The magnetic moments of non-uniformly magnetized grains

Variation techniques are used to determine simultaneously the configurations of magnetic moments in a multidomain material. It is shown that there are several minimum energy states available to grains. Usually the lowest energy state does not appear to be occupied, based on comparisons between theory and observations of domains. The consequences of this can be severe with regard to estimations of the net amount of remanence in domains and in domain walls.     

基于概率成像技术的低纬度磁异常化极方法

化极转换是磁异常解释的重要基础,为了克服在地磁纬度较低的地区尤其是磁赤道附近化极不稳定的问题,出现了多种化极方法．本文基于概率成像技术提出了一种等效物性的反演方法,实现对地下等效场源的反演成像,取得了对低纬度磁异常稳定化极的效果．化极反演中逐次对剩余异常进行反演成像,实现由概率模型到物性模型的复杂映射,避免了类似反演中需要大型方程组求解等问题,并将概率模型的构制、物性参数的反演和反演评价有机地集成到一起,加速了反演成像的进程,使反演成像速度与目前概率成像的计算速度达到可相比拟的程度．对理论模型和实际资料的计算表明,该方法对低纬度磁异常化极处理是稳定有效的,而且可以较好地压制噪声干扰,能够在噪声干扰条件下进行反演化极．     

Accuracy and reliability of magnetic parameters determined by astatic magnetometer

Summary Innovation of astatic magnetometers requires improvement of measuring and computation procedures taking advantage of existing computer technology. A statistical model is proposed which is based on relations between the magnetic properties of measured samples and values of the field measured by a magnetometer. The paper focuses on the accuracy and confidence intervals for the parameters derived.

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The antisymmetric factor method for magnetic reduction to the pole at low latitudes

We analyze the characteristics of the wavenumber-domain factor for magnetic reduction to the pole (RTP) at low latitudes, and then propose a new wavenumber-domain method for RTP at low latitudes, herein called the antisymmetric factor method, based on modification of the RTP factor. The method applies the antisymmetric factor in a given scope of directions centered along the magnetic declination to suppress amplification of the RTP factor, stabilizing the RTP. Meanwhile it utilizes the routine RTP factor in other directions to preserve the effective RTP features. The test on the synthetic data demonstrates that the method is robust and effective. Finally, we use the new method, as well as a variable magnetic inclinations algorithm, to perform RTP on the real data of total magnetic intensity anomalies in the South China Sea, and obtain the reliable RTP anomalies.     

基于离散余弦变换（DCT）的化磁极方法

针对提高磁异常化磁极的质量问题,提出基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的化磁极方法.以位场余弦变换谱分析为基础,从理论上推导了基于DCT的二度和三度体总场磁异常化磁极转换公式.在倾斜板状体模型实验中,化磁极误差小于0.001 nT,具有较高的精度;在单球体及多球体模型实验中,采用基于DCT的化磁极方法在5.倾斜磁化时就可以取得较好的化磁极结果,15°时化磁极的效果更加明显,其等值线的形态、幅值以及所反映的磁性体的水平位置都得到较好的恢复,这说明,采用本文方法进行化磁极时,可以取得较好的效果.     

Lunar magnetic field palaeointensities determined by an anhysteretic remanent magnetization method

Anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) is used as a means of estimating lunar magnetic field palaeointensities from several Apollo 11 and 16 samples. A value of 1.4 Oe was obtained by this method for an Apollo 16 sample of age 3.9 AE and this value is in close agreement with the value obtained by the conventional Thellier method (1.2 Oe) carried out on the same sample. A further sample which was of age 4.0 AE and which had been reheated at 3.84 AE also showed evidence of a primary magnetization acquired in a field of this magnitude. Determinations on two younger samples (about 3.6 AE) gave palaeofields of about one quarter of this value (0.33 and 0.38 Oe respectively). These estimates of field strengths are considerably higher than previously reported.     

低纬度磁异常化极的伪倾角方法改进

基于改造化极因子的低磁纬度频率域化极方法具有计算速度快、控制参数少、操作简单、化极稳定等优点.本文分析压制因子法和伪倾角法的化极因子特征及其控制参数的影响,在此基础上改进伪倾角法的化极因子,即在磁偏角垂直方向及附近采用伪倾角法化极因子,而在其他方向采用常规频率域化极因子.改进后的伪倾角法既能有效压制磁偏角垂直方向及附近化极因子的放大作用,使得化极稳定,又能减少其他方向有效信号的化极特征的损失,提高化极精度.理论模型数据试验表明本文改进方法有效.利用本文改进方法对南海海域磁总场异常数据进行了变磁倾角化极,得到南海海域化极磁异常,这为研究南海大地构造特征和岩浆活动提供重要的参考资料.     

低纬度磁异常的初始模型约束全卷积神经网络化极方法

磁异常化极是磁测数据处理的重要基础工作, 低纬度磁异常化极运算不稳定.深度学习是一种有效解决不稳定问题的数据驱动方法.然而, 现有基于深度学习的位场数据处理仅以位场响应作为输入, 缺乏场景外样本数据的通用性, 往往导致深度学习网络预测结果的泛化性能不足.因此, 为了克服这一问题以及进一步提高低纬度磁异常化极的精度.受“知识 &; 数据”联合驱动深度学习网络结构的启发, 本文提出一种基于初始模型约束的低纬度磁异常化极全卷积神经网络结构.该网络结构的输入包含两部分, 一部分为低纬度磁异常, 另外一部分为初始模型, 网络输出为垂直磁化方向磁异常.训练与测试的磁异常数据采用基于网格点格架函数的空间域快速正演生成, 以及对低纬度磁异常采用稳定的频率转换来获取初始模型, 另外本文对数据集中10%的随机样本加入了5%的高斯噪声, 以此增强全卷积神经网络结构的鲁棒性.理论模型试验验证了本文所提方法的有效性、精确性以及鲁棒性.最后, 将本文方法应用于实际磁测数据, 取得了良好的效果.

     

TRM in low magnetic fields: a minimum field that can be recorded by large multidomain grains

Thermally acquired remanent magnetization is important for the estimation of the past magnetic field present at the time of cooling. Rocks that cool slowly commonly contain magnetic grains of millimeter scale. This study investigated 1-mm-sized magnetic minerals of iron, iron–nickel, magnetite, and hematite and concluded that the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) acquired by these grains did not accurately record the ambient magnetic fields less than 1 μT. Instead, the TRM of these grains fluctuated around a constant value. Consequently, the magnetic grain ability to record the ambient field accurately is reduced. Above the critical field, TRM acquisition is governed by an empirical law and is proportional to saturation magnetization (M_s). The efficiency of TRM is inversely proportional to the mineral's saturation magnetization M_s and is related to the number of domains in the magnetic grains. The absolute field for which we have an onset of TRM sensitivity is inversely proportional to the size of the magnetic grain. These results have implications for previous reports of random directions in meteorites during alternating field demagnetization, or thermal demagnetization of TRM. Extraterrestrial magnetic fields in our solar system are weaker than the geomagnetic field by several orders of magnitude. Extraterrestrial rocks commonly contain large iron-based magnetic minerals as a common part of their composition, and therefore ignoring this behavior of multidomain grains can result in erroneous paleofield estimates.     

Nature of magnetic grains and their effect on the remanent magnetization of basalts

The nature of magnetic grains in basalts obtained from different parts of the world has been investigated. Results indicate that magnetic behaviour attributable to cation-deficient magnetite is common in basalts younger than Cretaceous, while that due to multidomain magnetite is widespread in much older rocks. Superparamagnetic grains occur in basalts more abundantly than originally presumed, which seem to be mainly responsible for the viscous remanent magnetization of such samples. Basalts which are inferred to contain predominantly optimum single-domain grains are found to be most suitable for palaeomagnetic work. However, many samples generally contain a wide range of grain sizes and this can account for the observed variation in their magnetic stability. One possible mechanism for the formation of such magnetic grains in basalts and its implications to palaeomagnetism is presented. Basalts whose magnetic behaviour is completely reversible on heating and cooling are very rare and because of this fact the reliability of palaeointensity determinations, involving heating of the samples even for one time, may be reduced to a considerable extent.     

磁屏蔽室内磁性样品所产生干扰磁场的探讨

磁屏蔽室内岩石和各种沉积物样品所受的地磁场影响可以被有效地压制,然而磁性样品本身也会产生次级干扰磁场.本文通过理论模拟计算,定量评估了这种次级干扰磁场的影响.结果发现无论是单个还是聚集在一起的磁性样品,其产生的干扰磁场一般都低于磁屏蔽室的本底值(～300 nT).因此,弱磁性样品的相互影响可以忽略不计.这为进一步理解古...     

Composite titanomagnetite-ferrian ilmenite grains and correlative magnetic components in a dacite with self-reversed TRM

Electron microprobe and reflected light microscopic examinations confirm the presence of composite grains of ferrian ilmenite with X_ilm = 0.53 and titanomagnetite with X_usp = 0.13 in a dacite with self-reversed TRM. A parallel TRM component associated with titanomagnetite and a reversed component associated with self-reversing ferrian ilmenite are the principal NRM components. A subordinate, parallel component is associated with ferrian ilmenite which is not magnetically coupled to an “χ-phase”. The natural self-reversing properties are mainly a consequence of the dacite's high quenching temperature, calculated at 862–864°C using the Fe—Ti oxide geothermometer, and are most consistent with the self-reversal mechanism proposed by Lawson et al. [9].The conduction of thermal demagnetization and TRM induction tests in air had a much greater effect on the Fe—Ti oxides than did natural cooling, and resulted in significant oxidation with the consequent modification of some magnetic properties and the formation of another reversed TRM component. The subdivision of titanomagnetite grains by oxidation along fractures decreased its effective grain size and caused an apparent increase in its magnetic intensity, in addition to a slight increase in its resistance to alternating field demagnetization. The χ-phase associated with the reversed NRM component, with 0.42 > X_ilm 0.31, became Fe-enriched during the earlier stages of heat treatment. It is suggested that after heating at 600°C for two hours or more, this χ-phase exsolves as titanohematite with X_ilm < 0.33. The ferrian ilmenite host is consequently enriched in Ti, and another χ-phase much closer in composition to the host generates a reversed TRM component with T_b < 200°C.     

Impact of textural patterns on modeled rock weathering rates and size distribution of weathered grains

Rock texture has a critical influence on the way rocks weather. The most important textural factors affecting weathering are grain size and the presence of cracks and stylolites. These discontinuities operate as planes of mechanical weakness at which chemical weathering is enhanced. However, it is unclear how different rock textures impact weathering rates and the size of weathered grains. Here, we use a numerical model to simulate weathering of rocks possessing grain boundaries, cracks, and stylolites. We ran simulations with either synthetic or natural patterns of discontinuities. We found that for all patterns, weathering rates increase with discontinuity density. When the density was <~25%, the weathering rate of synthetic patterns followed the order: grid > honeycomb > Voronoi > brick wall. For higher values, all weathering rates were similar. We also found that weathering rates decreased as the tortuosity of the pattern increased. Moreover, we show that textural patterns strongly impact the size distributions of detached grains. Rocks with an initial monomodal grain size distribution produce weathered fragments that are normally distributed. In contrast, rocks with an initial log-normal size distribution produce weathered grains that are log-normally distributed. For the natural patterns, weathering produced lower modality distributions.     

重磁三维反演伊犁盆地中部密度和磁性结构

伊犁盆地中部区域地处多个构造单元的交汇区,构造复杂,缺乏高精度地质资料,制约了对盆地构造演化的进一步认识.本文联合使用多种先验信息作为约束条件,利用高精度重磁数据反演获得了研究区地下海拔-10 km以浅的三维密度和磁性结构,增强了反演结果的可靠性.结果揭示以白石墩次凸为中心发育了一个"北断南超"的南西-北东向不对称型凹陷,北部沉积厚度大于南部;区内主要断裂具有高角度特征,生烃中心受断裂控制,阿吾拉勒山前凹陷浅部可能发育逆掩断裂;火成岩以侵入的基性火成岩为主,伴有部分喷出火成岩和中酸性火成岩.     

Magnetic domain structures and stray fields of individual elongated magnetite grains revealed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM)

In order to clarify the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic magnetic features of a rock, we applied magnetic force microscopy (MFM) as a local probe on a sample with an intense natural remanent magnetisation, a norite from Heskestad, Norway. We studied in detail seven magnetite (Fe₃O₄) exsolution lamellae, five of them were about 30 μm long and a few micrometers wide, two were significantly shorter; all were located in their natural host, a grain of clinopyroxene. By combining MFM images of surface magnetisation with information about shape observed with optical microscopy (OM), the internal domain structure was determined for individual grains. In general, the lamellae were pseudo-single-domain grains with open-flux domain magnetisations parallel to their long axes. The domain sizes were, in cross-section, on the order of a micrometer for the longer lamellae and about 300 nm for the short lamellae. By increasing the separation between the MFM probe and the exposed end of the lamellae, information could be obtained about the decrease in stray fields for the individual grains. Close to the lamellae, stray fields were significant even for grains with multiple domains. The largest fields were found above the largest domains. A separation of approximately one domain width was found to be a characteristic distance, where stray fields from adjacent domains begin to cancel one another.     

Radiocarbon in polar ice: The mechanism by which radiocarbon is preserved in firn grains

This work is devoted to the problem of localizing the ¹⁴C cosmogenic radionuclide in a firn layer covering glaciers. The data on ¹⁴C in ice samples from the GISP2 ice core drilled on a Greenland ice dome (Summit) are analyzed. It has been indicated that experimental values of the ¹⁴C concentration are systematically smaller than theoretically calculated values, which indicates that firn grains partially lose ¹⁴C. Diffusion of cosmogenic ¹⁴C in firn grains and hydration of ¹⁴CO₂ in a disordered ice layer, which is formed on a firn grain surface and at the boundary between ice monocrystals, are considered. It has been indicated that these processes are among the main ones responsible for the level of radiocarbon concentration in firn and ice samples.     

The mineral chemistry of pyroxenite xenoliths in the volcanic rocks of Hoh Xil and their significance

The pyroxenite xenoliths in the volcanic rocks of Hoh Xil consist of clinopyroxenes and orthopyroxenes. The mineral composition of these pyroxenes is similar to that of mantle xenoliths including peridotite and pyroxenite from China and abroad, and different from that of granulites. The pyroxenes formed at 1101–1400°C (averaging 1250°C) and under 30–60 kb (averaging 46 kb). We deduced that the magma was derived from the mantle at a depth of more than 150 km, which fits in with the geophysical conclusion that the low-velocity layer existed in the mantle under 150 km.

     

正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律

正交水平磁偶源是模拟天然场源的较好人工源,可以方便地实现可控源高频大地电磁张量测量.正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律是野外工作布置的理论基础,为此计算了均匀大地模型正交水平磁偶源的电磁场.计算结果表明:电磁场水平分量在各个象限都有一相对低值带,对应的标量视电阻率形成了畸变带,但张量视电阻率畸变带消失;张量视电阻率曲线形态显示出近区的低阻、过渡区的高阻隆起和远区趋于真值的规律.通过野外试验验证理论计算结果,在无法准确确定地下介质电阻率参数的情况下,以天然电磁场计算的电阻率为参照对比研究了正交水平磁偶源电磁场的分布规律.试验结果表明:正交水平磁偶源与电偶源的电磁场同样的存在近区、过渡区和远区;在远区,正交水平磁偶源与测点的相对位置对张量测量结果几乎没有影响,即在远区可以在任何方位测量;正交水平磁偶源的布置要考虑收发距的影响,保证测量在远区进行.     

南海磁性基底分布特征的地球物理研究

利用南海最新的磁力资料,在岩石物性分析基础上,选择南海一条典型剖面拟合反演其密度与磁性结构并以拟合结果作为约束,反演全海域磁性基底的宏观分布.对南海磁力数据进行了低纬度化极处理,利用Halo小波基对化极磁异常进行了多尺度分析并依据磁力异常特征进行了磁场分区.根据剖面与全海域磁性基底反演结果认为：南海北部陆缘更倾向于非火山型的构造属性.磁性基底对浅部沉积作用的控制关系在莺歌海一带表现得非常明显.中—西沙和南沙块体的磁性基底特征十分相似,推测在海盆拉张之前,二者为同一块体.     

The crustal structure beneath Porcupine Ridge as determined by explosion seismology

A 200 km long reversed seismic refraction line shot over Porcupine Ridge, a shoal area in the northeast Atlantic jutting out from the continental margin off Ireland, shows that the ridge has a crustal thickness of about 28 km. This result confirms the continental nature of this feature. The seismic data can be interpreted in two ways, one of which suggests the presence of a 6.7-km/sec refractor within the main crustal layer.