地球内部各圈层介质的地球各向异性与地球动力学

地球内部各圈层的结构和构造在本质上是不均匀的各向异性的,各向异性的研究不论是对深化地球本体的认识,还是在资源、能源、灾害和环境以及全球变化的研究中均具有重要作用。本文基于这一科学问题的本质性和重要性着重讨论了以下５个问题：１）各向异性介质中地震波场效应与判据;２）复杂介质地震各向异性－Ｓ波分裂的成因分析;３）当今Ｓ波分裂监测技术的进展与探索;４）地震各向异性在不同科学问题研究中的效能;５）地震各向     

地震各向异性研究进展

简要介绍了各向异性介质中地震波传播理论的最新研究进展,总结了地震各向异性在地球动力学,地震灾害监测以及资源探查等方面的应用研究新进展。目前,主要通过数值模拟和物理模拟来研究地球内部典型各向异性介质中波的传播规律;利用横波分裂,Pn波的方位变化,面波成像方法研究地球内部的结构和物质交换,应力场的变化以及地震的孕育和发生过程。在资源探查中,地震各向异性理论主要用于解决测线不闭合,中长排列动校,时深转换以及裂缝分布等问题。     

地震各向异性研究的最新动态和进展

第七届地震各向异性国际研讨会于１９９６年２月１９－２３日在美国佛罗里达州成阿密市举行。本文作者之一参加了此次会议,并根据会上学术交流的情况,从７个方面介绍前国际上地地震各赂异性研究方面的最新动态和进展。     

地震各向异性研究进展

综述了自６０年代以来地震各向异性研究的进展,内容包括岩石弹性常数的实验室测量、岩石形变和地震各向异性起源、自由振荡的理论研究、面波和体波的理论和观测研究。后提出了目前需要解决的问题和该领域的发展趋势。     

中国现代最新地球动力学和地震活动性

本文介绍了中国大陆最新与现代构造活动性资料。力图查明这些资料与地震活动性的联系,并提出假设,解释以东经105°为界的中国东部和西部断块间构造过程存在差异的可能原因。     

永登地震过程中各向异性介质参数演化特征

运用合成地震图方法研究了1995年7月22日永登Ms5.8地震过程中各向异性介质参数动态演化特征.研究结果表明,各向异性介质参数的动态演化特征可以描述地震的孕震过程;各向异性介质参数的微观变化反映了孕震区域应力场的宏观变化;通过研究各向异性介质参数的变化有可能监测地震孕震过程.     

现代地球动力过程的动力工程

对地壳下面现代地球动力过程的动力问题进行了讨论。对现在地壳中地震震源区的地球物理非均匀性和自然组织形成过程中空间因子的值进行了估算。     

研究各向异性介质参数的合成地震图方法

基于EDA各向异性理论, 利用合成地震图方法求取各向异性介质参数. 该方法利用求取克利斯多夫方程特征向量和特征值的解析表达式, 避免了矩阵运算过程中奇异解的产生, 也减少了大量的运算时间, 具有一定的优越性. 同时, 运用凝聚函数法对合成记录与原始记录进行检验, 结果显示在S波的主频范围内二者具有很好的线性关系. 表明用该方法求得的各向异性介质参数, 可以客观反映和描述研究区域的介质各向异性特性.      

Construction of regional and local seismic anisotropic structures from wide-angle seismic data: crustal deformation in the southeast of China

We present a method to obtain spatial distributions of seismic anisotropy associated with regional stress and local faulting in the crust from wide-angle seismic data. The method contains three steps. The first step consists of obtaining radial- and transverse-component seismic sections using a pre-stack depth migration algorithm from the S-wave velocity model determined by conventional interpretation of picked intra-crustal seismic events. In the second step, we compute time delays between split shear-waves and polarizations of fast split shear-waves by minimizing the transverse-component seismic energy. The time delay and polarization in each layer are derived using a layer-stripping method. The final step is to estimate the average splitting parameters along the whole profile. Thus, the average time delay and polarization can be regarded as caused by the effects owing to regional structure and stress fields, whereas the residual values of the splitting parameters are considered to be related to local structures and local faulting. Our method allows us to construct multi-layer anisotropic images, which may later be interpreted in terms of intra-layer coupling/decoupling or deformation. We present results from a set of three-component seismic data acquired by a controlled source experiment in the southeast region of China. The results demonstrate that the average polarizations and time delays are consistent with the direction and strength of the stress field, and their lateral variations related to local anisotropy match the spatial distribution of surface faulting crossing the acquisition seismic profile.     

Any P-wave kinematic algorithm for vertical transversely isotropic media can be ADAPTed to moderately anisotropic media of arbitrary symmetry type

Most of P-wave anisotropic kinematic algorithms (modeling, processing, and inversion) have been developed for the case of Transverse Isotropy (TI). Does it mean that when dealing with more complex symmetry types (Arbitrarily tilted TI, orthorhombic, monoclinic or even triclinic), all these algorithms are irrelevant? In fact, not at all. It has recently been demonstrated that in 2D geometry any qP-wave TI kinematic algorithm can be simply generalized to the case of monoclinic symmetry using the so-called Azimuthally Dependent Anisotropy Parameter Transformation (ADAPT), assuming moderate anisotropy. The extension of the technique to the case of arbitrary anisotropy type (triclinic) is achieved in this paper. The method is successfully checked for seismic modeling in a full 2D model with layers of contrasted anisotropy types and with arbitrary vertical and horizontal velocity variations (non-constant gradient). Typically, the approximate travel times using ADAPT differ from the exact travel times by a few milliseconds for total travel times of the order of a few seconds. Applications to seismic processing are also described. The simplicity of the procedure and the generality of the applicability of the ADAPT recipe are striking and very convenient for practical applications. They certainly deserve further analysis.     

Advances in the deep tectonics and seismic anisotropy of the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone in the Sichuan-Yunnan Block,Southwestern China

The Sichuan-Yunnan Block (SYB) is located at the SE margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (TP). Under the influence of the southeastward movement of material originated from the TP, intense crustal deformation, frequent seismic activity, and complex geological structures are observed in the SYB. The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault (LXF) goes through the central part of the SYB, dividing it into two blocks from north to south, and forming an intersecting fault system with the surrounding faults. This paper firstly introduces the morphology and the nature of the LXF, the distribution of the regional surface displacements and the focal mechanisms, and then analyzes the medium deformation and the effects of faults. Moreover, according to the regional tectonics and geophysical patterns, the paper discusses the characteristics of the north-south blocks of the SYB and the abrupt change of deep structure along the LXF zone. Since seismic anisotropy is an essential property for detecting crustal stress, deep structures and dynamical mechanisms, this paper is dedicated to the advances in seismic anisotropy at different depths and different scales in the study area. There are noteworthy differences in the anisotropic features between the north part and the south part of the SYB, possibly associated with a clear boundary adjacent to the LXF. Such phenomenon suggests some close correlation between anisotropic zoning boundary and the LXF, although this boundary is not consistent with the LXF in strike. The results from the deformation of the crust and the upper mantle elucidate the distribution patterns of the crust-mantle coupling in the north part and the crust-mantle decoupling in the south part, even though this conclusion needs to be further verified by more studies. Presently, the scientific understanding of the deep tectonics and the media deformation around the “generalized” LXF i.e. the LXF with the Jinpingshan fault on its eastern side, is still insufficient, and related equivocal topics deserve more in-depth studies.     

海南东北部地区地壳地震各向异性特征初步研究

基于海南省地震台网2000~2013年的区域地震波形数据,用剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM)获得了海南琼东北部地区"九五"数字台网中2个台站的剪切波分裂参数。结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向代表了原地最大主压应力方向。七星岭台NE方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域水平主压应力场方向不一致,与NE走向的断裂一致,体现了局部构造和局部应力场的复杂性;青山岭NNE向的快剪切波偏振优势方向揭示了NNE走向断裂的构造意义。同时,本研究证实,位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与对所选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,而快剪切波偏振优势方向较为离散则反映了该区域复杂的断裂构造和应力分布特征。     

地震三角形分类图解法与华北地区地震成因分析

选取华北地区的近期震源机制参数资料,改进地震分类的三角形图解法,提出了地震的二级分类法和依据,详细划分了带正断裂型、逆断裂型、走滑型分量的混合型二级类型等多种断层机制,并讨论了华北地区地震成因．结果表明：一级地震类型以走滑机制为主,其次为正、逆断层机制和过渡型,而二级地震类型多为带其它分量的混合型机制、正、逆断层机制和过渡型,走滑型机制的地震数量不到一半．说明华北地区现今地壳脆性变形虽然以走滑机制为主。但是大多数地震属带其它分量．在NEE—SWW向的水平主压应力作用下,形成了NWW向的张家口一蓬莱地震密集带和与此相共扼的一系列NE向或NEE向具有强震机制的构造,以走滑动机制或带其它分量的走滑动机制为主,并在一系列的第三纪、第四纪断陷盆地边缘或平原中发生带有走滑分量的正断裂或带正断层分量的走滑型机制的地震,表明断裂上盘在侧向运动的同时,也存在着一定量的向下运动,继续进行着盆地、平原的“生长”;而在太行山及晋北山区,也同样存在着慢速隆起．这是现代华北地区山区、盆地差异运动的一种形式,反映出华北地区地壳变形是在复杂力学环境背景下发生的和具有复杂的发生、发展和变化过程．     

Calculated and observed seismic behaviour of exposed upper mantle

In order to determine the seismic properties of rocks representing the continental crust/upper mantle transition, a structural and petrographical study of peridotites of the Ivrea-Verbano zone (N. Italy) has been undertaken. The seismic behaviour (Vp, Vs, birefringence, orientation of the fast shear-wave polarisation plane) has been calculated from the modal composition of rock samples, together with the crystallographic preferred orientation and the single crystal elastic constants, using the methods of Mainprice (1990). It is shown that the intrinsic anisotropy of peridotites is mainly due to the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine and to the competing effects due to the LPO of orthopyroxene. If present, well-oriented hydrous phases such as phlogopite, leads to both P- and S-waves velocities becoming drastically reduced, but the anisotropy and the S-wave splitting (mainly on the foliation plane) is increased. An attempt has been made to apply this petrologic and microstructural approach to understand the seismic properties of ultramafic rocks with the aid of a mobile seismic network set up in the Ivrea-Verbano zone. Five recording units with 3-component geophones were installed on the most representative lithologies of the Ivrea-Verbano zone: kinzigites, gabbros, stronalites, and on metapelites of the adjacent outcrop of the Serie dei Laghi. During five months the seismic network recorded 49 events that were mainly regional earthquakes. The preliminary analysis of the first arrival revealed a high-velocity anomaly near the Finero ultramafic massif. Rough calculations indicated that this anomaly could be due to a shallow-depth, peridotitic body about six kilometres thick. S-wave polarisation analysis was carried out on the horizontal components of the seismograms of four regional earthquakes that showed a first arrival propagating almost vertically at the recording sites. Four earthquakes were chosen in order to reconstruct the orientation of the polarisation plane of the shear phases. The preliminary results of this analysis have shown a qualitatively good agreement between the orientation of the polarisation plane of the fast shear-wave and the strike of the foliation at the station near Finero, located on kinzigites of the Ivrea-Verbano zone, although the relationships between the local structural setting and the polarisation orientations at the other recording sites is not yet so clear.     

Research on anisotropic parameters by syn-thetic seismogram

Introduction The anisotropy of the Earth crust medium is a common phenomenon(Crampin,1984).More and more observation materials and study results have proved that on most of the Earth′s upper crust is spread fluid-filled cracks and microcracks,which are aligned according to the contempo-rary stress-field.Such distributions of aligned cracks show effectively anisotropy to seismic wave and the phenomenon is called extensive-dilatancy anisotropy(EDA)(Crampin et al,1984).At the same time,it is …     

The CQU Regional Seismic Network and applications to underground mining in Central Queensland,Australia

Digital seismograms continuously recorded from 1988 to 1992 by two stations of the RESNOM seismic network in northern Baja California, Mexico, were used to search for probable shear-wave anisotropic characteristics in the region of the Cerro Prieto fault. Shear-wave splitting was identified in many of the three-component records analyzed. We measured the polarization direction of the leadingS wave inside theS-wave window as well as the delay times between fast and slow phases on those records displaying shear-wave splitting. For station CPX, which is nearest the Imperial Valley region to the north, the preferred polarization direction found in this study (azimuth 180°±10°) coincides with the direction of the regional maximum compressive stress determined for the region. This polarization direction can be interpreted in terms of the “Extensive Dilatancy Anisotropy” model as the effect of vertical parallel aligned cracks. The preferred polarization direction measured at LMX, however, gives an azimuth of 45°±5°. Thus, it appears that faults and fractures aligned oblique to the main tectonic trend have a greater influence on the anisotropic characteristics of the crust south of Cerro Prieto volcano than that of the regional stress field. Time delays between slow and fastS waves observed at CPX appear constant from 1988 to 1992 while delays measured at LMX for the same interval indicate a small increase with time which cannot be attributed to azimuthal variations of paths.     

A model for the calculation of the seismic properties of geologic units

A model for the calculation of a representative complete elastic tensor of a geologic body is presented here, in order to fill the gap between the small scale sample and the complex structural and lithological association of a geologic body, which may be of the same large scale as the wavelength used on the seismic survey. The major problems arising during the modelling are discussed, namely the representativity of a suite of hand samples and the evaluation of the volume fraction of the different lithologies comprising a formation. An application example is presented of a metapelitic sequence spanning the tectonic boundary of the Ivrea-Verbano zone with the Serie dei Laghi in Valle Cannobina (N. Italy). It is shown that the effective formation anisotropy is drastically reduced relative to that of hand samples when the structure is averaged over a large area, except for the sheared and mylonitic sub-areas comprising the tectonic contact zone (the Cossato-Mergozzo-Brissago- and Pogallo lines). In these subareas the effective anisotropy is slightly reduced (a few points of a percent) from the hand sample scale to that of the geologic formation. Moreover, because the polarization of the fastest shear wave and the plane of maximum shear wave splitting of the most common crustal rock types coincide with the foliation, there is an opportunity to infer the structure of deep rock formations from teleseismic shear waves.     

唐山数字遥测地震台网的建设

1999年建成唐山市数字遥测地震台网,该台网技术系统先进、自动化程度高、设备运行稳定,在监测唐山地震活动中发挥了重要作用。