Vorkommen und Bewertung polyzyklischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in einem mit kommunalen und industriellen Abwässern belasteten Fließgewässer

The river with a catchment of 5,400 km² is investigated over a length of 230 km at seven stations for the total concentration of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the total of three carcinogenic polycyclic substances (CPS) in the water by means of thin-layer chromatography. The maximum load occurs in the lower course downstream of large industrial wastewater introduction points with 5.1 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas in the upper course the maxima are at 2 … 3 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for a mainly municipal pollution. The average daily load increases from 0.146 kg/d PAH and 0.048 kg/d CPS to 4.168 and 1.401 kg/d, respectively. In the flowing water there cannot be observed any self-purification concerning these substances, by an interconnected storage reservoir seston is reduced and thus also the PAC-concentrations are reduced by 50 … 60%. The PAH-concentration shows a significant positive correlation with the COD-Mn and the ammonium concentration. There is also a good agreement between the concentrations measured and the concentrations calculated from the wastewater load in the longitudinal section of the river.     

食物和理化因子对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

食物质量和数量对浮游动物群落结构的影响在野外研究中较少涉及.本文通过对湖北省境内14个水体的春季采样,分析了食物质量和数量以及理化因子对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响.结果显示,浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量以及Daphnia的相对生物量百分比与光照漫射衰减系数(Kd)呈显著负相关,与营养盐和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度无显著相关性;群落的平均体长随Chl.a浓度的增加而减小.典范对应分析显示,7个因子共解释了优势浮游甲壳动物群落结构变异的37.4%,贡献率排在前4位的是Kd、Chl.a浓度、悬浮物C/N比和C/P比,分别解释了总变异的11.5%、8.9%、5.6%和4.9%.近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus vicinus)喜好生活在Chl.a浓度高、水下光照弱的水体中,而汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)喜好生活在水下光照较好、Chl.a浓度和悬浮物C/N比较低的水体中.透明蟤(Daphnia hyalina)喜好生活在Chl.a浓度较低、光照良好、悬浮物C/P比较高的水体中,但简弧象皮蟤(Bosmina coregoni)喜好生活在Chl.a浓度高、光照较好、悬浮物C/P比较低的水体中.整体来看,食物因子解释了群落结构总变异的19.4%,理化因子解释了18.0%,还剩下62.6%的变异未被解释,表明还有其他更为重要的环境因子未被纳入到分析之中.     

Major Ion and Trace Metal Geochemistry of an Acidic Septic-System Plume in Silt

Four years of detailed ground-water monitoring at a newly installed, seasonal-use, domestic septic system located on poorly buffered (CaCO₃ equivalent content ≤ 1.6 wt.%) lacustrine silt, has revealed the development of an acidic ground-water plume. Acid, generated by the partial oxidation of effluent NH₄⁺ dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and possibly sulfide minerals present in the sediment, has resulted in a distal plume core zone with pH values in the range of 4.4 to 5.0. The acidic zone, where NH₄⁺ does, however, persist (> 2 mg/1, as N) and where DOC remains elevated (6–13 mg/1), is associated with high average concentrations of the trace metals Fe (4.7 mg/1), Al (1.9 mg/1), and Mn (3.6 mg/1). Attenuation of nitrogen along the plume core flowpath is indicated by a decrease in the N/ Cl⁻ ratio from an effluent value of 1.7, to a plume value of only 0.5 after 4 m of subsurface flow. Increased SO₄²⁻ levels observed in the zone of N depletion suggest that attenuation can be at least partly attributed to reduction of plume NO₃⁻ by oxidation of reduced S present in the sediment. PO₄³⁻ has not migrated significantly beyond the infiltration bed gravel layer, demonstrating that PO₄³⁻ mobility is limited in these sediments (retardation factor > 10).     

The hydrology and sediment yield of the Sungai Air Terjun catchment,Penang Hill,Malaysia

Abstract

The hydrology and sediment yield of the relatively undisturbed Sungai Air Terjun catchment on the forested Penang Hill was investigated in 1993–1994. Baseflow accounted for 87.3% of the total runoff, while quickflow comprised 12.7%. The suspended sediment concentration varied from an average concentration of 11.36 mg 1^?1 (range: 0.5–60.5 mg 1^?1) during low flow to an average concentration of 125.5 mg 1^?1 (range: 11–668.7 mg 1^?1) during storms. Suspended sediment transport during storms accounted for as little as 0.69% of the total sediment transport in the driest month, but as much as 52.35% in the wettest month, November 1993. The frequent high-intensity storms on the hill account for the removal of sediment from the hill. Natural disturbances, such as both landslides and human interference, affect the availability of sediment and thus influence variations in sediment output.     

伊乐藻-草鱼圈养复合生态系统中水生生物的变化和影响

从细菌、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和有机碎屑等几个方面分析了养鱼对伊乐藻种植区(以下简称为有草区)和无草区水域环境的影响。结果表明:两个区域存在着显著的差异性。有草区由于生长着茂密的水生植被,对环境压迫的缓冲能力增强,水生生物的群落结构较为稳定,物种多样性指数高于无草区,有机物的沉降速率也大大低于无草区。与此相比,无草区对环境压迫的缓冲能力较差,水体浮游植物数量增加,富营养化加剧。通过本项实验可以看出,人工种植伊乐藻对养鱼区水质有着明显地控制作用,是发展生态渔业的一条有效途径。     

Carbon input, production and turnover in the interstices of a Lake Tegel bank filtration site, Berlin, Germany

The sandy littoral zone of Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany) was investigated during 2004–2006 down to sediment depths ≥26 cm to derive a scheme of seasonal carbon turnover under induced bank filtration conditions. Carbon turnover processes were quantified regarding external and internal sources of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM), primary production, community respiration, redox potential as well as specific loads of soluble chemical compounds such as nitrogen, iron, manganese and DOC.Over the course of the year, infiltrating DOC decreased by about 13–20% within the upper 26 cm sediment of the infiltration stretch. Gradients of all observed soluble compounds that are highly cross-linked to biological activities were highest in the topmost centimetre. In this depth mass balances (output–input) were negative concerning NO₃-N (−1 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹, summer mean) and DOC (−2 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹, winter mean), respectively, while specific loads of cations such as manganese reached up to 0.2 mg dm⁻² d⁻¹ during summer. Carbon mineralization ranged between 3 and 7 mg C dm⁻² d⁻¹ and was nearly twice as high in summer as in winter. The turnover of the infiltrating DOC contributed maximally 25% in summer to 50% in winter to the entire organic carbon mineralization. Gross and net primary production differed up to a factor of >10, indicating very fast turnover reactions and the predominance of community respiration and mineralization, respectively. The POC in the upper sediment layer (10 cm) temporally varied around 1% sediment d.w.; benthic algae, organic seston input and autumnal leaf fall contributed similar percentages to the POC pool.     

Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream–lake network in Switzerland

Water source and lake landscape position can strongly influence the physico‐chemical characteristics of flowing waters over space and time. We examined the physico‐chemical heterogeneity in surface waters of an alpine stream‐lake network (>2600 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland. The catchment comprises two basins interspersed with 26 cirque lakes. The larger lakes in each basin are interconnected by streams that converge in a lowermost lake with an outlet stream. The north basin is primarily fed by precipitation and groundwater, whereas the south basin is fed mostly by glacial melt from rock glaciers. Surface flow of the entire channel network contracted by ～60% in early autumn, when snowmelt runoff ceased and cold temperatures reduced glacial outputs, particularly in the south basin. Average water temperatures were ～4 °C cooler in the south basin, and temperatures increased by about 4–6 °C along the longitudinal gradient within each basin. Although overall water conductivity was low (<27 µS cm^?1) because of bedrock geology (ortho‐gneiss), the south basin had two times higher conductivity values than the north basin. Phosphate‐phosphorus levels were below analytical detection limits, but particulate phosphorus was about four times higher in the north basin (seasonal average: 9 µg l^?1) than in the south basin (seasonal average: 2 µg l^?1). Dissolved nitrogen constituents were around two times higher in the south basin than in the north basin, with highest values averaging > 300 µg l^?1 (nitrite + nitrate‐nitrogen), whereas particulate nitrogen was approximately nine times greater in the north basin (seasonal average: 97 µg l^?1) than in the south basin (seasonal average: 12 µg l^?1). Total inorganic carbon was low (usually <0·8 mg l^?1), silica was sufficient for algal growth, and particulate organic carbon was 4·5 times higher in the north basin (average: 0·9 mg l^?1) than in the south basin (average: 0·2 mg l^?1). North‐basin streams showed strong seasonality in turbidity, particulate‐nitrogen and ‐phosphorus, and particulate organic carbon, whereas strong seasonality in south‐basin streams was observed in conductivity and dissolved nitrogen. Lake position influenced the seasonal dynamics in stream temperatures and nutrients, particularly in the groundwater/precipitation‐fed north‐basin network. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of food web structure on the biochemical composition of seston,zooplankton and recently deposited sediment in experimental freshwater mesocosms

The effects of food web structure on the quantity and biochemical composition of seston, zooplankton and recently deposited sediment in experimental freshwater mesocosms were examined. Food web structure was manipulated by addition of zooplanktivorous fish. Biochemical characterisations were carried out using lipid biomarkers (sterols, fatty acids, chlorophyll-derived compounds and long-chain alkanediols). Fish addition decreased zooplankton biomass and increased seston biomass and deposited sediment through a trophic cascade. Fish presence strongly influenced the biochemical characteristics of seston and sediment. In contrast, food web structure had a minor impact on the lipid biomarker composition of zooplankton. Although the relative abundance of sterols in the different compartments did not differ strongly between treatments, sterol profiles in seston and sediment depended on food web structure. The predominance of Δ⁷-sterols in seston and sediment in the fish treatment indicated a major contribution of Chlorophyceae. In contrast, the distribution of sterols in seston and sediment in the fishless treatment, dominated by cholesterol, indicated a major zooplanktonic input. The distribution of fatty acids and the relative abundance of chlorophyll-derived compounds and long-chain alkanediols agreed with the predominant contribution of phytoplankton or zooplankton to seston and sediment in the two treatments. The relative abundance of bacterial biomarkers suggested that the contribution of bacteria was rather low. The high relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the absence of stanols in sediments suggested low microbial reworking of organic matter in the recently accumulated sediments. The trophic cascade, generated by the addition of fish, increased the relative abundance of PUFAs in deposited organic matter, thus enhancing sediment quality and potential degradability.     

Stabilization System for Waste Water Treatment and Use. Part 1. Chemistry

The difficulties arisen in an assimilation pond, as it is called, after 17 years of operation were solved by a stabilization system for the purification of effluents and utilization for fish breeding. It consists of two basins (0.56 and 1.04 ha) and a fish pond (15.58 ha) to which water can flow from a brook by-passing the system. When the stabilization system had worked for 6 years, it was proved that in the case of the average daily intake of milk of 93,846…118,134 litres, effluents flowing out of the dairy plant amounted to 205.28…228.53 m³, on average. The BOD₅ of effluents ranged from 201.33 to 261.73 kg/d and the total solids ranged from 95.5 to 139.3 kg/d on average. The average daily outflow from the pond amounted to 394.7…1567.0 m³ of water with 4.1…23.8 kg of BOD₅ and with 29.3…112.4 kg of total solids. The average decrease of the main nutrients and extractable substances ranged from 62.8% (Ca²⁺) to 100% (NO^?3). Only the BOD₅ value at the end of the growing season in 1984 (8.4…10.3 mg/l) exceeded three times the standards for the admissible pollution of the receiving stream.     

Population Dynamics,Biomass and Biomass Production of Eudiaptomus gracilis (G. O. SARS) in Two Water Areas of Differing Trophic State of Lake Balaton (Hungary)

Population dynamics and production of Eudiaptomus gracilis (G. O. Sars) were investigated in two basins of differing water quality of Lake Balaton from February through December, 1977. One of the basins (Keszthely) is considered to be hypertrophic. the other (Tihany) moderately eutrophic. Plankton samples were collected at weekly intervals. The fecundity was 9.61 ± 3.39 at Tihany, and 16.53 ± 3.60 at Keszthely. The difference between the two basins was significant (P<0.1%). At Tihany the average number of eggs per m³ was lower by 36% relative to Keszthety. The number of nauplii differed only a little between the two basins with the exception of April, when at Tihany the amount of individuals was nearly two times as great as at Keszthely. In the case of younger copepodites (Stages I … III) the difference in individual numbers between the two areas of water was marked from February to June, while in other periods it proved to be small. At Tihany, the number of young copepodites was greater by 8%, on the average, than at Keszthely. The amount of larger copepodites (IV … V) relative to the total number of younger individuals of the population was by 63% resp. 77% smaller at Tihany and Keszthely. In the whole period of these studies the number of adults was less by 44% at Keszthely than at Tihany. Their amount relative to that of nauplii was smaller by 6% at Tihany and by 45% at Keszthely. At Tihany, the population biomass was at a constant high level during winter and spring (40 to 50 mg/m³), in summer values being lower (15 … 35 mg/m³). In the Keszthely-Basin biomass showed more extreme changes, reaching a peak as high as 40 … 43 mg/m³ in April and November, but hardly exceeding 6 mg during July–August. During the period of investigation, total biomass in the Tihany-Basin was 342 mg/m³, at Keszthely 204 mg/m³. Net biomass production-two methods for estimation having been used – was higher in the Tihany-Basin (17.25 and 33.83 KJ/m²), while in the Keszthely-Basin it was considerably lower (13.06 and 9.50 KJ/m²).     

Resuspension measured with sediment traps in a high-energy environment

The near-bottom sedimentation rates were measured by placing cylindrical sediment traps 10 m above the sea floor on each of six moorings deployed between 4100 and 5100 m along a transect across an energetic deep-sea current in the HEBBLE area centered at 40°N, 63°W on the Nova Scotian Rise. Sedimentation rates above the sea floor were monitored with additional traps at 23, 54, 100, 200 and 500 m above the bottom (mab) on the mooring at 4950 m. The total flux at 500 mab for the two-week period, consisting mostly of primary particles from surface water, was 166 mg/m² day and increased exponentially towards the bottom. The total flux at 10 mab increased down slope from 1160 mg/m² day at 4158 m where the mean current speed was 8 cm/s to a maximum of 77,300 mg/m² day at 5022 m where the mean current speed was 32 cm/s, then decreased to 59,400 mg/m² day at the mooring at 5076 m. The size frequency distributions of large, discrete particles such as foraminifera, diatoms, radiolarians and fecal pellets were quantified in all trap samples to examine whether the large variation in fluxes was due to artifacts such as current velocity or trap tilt. Based on the source, persistence and distribution of these particles, we conclude that the large variations in fluxes across the rise and with distance from the sea floor are due primarily to resuspension and resettling of bottom sediments, with tilt and current effects on trapping having only a secondary effect. The vertical gradients of large-particle fluxes suggest effective vertical eddy diffusivities of 10²–10⁴ cm²/s using a two-dimensional model. Horizontal advection and secondary circulation probably play a large role in moving large, rapidly falling (up to 1 cm/s) particles to a height of 50–100 m above the sea floor.     

太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化及其环境意义

为揭示太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化特征及环境意义,通过历史数据收集和采样分析,对太湖流域降雨和湖水中的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-变化特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明：自1990s以来太湖流域降雨中SO₄^2-呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.28 mg/（L·a）;NO₃^-浓度却呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为0.05 mg/（L·a）,降雨中氮污染呈现加重的趋势.与之相反,湖水中SO₄^2-呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为1.24 mg/（L·a）;NO₃^-浓度却呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.02 mg/（L·a）.30年以来,太湖水体SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值不断升高,远高于降水SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值.研究认为：流域SO₂排放引起的酸沉降是湖水SO₄^2-浓度增长的最重要原因,但氮氧化物排放并未引起湖水NO₃^-浓度升高,说明太湖流域对大气沉降的氮氧化物有滞留作用,而太湖水体是流域大气沉降硫酸盐的重要汇.综合治理太湖流域酸性物质排放对防止太湖水体酸化和治理富营养化都具有重要意义.     

Elimination of Nutrients in the Rozkoš-Reservoir

The reservoir, having a volume of 76 hm³, a surface area of 1001 ha and a maximum depth of 17 m, is divided by a dam into two parts. Half of the upper part with an area of 200 ha is densely covered by macrophytes (Elodea, Potamogeton). The three main tributaries with 2.6 m³/s on an average are highly polluted and show α-mesosaprobic conditions. The reservoir is investigated between September and March in its longitudinal section at eight stations. The organic load and the total solids show a total decrease by 60% and 66%, respectively, and 70% of this selfpurification occurs in the upper, separated part of the reservoir. In the same way, also the total nitrogen is reduced, whereas the total phosphorus is reduced already in the upper part of the reservoir by 71%, then decreasing to 21% in the second part of the reservoir. With phosphorus, besides the biological elimination obviously also precipitation by the dissolved iron occurs, the concentration of which is reduced by 44 or 76%, resp. The bacteriological load of water improved by two to three orders of magnitude.     

Basic limnological characteristics of the shallow eutrophic lake Grimnitzsee (Brandenburg, Germany)

The medium shallow lake Grimnitzsee (maximum depth: 9.9 m; mean depth: 4.6 m; area: 7.7 · 10⁶ m²) which is situated in the biosphere reserve “Schorfheide-Chorin” in northern Brandenburg (Germany) was studied in 1994 and 1995. A bathymetric map of Grimnitzsee is given for the first time. The lake is usually polymictic although in 1994 and 1995 relatively long summer stratification was observed due to very high global radiation input. Nutrient concentration, light climate, oxygen status, phytoplankton biomass and the species composition of littoral diatoms characterize the lake as eutrophic. Special features deducible from the lake's polymictic character were the multiple development of aerobic or anaerobic strata above the sediment, the fast recovery of silicon concentration in the water column after diatom sedimentation, the importance of resuspension for the success of planktonic diatom populations, and an only moderate correlation between chlorophyll a concentration and light attenuation as well as seston dry weight probably due to the influence of suspended particles.     

Hydrograph separation to improve understanding of Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics in Headwater catchments

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key component of the global carbon cycle, but, to date, large uncertainties still exist on its source and fate in first‐order streams. In a 23 ha rangeland and steep‐slope headwater of South Africa, our aim was to quantify the contribution of overland flow (OF), soil water (SW) and ground water (GW) to DOC fluxes (DOC_F), and to interpret the results in terms of DOC sources and fate. The average 2010–2011 DOC concentration (DOC_C) at the catchment outlet was 4.7 mg C l^?1 with a standard error of ±2.5 mg C l^?1, which was significantly lower than in SW (15.2 ± 1.6 mg C l^?1) and OF (11.9 ± 0.8 mg C l^?1), but higher than in GW (2.3 ± 0.6 mg C l^?1). Based on end‐member mixing using Si and Na concentration in the water compartments, the average SW contribution to DOC_F was 66.4%, followed by OF (30.0%) and GW (3.6%). The resulting estimated DOC_F at the catchment outlet was 8.05 g C m² y^?1. This was much higher than the observed value of 2.80 g C m² y^?1, meaning that 5.25 g C m² y^?1 or 65% of the DOC is lost during its downslope and/or downstream transport to the catchment outlet. Complementary investigations revealed that the DOC_C in SW dropped from 15.2 ± 1.6 to 2.6 ± 0.3 mg C l^?1 during its downslope transport to the river system, which corresponded to a net loss of 5.10 g C m² y^?1, or 97% of the catchment DOC losses. These results on DOC sources and potential fate in headwaters are expected to improve our understanding of the impact of hydrology on the global C‐cycle. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chlorinated Solvent Source‐Zone Remediation via ZVI‐Clay Soil Mixing: 1‐Year Results

ZVI‐Clay is an emerging remediation approach that combines zero‐valent iron (ZVI)‐mediated degradation and in situ stabilization of chlorinated solvents. Through use of in situ soil mixing to deliver reagents, reagent‐contaminant contact issues associated with natural subsurface heterogeneity are overcome. This article describes implementation, treatment performance, and reaction kinetics during the first year after application of the ZVI‐Clay remediation approach at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Primary contaminants included trichloroethylene, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, and related natural degradation products. For the field application, 22,900 m³ of soils were treated to an average depth of 7.6 m with 2% ZVI and 3% sodium bentonite (dry weight basis). Performance monitoring included analysis of soil and water samples. After 1 year, total concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in soil samples were decreased by site‐wide average and median values of 97% and >99%, respectively. Total CVOC concentrations in groundwater were reduced by average and median values of 81% and >99%, respectively. In several of the soil and groundwater monitoring locations, reductions in total CVOC concentrations of greater than 99.9% were apparent. Further reduction in concentrations of chlorinated solvents is expected with time. Pre‐ and post‐mixing average hydraulic conductivity values were 1.7 × 10^?5 and 5.2 × 10^?8 m/s, respectively, indicating a reduction of about 2.5 orders of magnitude. By achieving simultaneous contaminant mass depletion and hydraulic conductivity reduction, contaminant flux reductions of several orders of magnitude are predicted.     

Mögliche Massnahmen zur Restaurierung des Sempachersees

Since 1954 average orthophosphate and total phosphorus concentrations have increased twenty and eightfold respectively in Lake Sempach. It is demonstrated that the lake is not in steady state with its phosphorus loading and that the net deposition rate of phosphorus is not linearly related to the phosphorus content of the lake. This implies that linear steady state one-box models are unsuitable to describe the phosphorus balance of this lake. Applying a nonlinear dynamic lake model we predict that the defined water quality goals ([P] ⩽30 mg m⁻³, [O₂ ⩾4 mg m⁻³]) can only be achieved within the next 15 years if the external phosphorus loading is reduced by at least 50% and simultaneously lake-internal measures, such as hypolimnion areation or hypolimnion siphoning are carried into effect.      

莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)冬芽对Cr6+污染的抗性反应

研究了Cr^6 污染对Shun菜冬芽外部形态及过氧化物酶、硝酸还原酶活性,叶绿素、O^-2、MDA的含量等生理指标的影响,结果显示：Cr^6 对Shun菜毒害机制在于 制酶活性和损害细胞膜系统,在培养第三天时叶绿素的含量随着Cr^6 浓度的增加而降低;过化物酶的活性在10mg/L中最高;硝酸还原酶活性除在5mg/L中的略微升高外,在10－40mg/L之间随着Cr^6 培养浓度的升高而降低;O^-2的含量在5mg/L中的最高,在10mg/L中略高于对照,在随后培养中承学度的升高而降低,MDA的含量变化趋势和O^-2相似。     

Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by Fenton,Sono‐Fenton and Sono‐photo‐Fenton Methods

The present work focuses on the performance of Fenton, sono‐Fenton, and sono‐photo‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol present in aqueous solution. The effects of H₂O₂ concentration, Fe²⁺ concentration, pH, and initial phenol concentration on the oxidation of phenol were studied. The optimum Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ concentrations for the Fenton process were 45 and 800 mg/L, respectively. For the sono‐Fenton process, the optimum Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ concentrations were 30 and 800 mg/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the sono‐photo‐Fenton process were found to be 20 mg/L of Fe²⁺ and 700 mg/L of H₂O₂. The optimum pH was found to be 3 for the processes investigated in the present study. The analysis of results showed that the sono‐photo‐Fenton method reduced the Fe²⁺ concentration by 30–50% and the H₂O₂ concentration by 12.5%. It was found that the sono‐photo‐Fenton technique showed better performance than the Fenton and sono‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol. A lumped kinetic model was used to predict the chemical oxygen demand reduction and the model was found to fit the data.