coastal regions of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, surrounding the Caspian Sea during 2000-2001. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Sn, Hg, Pb and Bi in the muscle were apparently different among the five species of sturgeons. Especially, beluga showed the highest concentrations of Hg, Pb and Mn in all the five species. In addition, more than half of the individuals of beluga exceeded the guideline level (0.3 microg/g wet wt.) of Hg for food in UK. However, V, Cr, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations were similar among five sturgeons. Growth-dependent increase in Hg in beluga, Cu in Persian sturgeon, and Zn in Russian sturgeon were observed, whereas V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Sr, Mo, Sn, Hg and Bi concentrations in Persian sturgeon, Pb in ship sturgeon, and Cr, Mn, and Rb in stellate sturgeon were negatively correlated with body length. All species of sturgeon in Azerbaijan showed the highest concentration of Sr and the lowest concentration of Rb, while the five sturgeons from Iran showed opposite trends. Concentration of V, which is present in oil, in sturgeons in the Caspian Sea was considerably lower than that of fish from Kuwait, but was comparable to that of Cambodia and the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To our knowledge, this study provides the first extensive data on multielemental accumulation in sturgeons of the Caspian Sea.     

Tafoni in the El Chorro area,Andalucia, southern Spain

Using a combination of field, laboratory and micromorphological evidence, this study examines tafoni (singular, tafone) in the El Chorro area of Andalucia, southern Spain, and makes inferences concerning the processes responsible for their formation. Twenty-five tafoni were randomly selected for field examination. The morphology of these cavernous rock domes is characterized by a helmet-shaped outer roof and an arched-shaped cavern, often with a partially overhanging visor; measurements of height, width and depth of the caverns revealed marked variations in size. The presence or absence of lichen cover, surface varnish, overhanging visor, cavern backwall stripes, rock flaking, weathering pits and cavern floor sediments was also noted. Surface hardness values, obtained using a Schmidt hammer, are relatively low but significantly higher on the outer roof of the tafoni than on the inner cavern walls. Analysis of sediment samples collected from the cavern backwalls and floors indicates predominantly sandy textures, alkaline pH values and some base cation enrichment. Micromorphological analysis of thin sections, prepared from undisturbed blocks, reveals large quantities of pore-filling cement, consisting mainly of calcite, mineral grains affected by weathering and pseudomorphic replacement, and dark, rounded nodules with a metallic appearance. In terms of their formation, different processes appear to act on different parts of the landform. On the outer roof surfaces, case hardening, resulting from near-surface cementation and surface varnish development, is dominant. On the inner cavern surfaces, however, core softening, resulting from granular disintegration and flaking, dominates. Exfoliation weathering, running water and wind deflation also appear to play an important role in tafone formation. A phased model of tafone evolution is proposed whereby the features pass through four phases of development–initiation, enlargement, amalgamation and degradation; in the study area there are examples of tafoni in each of these phases. Much of the evidence suggests that the tafoni are actively developing under current environmental conditions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Space-time variations of river water chemistry in RF southern Far East

Concentrations and seasonal variations of water chemistry, including dissolved and particulate forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in rivers of Primorskii Krai are determined. It is shown that, unlike the macrocomposition, the effect of hydrological regime on the concentration of dissolved metal forms is controversial and depends on anthropogenic load, watershed landscapes, and pH variations. Elevated concentrations of dissolved metal forms are recorded in the beginning of spring flood and during low-water period. Beyond the limits of local impact of wastewater, the concentrations of dissolved forms of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in river waters of the region insignificantly differ from the clearest rivers of the World.     

青藏高原可可西里库赛湖年纹层石英颗粒表面形态特征研究

湖泊是风成沉积的理想载体,利用扫描电镜分析石英砂的表面微结构特征,可以用于判断石英颗粒被风或水流搬运的相对距离和湖泊的水动力条件,从而判断其沉积环境与演化历史.库赛湖位于青藏高原北部可可西里地区,是青海省沙尘天气频发的地区之一,为进一步证实库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层的风成成因,以库赛湖沉积年纹层为研究对象,结合青藏高原北部典型沙丘沉积、库赛湖冰面风成沉积、典型河流沉积和库赛湖湖滨相水成粗颗粒沉积样品,利用扫描电镜对上述沉积物石英颗粒表面特征进行观察研究,并统计35种特征的出现频率.结果表明:库赛湖地区典型风成物石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、中低浮雕、翻板、新月型撞击坑、球根状边缘、直形阶梯、弓形阶梯、碟形坑等微形貌特征;典型水成物石英颗粒表面具有V型撞击坑、小型和中型贝壳状断口、少量溶蚀坑等微形貌特征;库赛湖年纹层粗颗粒层石英颗粒表面具有圆形轮廓、低浮雕、翻板、新月形撞击坑、球根状边缘、碟形坑等明显风成特征,与研究区风成物的石英颗粒表面特征相似,而与研究区典型水成物的石英颗粒表面特征差别很大.因此,库赛湖年纹层中的粗颗粒层是由风成作用形成的.     

巢湖沉积物重金属富集特征与人为污染评价

本文分析了巢湖主要入湖河流河口区表层沉积物及西部湖心区沉积岩芯中Al、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Li、V等金属元素变化特征,采用地球化学方法对金属元素变化的"粒度效应"进行矫正,并以Li、V为参照元素对矫正结果进行检验;参考历史沉积物,对河口区及西部湖心区沉积物重金属人为污染特征进行分析;结合沉积岩芯210Pb年代结果,估算西部湖心区近150a来Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属元素的人为污染贡献量.结果表明,河口表层沉积物重金属污染具有显著的空间差异,南淝河河口重金属人为污染最重,其中Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的人为污染贡献量分别为12.2、32.2、25.3、479.9和76.0 mg/kg,分别占总含量的35%、37%、64%、92%和77%;其次是柘皋河河口,主要重金属污染元素为Cu、Zn和Pb,人为污染贡献量达57.6、57.0和19.5 mg/kg,分别占总含量的73%、47%和36%;而派河、白石山河、杭埠河等河口表层沉积物中重金属元素人为污染程度较弱.巢湖西部湖心区主要污染元素为Cu、Zn、Pb,人为污染开始于1950s,1980年以来其人为污染贡献量显著增加,平均为16.2、245.6、47.8 mg/(m2.a),分别占各元素沉积通量的23%、61%和37%;Ni人为污染开始于1980s初期,人为污染贡献量平均为12.6 mg/(m2.a),占其沉积通量的13%左右;Cr基本未受人为污染影响.西部湖心区沉积岩芯及南淝河河口表层沉积物中重金属污染程度均表现为Zn>Pb>Cu,而且南淝河河口沉积物重金属污染程度显著高于西部湖心区.结合主要入湖河流径流量与河口沉积物重金属污染特征,认为巢湖西部湖心区重金属污染主要通过南淝河输入,来自合肥等城市的废水是主要的污染源.     

Assessment of the urbanization effect on a lake by zooplankton

The present study was aimed at comparing zooplankton composition and abundance between the western shore of the shallow lake Setúbal, on which the city of Santa Fe is founded, and the eastern shore, whose environmental impact is scarce or null. Five samplings were carried out in 14 stations, under different seasonal conditions, hydrometric levels, and volumes of previous rainfalls. The values of conductivity, pH, transparency, specific richness, and abundance of macro and microzooplankton showed significant differences between both shores. The highest zooplankton density, with a proportion of Bdelloid rotifers of up to 20% of the total abundance, was associated with the urbanization of the impacted shore. The volume of the lake and its fast turnover rate would buffer the impact of contamination, as indicated by a certain degree of eutrophication, which is more evident at lower hydrometric levels and higher temperatures. Published in Russian in Vednye Resursy, 2006, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 728–736. The article was translated by the author.     

综合管廊横向振动台试验设计

在基于文献调研及综合考虑试验目的、试验条件、试验经费的基础上对于综合管廊横向振动台试验进行详细设计。首先,对于试验中所需的振动台、模型箱、测试元件等试验设备进行设计与选择。其次,对于试验中两大主要方面:模型相似比和模型配筋进行研究。在相似比设计中依据Bockinghamπ定理以加速度、密度、弹性模量、长度这4个参数为基本量,考虑采用忽略重力模型,从而推导出其余相似比。模型配筋设计中由于无论单层综合管廊还是双层综合管廊原型结构配筋均较为简单同时考虑受力的合理性,本次配筋采用等面积配筋率原则。再次,基于地下结构地震反应特点选用El-Centro波、Kobe波、Taft波,试验加载采用分段逐次加载,并给出详细的加载制度。最后,基于前期二维模型的数值模拟,给出单层及双层综合管廊的测试元件布置图。     

Records of Toba eruptions in the South China Sea

Three layers of volcanic tephra, sampled from ODP 1143 Site in the South China Sea, were observed at the mcd depth of 5.55 m, 42.66 m, and 48.25 m, and named, in this paper, layers of A, B, and C, respectively. All of these tephra layers have an average thickness of ca. 2 cm. They were constrained in age of ca. 0.070 Ma, ca. 0.80 Ma, and ca. 1.00 Ma, respectively, by the microbiostratigraphy data. These tephra layers were predominated by volcanic glass shards with a median grain size of 70–75 μm in diameter. Major chemical compositions analyzed by EMPA and comparison with the previous data from other scatter areas suggest that these three layers of tephra can correspond to the three layers of Toba tephra, YTT, OTT, and HDT, respectively, erupting during the Quaternary. The occurrence of these tephra layers in the South China Sea implies that the Toba eruptions often occurred in the summer monsoon seasons of the South China Sea during the Quaternary, and that the strength of eruptions was probably stronger than that previously estimated.     

三维可视化在CSAMT勘探中的应用

CSAMT法是一种强有力的地球物理勘探手段,具有测量迅速、探测深度大、信噪比高等优点,已被广泛应用于金属矿、油气田、地下水、以及地热田的勘探中.在CSAMT勘探资料解释方面,传统的二维电阻率断面很难清晰、直观地揭示3D(三维)地电结构的分布特征,为此应加强3D可视化应用技术的研究.本文详细的介绍了3D可视化的建模过程,将3D构造的建模分为空间曲面剖分、空间曲面拟合插值、空间曲面拓扑关系生成、3D结构网格剖分、属性建模等过程.并以一个CSAMT勘探实例,展现出3D可视化方法技术的突出优势.三维可视化可以多角度、多层面展现地下3D电性结构的分布特征,使我们更加清晰、直观地了解3D地质体的空间范围与几何形态.     

Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives

The scientific community that includes meteorologists, physical scientists, engineers, medical doctors, biologists, and environmentalists has shown interest in a better understanding of fog for years because of its effects on, directly or indirectly, the daily life of human beings. The total economic losses associated with the impact of the presence of fog on aviation, marine and land transportation can be comparable to those of tornadoes or, in some cases, winter storms and hurricanes. The number of articles including the word ``fog' in Journals of American Meteorological Society alone was found to be about 4700, indicating that there is substantial interest in this subject. In spite of this extensive body of work, our ability to accurately forecast/nowcast fog remains limited due to our incomplete understanding of the fog processes over various time and space scales. Fog processes involve droplet microphysics, aerosol chemistry, radiation, turbulence, large/small-scale dynamics, and surface conditions (e.g., partaining to the presence of ice, snow, liquid, plants, and various types of soil). This review paper summarizes past achievements related to the understanding of fog formation, development and decay, and in this respect, the analysis of observations and the development of forecasting models and remote sensing methods are discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives for fog-related research are highlighted.     

Island Edifice Failures and Associated Tsunami Hazards

—Volcanic ocean islands are prone to structural failure of the edifice that result in landslides that can generate destructive tsunamis. These island landslides range enormously in size, varying from small rock falls to giant sector failures involving tens of cubic kilometers of debris. A survey of literature has allowed us to identify twenty-three processes that contribute to edifice collapse. These have been divided into endogenetic and exogenetic sources of edifice failure. Endogenetic sources of instability and failure include unstable foundations, volcanic intrusions, thermal alteration, edifice pore pressures, unbuttressed structures, and buried faults. Exogenetic sources of instability and failure include collapse of subaerial or submarine deposits, endo-upwelling, karst megaporosity, fractures, oversteepening, overloading, sea-level change, marine erosion, weathering including hurricanes, glacial response, volcanic activity, regional uplift or subsidence, tectonic seismicity and anthropogenic agents. While the endogenetic sources dominate during periods of active volcanism and cone building, the exogenetic sources may cause failure at any time. Tsunamis, both small and large, are associated with these edifice failures.     

武汉东湖和南湖沉积物中磷形态分布特征与相关分析

采用七步连续提取法,探讨了东湖子湖(郭郑湖、庙湖)及南湖柱状沉积物中的水环境特征、不同赋存形态磷的垂向分布特征及所占的百分比,并分析了各形态磷之间的相关性.结果表明:通过分析采样点水环境特征,发现郭郑湖和南湖间隙水中总磷含量均高于上覆水体,并有较强的释放趋势;而庙湖间隙水中总磷含量小于上覆水,有较大的沉积趋势.通过分析不同赋存形态磷的垂向分布特征,发现可交换态磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷和有机磷这几种生物活性磷含量随着深度的增加逐渐减少,并且15 cm以下含量变化不大;而闭蓄态磷、碎屑磷和自生钙磷这几种相对惰性的磷含量随着深度的增加变化趋势不明显.从不同形态磷的百分含量的变化幅度发现,南湖的变化范围最大,郭郑湖其次,庙湖的变化范围最小.各形态磷相关分析表明,郭郑湖总磷的增加主要来自于无机磷,其次来自于有机磷;庙湖总磷的增加主要来自于无机磷中的生物有效磷,有机磷对其贡献并不大;南湖无机磷和有机磷与总磷的关系都非常密切.     

Trace-element compositions of single fluid inclusions in the Kofu granite, Japan: Implications for compositions of granite-derived fluids

Fluid inclusions in quartz from miarolitic cavities, pegmatites, and quartz veins in Miocene biotite-granite plutons, Kofu, Japan, were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission to examine chemistries and behaviors of granite-derived fluids in island-arc granite. Most inclusions are aqueous two-phase inclusions, and halite-bearing polyphase inclusions are also observed in quartz veins in the upper part of the plutons. From element contents of fluid inclusions in the miarolitic cavities, the original fluid released from the granite plutons during solidification is inferred to have concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ge, Br, Rb, Pb, and Ba of several tens to hundreds of parts per million by weight (ppm) and a salinity of about 10 wt% NaCl equivalent. We estimated the formation conditions of the fluid to have been at about 1.3–1.9 kb and 530–600°C on the basis of the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions and the solidification conditions of the plutons. The polyphase inclusions probably originated from hypersaline fluid by boiling of part of the released fluid during its ascent in the plutons. The polyphase inclusions contain several hundreds to tens of thousands of ppm of Fe and Mn, and tens to several hundreds of ppm of Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Pb. The salinities are about 35 wt% NaCl equivalent. Compositional variations in two-phase inclusions from the miarolitic cavities and quartz veins are primarily explained by mineral precipitation with dilution by surface water exerting a secondary influence. Thus, chemistries and behaviors of the granite-derived fluids in the plutons can be explained by mineral precipitation, boiling, and dilution of the originally released fluid.     

Endocrine Disrupters in the Aquatic Environment: An Overview

Although a relatively new area of environmental research, the field of endocrine disruption has grown very rapidly, and currently many hundreds, perhaps even a few thousand, papers are published annually on the many different aspects covered by the field. As far as endocrine disruption in wildlife is concerned, most attention has been focused on aquatic organisms, for two reasons. Firstly, the aquatic environment receives most of the pollutants intentionally released into the environment, through effluents from wastewater treatment plants, and secondly because many of the best documented examples of endocrine disruption in wildlife are of partially or completely aquatic species. These two reasons are probably not unconnected, of course. Hence, aquatic organisms can receive continuous exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals throughout their lives, albeit usually to low concentrations of these chemicals. Analysis of effluents has identified many of the endocrine‐disrupting chemicals present, and shown that these are both natural and man‐made, and vary greatly in potency. Most attention has been directed to identifying the main estrogenic chemicals, because many of the effects reported in wildlife appear to be a consequence of ‘feminization’ of males. However, chemical analysis of effluents has also demonstrated that chemicals with other types of endocrine activity are present, such as androgens, anti‐androgens, progestagens, etc. The effects (if any, of course) of such chemicals on aquatic organisms are unknown, and largely uninvestigated, presently. Much of the biological research has centred on the effects of estrogenic chemicals, especially to fish. These effects, such as elevated vitellogenin concentrations and intersexuality, have to date been studied almost exclusively at the level of the individual, and hence whether endocrine‐disrupting chemicals cause population‐level consequences is largely unknown (the undeniable effects of TBT on molluscs, leading to local extinctions, being the exception). It is my opinion that rather too much of the recent research has not advanced our understanding of endocrine disruption a great deal, and we are probably not much further forward now than we were five years or so ago. It is surely time to tackle some of the outstanding, unresolved issues, such as the impact of endocrine disruption at the population level, and the issue of how organisms respond when exposed to complex mixtures of endocrine active chemicals. Such research will not be easy, and will require multidisciplinary teams, including people with expertise in areas not yet involved in the field of endocrine disruption, such as mathematical modellers. However, until such research is done, it will not be possible to decide how important an issue endocrine disruption is to wildlife, and how that importance compares to the other factors adversely affecting wildlife, such as habitat loss, climate change, and the introduction of exotic species and novel diseases.     

2009年3月28日山西原平4．2级地震现场考察报告

2009年3月28日19时11分,在山西省原平市苏龙口镇发生4．2级地震。地震后,由山西省地震局、忻州市地震局联合组成的现场工作队,对此次地震进行了现场考察。经调查,宏观震中位于原平市苏龙口镇下政化村代县新高乡沿村之间,截止到3月30日08时共发生余震67次,宏观震中最大烈度为Ⅴ度,地震有感范围涉及忻州市大部分地区和太原、朔州、阳泉、大同等4市的部分县区,总面积约30000m^2。     

地球去气作用

利用地质学、天文学、地球物理学、古生物学资料进行约束,对地球的去气作用进行研究发现：太阳系的部分冷物质,通过吸积作用形成早期地球.在碰撞动能转变的热能作用下,造成了早期地球的表面熔融.在熔融状态的高温高压作用下,构成地球表面物质的结晶水排出地表进入原始大气;在高温高压下分解的碳酸盐、硫酸盐、卤化物等产生的二氧化碳、硫化氢、二氧化硫、氯化氢、氟化氢等气体进入原始大气,和水蒸汽一道共同组成原始大气.当地球内部在重力势能和放射能的作用下继续熔融时,地球表面固化为原始岩石圈.后来,地球除表面岩石圈外,整个地球完全熔融.地球内部物质熔融形成的水和二氧化碳等气体,被岩石圈圈闭.只有当冰川形成和消融,引起造海和造陆作用,导致火山喷发和地震时,这些气体才可能排出地表.这些气体的排出,受地球内部的熔融状态、冰川形成的位置（是在海洋或是在陆地）、生物的演化、太阳光的强度等因素的综合影响.     

Assessment of the Uvod Reservoir pollution with heavy metals

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn) in bottom sediments, water, snow, and biota of the Uvod Reservoir, as well as of rare-earth elements (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Y, and Yb) in its water are assessed. Geochemical studies of concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn in soils, water, and snow allow us to state that the metals enter the reservoir mostly from natural sources; however, some part of them are of anthropogenic origin. The sum of concentrations of light rare-earth elements (La, Ce, and Nd) make almost the total of all rare-earth elements in the reservoir—from 70 to 97%, depending on the sampling site. The highest concentrations of metals (and the highest percentage of their labile forms) are recorded in the Priplotinnyi and Kolbaskinskii (in macrophite deposits) pools and at the site of water inflow from the Volga-Uvod canal. There is also reason to suppose a secondary entry of the elements under study into the water mass. The largest variations in metals’ concentrations are observed during the periods of spring and autumn floods, when a great quantity of terrigenous suspended matter enters the water body. The distribution of the above metals and rare-earth elements in water is uneven; their highest concentrations are observed in the site of water inflow from the canal and in the Uvod River (the latter is likely to be due to the effect of the settlement of Pistsovo). The analysis of biota (fennel-leaved pondweed and zooplankton) has shown that the Uvod Reservoir is polluted with heavy metals.