适用于中国场地分类的地震动反应谱放大系数

对美国抗震设计规范的场地系数的研究基础进行了分析,并对中美两国场地分类指标进行了对比. 通过对场地土层波速测试资料的分析,找出了两种分类方法的联系,从而得到了将美国场地系数转换为适于中国场地分类的方法,同时给出了基于中国场地分类的地震动反应谱放大系数.      

天津滨海场地土类别特征及其对地震动的影响

本文按照三种规范(中国建筑抗震设计规范(GBS0011-2001)、美国FEMA-NEHRP规范(2000)、欧洲结构抗震规范(EUROCODE 8,1998)),利用钻孔和剪切波速资料,对天津滨海地区的场地土类别进行研究。通过场地地震动效应分析,研究该场地土对地震动的影响。结果表明,对于滨海场地,简单的场地类别划分难以反映软土场地的实际情况;滨海软土场地对地震动加速度的幅值和频谱的影响非常明显,其对峰值加速度的放大倍数高达1．9,但受土的非线性变形影响,随地震动输入的增大其放大倍数呈非线性降低;软土场地使得加速度反应谱谱形变宽,特征周期变大,变化幅度在0．1s—0．4s。     

考虑设计地震分组的强度折减系数的研究

强度折减系数既是基于强度的抗震设计中确定设计地震力的关键因素,又是基于性态的抗震设计理论中确定非弹性反应谱的主要依据. 本文结合我国抗震设计反应谱的形式和特点,应用823条国内外水平向地震动记录（充分利用了我国取得的强震记录）,给出了一种考虑设计地震分组和场地类别的强度折减系数模型,研究了结构周期、延性、场地类别、设计地震分组、震级、震中距等因素对强度折减系数的影响. 结果表明:场地条件对强度折减系数的影响是不可忽略的,特别是对延性较大的短周期结构更应注意场地条件的影响;设计地震分组是影响强度折减系数的一个重要因素,在应用我国规范设计反应谱构造非弹性反应谱所用的强度折减系数必须考虑设计分组的影响;震级对强度折减系数的影响较小;如不考虑近场大脉冲地震动记录的影响,震中距对强度折减系数的影响是可以忽略的.      

中美建筑抗震设计规范中工程场地类别的对比和换算关系

本文依据分布于全国的6 824个钻孔数据,按照双参数的不同取值,将GB50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》（以下简称中国建抗规）的场地类别进一步划分为更加同质的子类,分析了双参数体系对场地分类结果的影响,建立了每个子类与美国《NEHRP对新建建筑和结构物的推荐地震条款》（National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures,以下简称美国建抗规）的场地类别的对应关系,并对比分析中、美建抗规的场地类别差异,在此基础上建立了中国建抗规与美国建抗规场地类别相互转换的概率表达。研究结果表明:用v_S20近似表示中国场地分类标准的等效剪切波速并不可靠;中国建抗规中Ⅱ类场地和Ⅲ类场地内部不同子类与美国建抗规中场地类别的对应关系截然不同;中国建抗规中覆盖层厚度有效地区分了浅部波速类似而深部波速不同的场地;中国建抗规的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地主体均对应美国建抗规的D类场地,中国Ⅱ类场地略偏对应美国C类场地,中国Ⅲ类场地略偏对应美国E类场地;中国Ⅳ类场地对应美国E类场地,绝大多数美国C类和D类场地均对应中国Ⅱ类场地,说明中国Ⅱ类场地的范围极宽。      

Study on strength reduction factors considering the effect of classification of design earthquake

Introduction The strength reduction factor is defined as the lateral yielding strength required to avoid yielding in the system when subjected to a given ground motion, to the lateral yielding strength required to maintain the displacement ductility ratio demand equal to a pre-determined target duc-tility ratio under the same ground motion. The strength reduction factors are not only the key fac-tors in determining seismic action for force-based seismic design, but also one of the key parame-t…     

Effect of site amplification on inelastic seismic response

The available models for eff ective periods of site and structure are reviewed in context of frequency tuning in the inelastic seismic response of soil-structure system. The eff ect of seismic intensity and ductility demand, on the eff ective periods, is investigated, and inelastic site amplifi cation is shown to be strongly correlated to the normalized eff ective period. Two non-dimensional parameters, analogous to the conventional site amplifi cation factors in codes, are defi ned to quantify the inelastic site amplifi cation. It is shown that the inelastic site amplifi cation factor (i.e. ratio of constant ductility spectral ordinates at soil site to those at rock outcrop) is able to represent the site eff ects more clearly, as compared to the inelastic site amplifi cation ratio (i.e. ratio of inelastic spectral ordinates at soil site to the corresponding elastic spectral ordinates at rock outcrop). Further, the peak in the amplifi cation factor corresponding to the eff ective site period diminishes rapidly with increasing ductility demand.     

海域不同类别场地地震动参数变化规律研究

基于海域场地分类标准,选取南海海域实测钻孔作为计算模型,同时人工构造部分钻孔计算模型,对126条不同特性地震动输入下5种类别场地计算模型开展土层反应分析计算,分析不同地震动输入下不同海域场地峰值加速度和特征周期变化规律.结果表明,场地类别和地震动输入强度显著影响峰值加速度放大系数和特征周期,场地土越软,地震动输入强度越...     

中外场地分类研究现状及其应用讨论

场地类别的不同会影响建筑物的抗震设计,世界各国根据各自的经济水平和抗震理念,有着不同的场地分类标准。本文抓住我国抗震设计规范演变主线回顾了场地类别相关研究进展,重点介绍和对比我国与美国、欧洲和日本等发达国家建筑设计规范中的场地分类的异同,并用工程实例进行分类给出了不同国家场地类别的对应关系,提出了我国场地分类方法可增加计算深度及采用场地周期作为分类指标的建议。     

北京地区中硬场地地震动效应研究

依据典型工程场地的地震安全性评价报告,研究北京地区中硬场地地震动效应。首先,统计分析了地震安全性评价结果中的场地地震动放大效应。再利用201个工程场地的钻孔资料进行土层地震反应计算,分析不同地震动输入下的场地地震动放大效应。结果表明,北京地区中硬场地地震动放大效应明显,得到的场地地震动峰值加速度转换系数Ka高于《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2001）中的值,大震水准下更为突出。因此,如在北京地区直接采用《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2001）中的调整系数,可能会低估北京地区中硬场地的地震动放大效应,降低抗震设防标准。最后指出,场地地震动峰值加速度转换系数明显具有区域性,应根据详细的场地地震动效应研究结果,合理地确定场地地震动转换系数。     

利用背景噪声估计华北地区场地放大效应

用噪声互相关函数聚束方法得到中国华北地区噪声源的极值方位和慢度,然后将噪声傅里叶谱在该方位和慢度点进行聚束,并计算得到噪声的频率波数功率谱。将该功率谱作为输入,单台站噪声的自功率谱作为响应,二者的比值可用于计算华北地区相对场地放大因子。计算结果显示:平原地区放大效应明显大于山地地区,而平原地区的场地放大效应与渤海湾盆地沉积层厚度有直接关联。本研究可为计算场地放大效应提供一种可行的途径。     

基于反演基岩地震波的场地调整系数估计

基于KiK-net台阵中73个台站的一维土层模型和从不同地震中筛选的262条地表加速度记录,按照峰值加速度的分档标准和场地分类原则,将这些记录分成了28组.采用一维土层地震反应分析的等效线性化方法,反演计算了基岩输入加速度.通过分别计算各组基于有效峰值加速度EPA的场地放大倍数,并得到了各类场地的有效峰值加速度的调整系...     

Simulation of scenario earthquake influenced field by using GIS

IntroductionRecentearthquakes,suchasthe1985Mexicoearthquake,the1988Lancang-GengmaeanhquakesinChina,the1989LomaPrietaearthquakeandthe1994NorthridgeearthquakebothintheUnitedStates,andetc,haveshownthatthelocalsiteconditionshaddistinctinfluenceongroundmotionandearthquakedamageformanytimes.Generallyspeaking,earthquakedamageandlosseswereconcentratedinareawithdepositsofsoftsoil.Howtobet'terconsiderthesitesoileffectinearthquake-resistantdesigncodeisalwaysoneofthefocalpointsofearthquakeengineering.…     

辽宁省地震重点监视防御区Ⅱ类场地放大效应研究

利用辽宁省地震重点监视防御区工程场地地震安全性评价工作中积累的大量实际钻孔和土工试验资料,在50年超越概率为63%、10%、2%三种地震动输入情形下,采用等效线性化方法研究了辽宁省地震重点监视防御区Ⅱ类场地土层的放大效应。研究结果表明辽宁省地震重点监视防御区50年超越概率10%的平均场地效应放大因子为1.37,若使用《中国地震动参数区划图（GB18306-2001）》认定的系数（1.25）将低估研究区域内的场地放大效应。50年超越概率2%情形即＂工程结构抗倒塌水准＂的平均场地放大效应因子为1.35。这些结果有益于为研究区域提供更为合理的抗震设防标准。研究同时发现,实际工程中使用单一变量或有限的几个变量去控制场地放大效应会有很大的离散,因此重大工程项目的地震安全性评价工作是不可被替代的。     

Topographic versus stratigraphic amplification: mismatch between code provisions and observations during the L’Aquila (Italy, 2009) sequence

During the L’Aquila seismic sequence (Italy, 2009) we had the opportunity to install temporary accelerometric stations to study the role of seismic site amplification in damage enhancement. Two of the monitored sites, Castelnuovo and Navelli were also a good test for the recently introduced Italian seismic code (NTC08 2008) that prescribes an aggravation factor for slopes and ridges. Castelnuovo was an ideal situation to check the rule proposed for the distribution of amplification as a function of the position along a slope, while Navelli provided the possibility to test the almost equivalent factors that NTC08 sets for stratigraphic and topographic amplification (respectively up to 40 and 60 %). In neither case the observation matches code provisions. For Castelnuovo, there is a frequency dependence that shows as the code is over-conservative for short periods but fails to predict amplification in the intermediate range. For Navelli, the code provision is verified for long periods, but in the range around the site resonance frequency the stratigraphic amplification proves to be three times more important than the topographic one.     

ESTIMATION OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FROM DAHAN DOWNHOLE RECORDINGS

Four-level Dahan downhole recordings are used to investigate site amplification due to the near-surface structure. The downhole array is installed at the depths of 0 m (surface), 50, 100 and 200 m. Eight sets of data presenting well-separated incident and reflected waves (from the free surface) are selected to analyse the site amplification. Five techniques of spectral ratios have been tested to determine the most reliable way to estimate site response. The superior one is the ratio of Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Fourier amplitude spectra, because it has the minimum number of pseudopeaks. However, the pseudopeaks can be further reduced by omitting those ratios with small denominators. Results show that the amplification factors are nearly uniform at the depths of 50 and 100 m, where their values fall between one and two. This factor is frequency-dependent at the surface and in the range from two to five under 6 Hz. These results agree well with those from time-domain analyses and the transmission-coefficient estimation except that the latter overestimates the amplification factor of the surface station. This suggests that the shallow velocity structure provided by the geotechnical survey might be underestimated. Numerical modelling also supports the underestimation of velocity at near surface since the synthetic SH waves based on a modified velocity model can match these observations well.     

场地条件对地震动参数影响的关键问题

场地条件对地震动的影响很大,在地震动幅值（如峰值加速度）和频谱特性（如反应谱特征周期）的变化上均有体现,而我国现行抗震设计规范没有考虑不同场地条件下地震动峰值加速度和加速度反应谱平台值的变化。本文介绍了我国现行抗震设计规范中场地类别的划分方法、场地对地震动参数值的规定和存在的问题。详细分析了土层结构、覆盖层厚度等场地条件对地震动峰值加速度和反应谱的影响,以及已经取得的研究成果。最后,就场地分类、影响地震动参数的场地条件、地震动参数随场地条件调整的方法等,提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

天津滨海软土场地的大震远场作用

利用天津滨海地区丰富的地震地质钻孔资料及测试数据,建立了相应的地震反应模型.选取美国加州1992年Landers地震的远场记录P0841作为基底输入,采用工程上常用的等效线性化方法进行了土层地震反应分析,以期对天津滨海软土场地的大震远场作用得到一些定性的认识．结果显示,天津滨海软土场地对远场大震地震动峰值加速度的放大作用比较显著,但不同场地条件放大作用有明显差异,Ⅳ类场地的放大效应明显减弱.对基岩与地表反应谱比的分析显示, 滨海场地对基岩地震动的不同频率分量的放大作用具有明显的不同,对短周期分量甚至出现了缩减,但当滨海软土场地受到与场地卓越周期相吻合的地震动影响时,可能会产生很可观的放大作用,这对建在其上的高层、超高层建筑可能会构成较大的威胁．      

汶川地震余震震源参数及地震动衰减与场地影响参数反演分析

基于强震动观测台钻孔数据, 统计得到了四川、 甘肃地区20 m深的浅硬土层场地平均剪切波速模型． 通过与美国加州地区的波速模型对比, 结合四川、 甘肃地区地震预报的地壳模型, 延拓剪切波速模型至40 km． 应用四分之一波长法计算了浅硬土层场地的平均场地放大系数． 利用场地放大系数, 消除13次余震中浅硬场地的台站场地响应, 反演了龙门山断层上、 下盘的介质品质因子以及13次余震的有效应力降． 通过与普通土层场地的强震动记录对比, 对浅硬土层场地的放大系数进行调整, 得到了深厚土层场地的平均放大系数．      

A stochastic based approach for a new site classification method: application to the Algerian seismic code

Building codes have widely considered the shear wave velocity to make a reliable subsoil seismic classification, based on the knowledge of the mechanical properties of material deposits down to bedrock. This approach has limitations because geophysical data are often very expensive to obtain. Recently, other alternatives have been proposed based on measurements of background noise and estimation of the H/V amplification curve. However, the use of this technique needs a regulatory framework before it can become a realistic site classification procedure. This paper proposes a new formulation for characterizing design sites in accordance with the Algerian seismic building code(RPA99/ver.2003), through transfer functions, by following a stochastic approach combined to a statistical study. For each soil type, the deterministic calculation of the average transfer function is performed over a wide sample of 1-D soil profiles, where the average shear wave(S-W) velocity, V s, in soil layers is simulated using random field theory. Average transfer functions are also used to calculate average site factors and normalized acceleration response spectra to highlight the amplification potential of each site type, since frequency content of the transfer function is significantly similar to that of the H/V amplification curve. Comparison is done with the RPA99/ver.2003 and Eurocode8(EC8) design response spectra, respectively. In the absence of geophysical data, the proposed classification approach together with micro-tremor measures can be used toward a better soil classification.     

北京地区中硬场地对地震动加速度反应谱的放大效应研究

当前,合理确定地震动峰值加速度与反应谱特征周期是工程场地地震动参数确定工作的主要内容。本文以北京地区典型中硬场地为研究对象,分析场地条件对不同周期地震动反应谱值的影响。首先,计算不同震级、震中距条件下的基岩地震动加速度反应谱,合成基岩输入地震动时程;再利用110个工程场地的钻孔资料进行土层地震反应计算,分析中硬场地条件对不同输入环境下的地震动加速度反应谱值的放大效应。结果表明,中硬场地对高、中频震动放大效应明显,尤其是对0.2-0.5s周期段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数大多在1.3以上;场地覆盖层厚度变化对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数所产生的影响是不同的,与场地自振周期的相关性很强;在不同的地震动输入环境下,中硬场地对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱的影响是不同的,这一结论对实际的抗震设防工作具有一定参考价值。