Clay mineralogy of Triassic sediments in southern Israel and Sinai

The clay mineral composition of Triassic sediments in the Negev and Sinai depends upon the environment of deposition. Kaolinite predominates in continental and epicontinental sediments. The mineralogical composition of the marine clays resembles that of corresponding samples from North Africa and Europe, which comprise various mixtures and interstratifications of illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and chlorite. Evaporitic sediments are poor in clay minerals and those present are largely detrital. The results presented suggest that chlorite was formed diagenetically by prolonged percolation of seawater through pervious layers overlying impervious ones (hard beds).     

Gibbsite and Boehmite in Weathering Crusts of Different Ages Affected by Lateritization: Location and Formation

Doklady Earth Sciences - The main source of aluminum is bauxite ores and their basic mineral components gibbsite Al(OH)3 and boehmite AlO(OH). Alumina Al2O3 is formed by various methods of...     

重庆石柱中三叠统巴东组沉积相研究

重庆石柱中三叠统巴东组有3种主要岩相类型:①紫红、灰绿色泥页岩,②褐黄、紫红、灰褐色岩屑石英砂岩,③浅灰色碳酸盐岩;并见有水平层理、平行层理、沙纹层理、板状交错层理等层理构造;划分出障壁海岸相,以及潮坪亚相、湖亚相和5种微相;建立了沉积相序,指出海平面变化对该区巴东期沉积物类型起着控制作用。     

Mineral genesis and radioactivity of the upper part of the Adediya Formation,southwestern Sinai,Egypt

The upper part of the Adediya Formation (Cambro-Ordivician) exposed in southwestern Sinai represents a very interesting succession. It contains mineralizations which are exceptionally rich in radioactive and rare earth elements as well as heavy metals. Field and several laboratory studies were carried out on this part of the Adediya Formation exposed in four stratigraphic sections distributed in a geographically wide area in southwestern Sinai.The radioactive mineralizations exist in sandstones, ironstone bodies and, to a much lesser extent, siltstones. Each of these rock types has a relatively wide range of textural characteristics. The recorded mineral assemblage consists of a large number of essential and accessory minerals some of which are radioactive and REE-bearing.The obtained field and laboratory data were implemented to determine the sedimentary history of the host rocks and the genesis of the mineral species which constitute the mineralizations. This included the identification of the types and effects of the various diagenetic processes and hydrothermal activity which led to the genesis of the recorded mineralizations. Also, the relative roles played by these post-depositional processes in determining the mineral, chemical and radioactive characteristics of the mineralizations and host rocks were assessed. These roles resulted in redistribution of the various elements especially the radioactive and rare earth elements as well as heavy metals during the epigenetic phase particularly by the action of supergene processes. A genetic model for the studied mineralizations is proposed.     

四川彭州市白鹿乡地区上三叠统须家河组特征

彭州白鹿乡地区须家河组含煤地层大片分布,本文通过该区洞子沟比较完好的须家河组地层剖面的研究,对该区及近邻地区须家河组的分布、岩石组合特征、横向变化进行讨论,以便对须家河组的形成环境及含煤特征有更深入的认识,更有助干该区地层层序的建立。     

Impacts of dolomitization on the petrophysical properties of El-Halal Formation, North Sinai, Egypt

The Cenomanian marine sequence in north Sinai is mostly represented by El-Halal Formation. Petrographically, it is composed of four microfacies, namely: (1) dolomitic micrite, (2) dolomicrite, (3) dolowackestone and (4) dolosparite. The assigned pore volume (10–25%) could be differentiated into: micro intercrystalline pore spaces, micro to meso vugs and micro pore channels. The present pore spaces are frequently reduced by drusy and/or xenotopic dolosparite and micro sparry calcite. El-Halal Formation has been deposited in a restricted marine platform (SMF-23, FZ-8) with a progressive shallowing sea level upward. The diagenetic history has been controlled by cementation, dolomitization, aggrading neomorphism and creation of authigenic illite. Petrophysically, the studied samples could be grouped into three petrophysical facies: (1) dolomitic micrite/dolomicrite facies, (2) dolowackestone and (3) dolosparite. The permeability (ave. 3.54, 12.9 and 0.49 md, respectively) is dependent on the pore channel radius (ave. 1.03, 1.92 and 0.19 μm, respectively) and porosity (ave. 22.1%, 25.8% and 11.4%, respectively); it could be related to the electrical tortuosity as well (ave. 3.28, 1.40 and 5.06, respectively). The apparent formation resistivity factor was measured at five consequent saline concentrations of 6, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kppm and the true one has been calculated. It is controlled by the effective porosity and electrical tortuosity. Though dolomitization has an enhancing effect on the studied petrophysical features, it had a reducing effect in its first stages of invasion through filling the pore spaces and in the last stages through the aggrading neomorphism.     

准噶尔盆地北三台地区三叠系克拉玛依组沉积相

根据岩心观察,结合地震、测井资料,将准噶尔盆地北三台地区三叠系克拉玛依组作为一个三级层序进行研究,并划分了体系域。在等时格架内,以体系域为单位进行了沉积相研究,定量编制克拉玛依组沉积体系平面分布图。查明有利砂体的展布位置,为准噶尔盆地北三台地区进一步油气勘探提供依据。     

四川龙门山中段上三叠统须家河组特征

上三叠统须家河组广泛分布于四川汶川县、都江堰市、崇州市、大邑县等毗邻地区。呈NE向展布,出露面积大于150km²,厚度大于2851m。笔者在进行1:5万“三江幅”和“万家坪幅”区域地质调查时,于该区测制了须家河组剖面。本文对这一地区的须家河组进行了一、二、三段的划分,并对岩石特征、地层对比、底顶界线、生物地层和年代地层进行概略讨论;须家河组的沉积环境可划分为三角洲相和河流相。     

闽西南地区早三叠世溪口组浊流沉积

闽西南地区的早三叠世溪口组主要由深水浊流沉积组成，可以识别出５个相类型:砾岩相、砂岩相、砂岩－泥岩相、粉砂岩－泥岩相、具粒序的粉砂质泥岩相。它们可组成５个相组合，分别形成于浊积扇的上扇、中扇和下扇环境。相组合的空间展布、古水流以及遗迹化石的分布均一致表明，当时的大陆坡倾向南东。砂岩的地球化学成分反映其构造背景为被动大陆边缘.     

四川义敦地区上三叠统曲嘎寺组岩相古地理研究

对四川义敦地区上三叠统曲嘎寺组9幅1：5万区调图幅和44条剖面和沉积等厚线的综合分析研究,认为该区曲嘎寺组主体部分发育了浅海陆棚-泻湖相、开阔碳酸盐台地相、扇三角洲与碳酸盐台地交互相、浅海陆棚相、局限台地相等5种相组合,并可划分为义敦弧后前陆盆地、义敦火山弧及弧内火山洼地、沙鲁里边缘海等3个次级火山-沉积盆地,在义敦初始火山弧内发育有果德火山穹隆、根隆火山穹隆、扎翁拉火山洼地等更次一级的古地貌单元。     

重庆永荣煤田晚三叠世须家河组沉积体系研究

永荣煤田上三叠统须家河组可分七段,其中须一、须三、须五、须七段为含煤泥岩段,主要为滨岸-三角洲沉积,须二、须四、须六段为砂岩段,主要为河道沉积。在区内钻井剖面及露头剖面沉积相分析及岩相类型的归纳总结基础上,并结合剖面结构和区域资料的分析,将研究区须家河组划分为3种沉积体系7种沉积相类型,自下而上主要沉积了-套湖滨-三角洲-河流冲积平原的沉积体系,在三角洲问湾与滨岸沼泽煤层发育较厚。     

Depositional environments and facies of the Late Triassic Abu Ruweis Formation, Jordan

The Abu Ruweis Formation is composed of carbonates, evaporites, and mudstones, with some locally developed pelletic, oolitic and stromatolitic limestones. The lateral persistence of bedding, the purity of the evaporite rocks, the alternating arrangement of marine carbonates and evaporites indicates periodic deposition in subaqueous conditions (salina). Petrographic investigations, X-ray diffraction analysis as well as chemical analysis have shown that the outcropping evaporite beds are mainly composed of secondary gypsum, with rare anhydrite relics. Five microfacies of gypsum were recognized according to their fabrics: porphyroblastic and granoblastic gypsum showing polarization texture, gypsum pseudomorph after anhydrite laths, and satin spar gypsum. The textures they display indicate a hydration origin of precursor anhydrite, which is in turn rehydrated from primary gypsum. Some of these anhydrites were formed as a result of replacement processes of the carbonate sediments associated with the evaporites, as evidenced from the textural relationships of the carbonate and sulfate minerals. The O¹⁸ content ranges from 1.45 to 8.38% PDB and the C¹³ content ranges from −1.52 to 4.73% PDB. Trace elements analysis has shown that the Abu Ruweis dolomites are rich in strontium (up to 600 ppm), and sodium (up to 835 ppm). The isotope composition and trace elements content, as well as the petrographic characteristics point to a penecontemporaneous hypersaline dolomitization origin for the Abu Ruweis dolomites. The evaporites were deposited during a regressive lowstand systems tract, whereas the carbonates were deposited under shallow water marine conditions during a highstand systems tract. The Abu Ruweis succession represents a relatively stable arid climate within a rapidly subsiding basin. Restricted conditions were provided by the development of beach barriers.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘晚三叠世前陆冲断活动控制的沉积层序特征

从鄂尔多斯盆地西部前陆盆地的构造演化特征入手,通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆冲断带汭河—陇县—麟游露头剖面和前陆斜坡带延河剖面上三叠统延长组典型露头剖面的观测与对比,以及显微镜薄片分析,讨论了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘前陆不同构造带在沉积层序演化、砂体展布及储层微观特征等方面的差异及主控因素。认为鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组长10—长2下部油层组可划分为3个湖侵体系域和3个湖退体系域。沉积砂体集中发育在湖侵早期和湖退阶段。前陆冲断带近秦祁造山带物源区,坡度陡,砂体沉积受构造作用控制,发育近物源辫状河三角洲。三角洲快速入湖,砂体厚度大,砂岩粒度较大,岩屑、杂基含量较高,储层物性相对较差。前陆斜坡带距离北部阴山褶皱带物源较远,坡度缓,砂体沉积受湖岸线迁移控制,发育远物源曲流河三角洲。砂体展布范围大,沉积相变化频繁,砂岩粒度较小,杂基含量较低,后期成岩作用产生次生孔隙,可成为较好储层。     

四川盆地三叠系飞仙关组气藏储层成岩作用研究拾零

近年来在四川盆地三叠系飞仙关组鲕粒白云岩储层中发现的高含硫天然气三级储量已近1×1012 m3。鲕粒白云岩储层集中分布在含蒸发岩的层序中,储层中有残余石膏、硬石膏及它们的模孔、方解石铸模（假象）等,表明白云石化流体与蒸发海水有关。白云石化由层间古暴露面向下增强的成岩层序说明这种白云石化是成岩早期发生的,并可能有大气降水与蒸发海水混合的影响。白云岩样品各结构组分氧、碳同位素微区测试数据差别显著,这说明采用岩石混合样做研究白云石化成因的地球化学分析可能导致误解。飞仙关组的白云岩中多数保存了原岩结构幻影、结构残余或原岩的全部结构说明白云石化过程是等体积交代。白云岩储层中的孔隙是各种溶蚀孔而非白云石化等摩尔交代的体积收缩孔。飞仙关组高含硫气藏储层中沥青和溶蚀孔的关系表明深埋晚期溶蚀孔最发育。在溶液中碳酸的电离常数大大高于氢硫酸,飞仙关组高含硫气藏天然气组分中的CO2相对于H2S的质量亏损和储层中有富轻碳的高温方解石充填晚期溶孔、裂缝表明储层中的晚期溶解作用是由硫酸盐热还原过程（TSR）中生成的CO2引起的。     

西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组发育了一套厚度较大的碳酸盐岩台地相沉积。利用研究区内39件碳酸盐岩样品的常量元素和微量元素相关关系、组分含量及特征元素的比值特征,来探讨元素地球化学特征与沉积环境的关系。研究表明,1Mn/Sr值均小于1,平均值为0.28,表明碳酸盐岩基本没有受到成岩作用的影响;2Al2O3、K2O和Fe2O3呈正相关关系,它们与Ga O呈负相关关系,与Ni、V呈正相关关系;Fe2O3与Mn、Ba、Ni呈正相关关系;3Sr、V、Ba、Mn含量从浅水到深水环境总体呈增加趋势;4根据Sr、K、Na、Ca含量、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)值特征分析了日干配错组沉积期的古气候和古环境。结果显示,日干配错组总体上为温暖潮湿气候下的陆表海还原沉积环境,显现出海侵的趋势。     

青海省同仁县古浪堤中上三叠统古浪堤组孢粉组合及其地层意义

经过对青海同仁县古浪堤组实测剖面的17块样品做孢粉分析, 在6个层位样品中见有孢粉化石30属41种, 据此在该剖面自下而上划分2个孢粉组合:Dictyophyllidites-Di-saccus组合和Verrucosisporites-Di-saccus组合.上述孢粉组合中的孢粉的优势属为Dictyophyllidites, Cyathidites, Verrucosisporites和Chasmatosporites, Protopicea, Pinuspollenites.其中, Dictyophyllidites频繁出现于欧亚、北美、大洋州的晚三叠世和早侏罗世组合, Aratrisporites在南半球大量发育于中三叠世, Asseretospora在澳大利亚的分布时期是中三叠世-早侏罗世.前人于黄南的阿龙江上游及柴陇沟北, 古浪堤组产卡尼期的菊石Protrachycerassp.及双壳类Eumorphotis (Asoella) cf.illyrica.综合而言, 该地区古浪堤组时代厘定为中-晚三叠世, 古植物群生长于暖温带-亚热带河控三角洲环境.      

安徽巢湖三叠系东马鞍山组鸟眼构造成因研究

鸟眼构造是碳酸盐岩地层中一种特殊的构造,指示潮上-潮间带沉积环境。安徽巢湖地区三叠系东马鞍山组底部普遍发育一层鸟眼构造,但对其矿物学、地球化学特征及成因还缺乏基本的认识。通过光学显微镜、粉晶X-射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱分析及LA-ICP-MS原位微区元素含量测定等方法,对东马鞍山组鸟眼构造的矿物学及元素地球化学特征进行探究。结果表明:鸟眼内部矿物组合以方解石为主,石英及黏土矿物含量较低,方解石晶粒较大且由核部到边部晶粒逐渐变小,富集Sr、REE等离子半径较大的元素;基质矿物组合以白云石为主,石英及黏土矿物含量多于鸟眼核部,有机质含量较高,主要富集Fe、Cu、Ti等离子半径较小或不易迁移的元素。这些综合信息反映了巢湖东鞍山组鸟眼构造是由成岩阶段基质白云岩化析出Ca,在沉积有机质分解聚集形成的气泡孔洞中重新沉淀形成方解石而成。     

西藏东部弧-盆体系中火山岩形成演化

西藏东部昌都地区的三叠纪弧盆体系格局很清晰,三叠纪时弧火山活动达到了最高潮。从早三叠世到晚三叠世,火山作用递次增强,弧火山岩性质由以流纹质或英安质为主到安山质为主的火山岩发生变化,火山爆发指数增大,火山—沉积旋回数量也在增多。研究表明在该区普遍发育滞后型弧火山岩与碰撞型火山岩组合,岛弧火山岩的源区成分为楔形上地幔和同化混染的上覆上部地壳（40%～60%）以及少量洋壳组分（8%～20%）三者的混合。     

新疆吐-哈盆地三叠系和侏罗系含油砂体的形成条件

吐-哈盆地是位于天山造山带内的具复杂演化历史的中新生代叠合盆地,是典型的煤成烃陆相含油气盆地。盆地南带的前侏罗系 (三叠系 )油气藏其含油砂体的形成明显受沉积相、高地温和印支运动的影响,分布于盆地南部的扇三角洲砂体裙在印支运动中由于地层抬升而处于与盆地北部生烃中心接触良好的位置,并且具备了产生次生孔隙的动力学基础,从而及时接受了由于岩浆体热和印支构造热事件提供的热所形成的早成熟油,形成了该盆地第一套优质储油砂体。盆地北带的侏罗系油气藏其含油砂体以南物源辫状河三角洲相为主,次为北物源扇三角洲相,具有砂体层数多、上下叠置性强、原始物性好、与多层煤系烃源岩互层、烃类向南运移距离短的特点,形成以中侏罗统西山窑组、三间房组和七克台组为基础的第二、三、四套优质储油砂体。