An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered system and its applications

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.     

侵蚀性环境对地下结构渗透和力学特性影响研究

环境污染造成地下结构侵蚀劣化,使得地下结构面临严峻的长期稳定性问题。通过50 g/L Na2SO4溶液、50 g/L NaCl溶液以及含有50 g/L Na2SO4 + 50 g/L NaCl的垃圾渗滤液的浸泡侵蚀试验,研究了经上述溶液侵蚀后混凝土试样在不同围压下的气体渗透特性、氯离子渗透特性以及力学特性。结果表明：（1）经不同溶液侵蚀后试样的渗透率与所承受的围压大小密切相关。同一侵蚀时间下,随着围压的增大,渗透率逐渐减小。经垃圾渗滤液侵蚀后的试样渗透率随侵蚀时间线性增加,且围压越小,增大的速率越大;经硫酸钠溶液、氯化钠溶液侵蚀后的试样渗透率总体先减小后增大;经3种不同溶液侵蚀后,试样渗透率对应力的敏感程度均有所提高。（2）经3组溶液侵蚀后试样单轴抗压强度变化分为线性增加、缓慢下降两个阶段,但垃圾渗滤液侵蚀后的试样强度始终为最小值。弹性模量也呈现出相似的变化规律。（3）在同一侵蚀深度处,垃圾渗滤液侵蚀后的试样自由氯离子含量比氯化钠溶液侵蚀后的试样低20%～50%,垃圾渗滤液侵蚀下混凝土试样被氯离子侵蚀的程度比氯化钠溶液侵蚀下混凝土试样低。（4）气体渗透率随侵蚀的进行而变化最为明显,比单轴抗压强度、氯离子扩散系数更适用于评价地下混凝土结构长期稳定性。研究结果可为侵蚀性环境下地下结构长期稳定性分析提供理论依据。     

Trace metal geochemistry of peat under a sanitary landfill-a reconnaissance

Core samples were taken at two sites from a peat deposit buried by a sanitary landfill operated by the city of Vancouver since the 1960s and from a third site where the same peat bed is not covered by landfill. Twenty-nine subsamples from the three cores were analyzed by a variety of techniques to determine the concentration of as many as 34 constituents. The content of heavy metals, the principal object of this investigation, is highest in the lower part of the peat succession, in which there is a significant amount of interbedded inorganic sediment, rather than in the upper clean bog peat. Individual layers as little as 2.5 cm thick can hold concentrations of heavy metals ten times that of the nearby layers. The heavy metal contents show a high positive correlation with those of iron and manganese and a very low correlation with sulfur. Iron from the landfill has been transported by downward percolating groundwater in solution or colloidal suspension into the lower layers of peat deposit where the passing heavy metals were sorbed. A comparison of the amounts of heavy metals stored in the peat alone with the amount leaving the whole landfill annually suggests that some metals, notably lead and arsenic, might be retained in the peat for very long periods, whereas other metals such as zinc and mercury might be quickly lost.     

联合机制下黏土垫层多离子扩散模型

扩散是工程领域中的一种重要现象,尤其是针对填埋场底部的压实黏土垫层。扩散过程受多种因素影响,如离子种类、离子价态和离子浓度等,因此建立准确的扩散模型对填埋场垫层系统设计和评估具有极其重要的意义。引入简化的Guntelberg活度系数表示真实溶液与理想溶液浓度值的偏差,采用化学势和扩散势共同表征多离子扩散的驱动力,并考虑黏土介质特有的半透膜性能对离子扩散规律的影响,建立了复杂机制联合作用下多组分并存时离子在黏土垫层中的扩散模型。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建扩散模型进行数值求解,结果表明,黏土半透膜效应、溶液非理想性和扩散势均显著影响多离子扩散行为,考虑黏土半透膜效应及溶液非理想性条件下,多离子扩散进程明显减缓,考虑扩散势时,阳离子扩散速度显著提高。复杂机制联合作用下,多离子扩散规律并非单一影响机制的简单叠加,各机制之间相互制约共同影响多离子扩散行为。     

复合衬层中变系数有机污染物迁移规律分析

土工膜和下伏压实黏土组成的复合衬层已被广泛用作填埋场的防渗屏障系统。有机污染物在复合衬层中迁移时,其主要运移机制是扩散作用。假设有机污染物在土工膜中稳态扩散,并假设在下伏衬层中扩散系数为迁移距离的线性函数,且考虑降解作用的影响,建立了有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散模型,针对零浓度下边界条件,获得了模型解析解。基于该解析解,分析讨论了相关参数的敏感性。结果表明,相关参数对计算结果影响很大,降解半衰期对污染物运移同样存在较大影响。该解析模型仅适用于有机污染物在两层复合衬垫中的迁移问题,可为填埋场的初步设计提供参考     

岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物的测定

应用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的含量。获取样品溶液5 mL于吹扫瓶中,利用TELEDYNE TEKMAR型吹扫捕集直接进样,经DB-VRX毛细管色谱柱分离、电子轰击电离（EI）全扫描检测,选择特征离子,再用外标法进行定量测定。结果表明:36种挥发性有机物的质量浓度在1～100 μg·L-1 范围内,与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法检出限在0.03～0.27 μg·L-1 之间,加标回收率在88%～110%之间,相对标准偏差（n=7）在2.32%～6.51%之间。      

One‐dimensional contaminant transport through a deforming porous medium: theory and a solution for a quasi‐steady‐state problem

Contaminant migration through soil is usually modelled mathematically using the dispersion–advection equation. This type of model finds application when planning the remediation of contaminated land, predicting the movement of polluted groundwater and designing engineered landfills. Usually the analysis assumes that the porous media through which the contaminant migrates is stationary. However, the construction of landfills on clay soils means that the soil beneath the landfill will undergo time‐dependent deformation as the soil consolidates. To date, there are no published data on the effect a deforming porous media may have on contaminant transport beneath a landfill; indeed, there appears to be no theory of contaminant migration through a deforming soil. In this paper, a one‐dimensional theory of contaminant migration through a saturated deforming porous media is developed based on a small and large strain analysis of a consolidating soil and conservation of contaminant mass. By selection of suitable parameters, the new transport equation reduces to the familiar one‐dimensional dispersion–advection equation for a saturated soil with linear, reversible, equilibrium controlled sorption of the contaminant onto the soil skeleton. Analytic solutions to a quasi‐steady‐state contaminant transport problem for a deforming media are presented, and a preliminary assessment made of the potential importance of soil deformation on the results of a contaminant migration analysis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical Assessment of Unidirectional Propagation of a Leachate Contamination Plume

The leachate produced by the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill of São Pedro da Aldeia (State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) flows almost entirely in one direction guided by a natural ditch in the bottom of a gentle valley. This landfill has been in operation with no concern to environmental protection, such as containment systems or leachate drainage and treatment. This inadequate operation causes severe damage to flora, wildlife and local farmers, due to continuous propagation of contaminants in the groundwater. Field and laboratory measurements of ionic concentrations of several contaminants found in the groundwater adjacent the landfill are presented and interpreted in this paper. Several farms are located adjacent to the landfill, comprising about 1,000 inhabitants that use the ground water for personal use and land farming activities. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the environmental hazard to the surrounding properties as the landfill is still in operation. This is accomplished by estimating the maximum distance travelled by the leachate plume based on the statistical interpretation of the measured ionic concentration of several contaminants found commonly in landfills. The main recommendation coming from the statistical assessment is that safe groundwater consumption should be limited to a minimum distance of 400 m from the contamination source, provided that the quality of ground water is continuously monitored while the MSW landfill is still in operation.     

Modeling municipal solid waste landfill settlement

A good prediction of solid waste landfill settlement is important for landfill design and rehabilitation. A one-dimensional model which accounts for mechanical settlement and biodegradation processes is developed to simulate the settlement behavior of municipal solid waste landfill. The derivation of analytical solutions for specific conditions is introduced. The numerical approach, capable of coping with more general conditions, is also presented to estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of landfill settlement. The proposed model can simulate typical features of short- and long-term landfill settlement behaviors. With proper selection of parameter values, field measurements are well simulated by this model. The effects of some design parameters on the settlement behavior of municipal solid waste landfills are also examined with the help of this model.     

Modelling of contaminant transport through landfill liners using EFGM

Modelling of contaminant transport through landfill liners and natural soil deposits is an important area of research activity in geoenvironmental engineering. Conventional mesh‐based numerical methods depend on mesh/grid size and element connectivity and possess some difficulties when dealing with advection‐dominant transport problems. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to provide a simple but sufficiently accurate methodology for numerical simulation of the two‐dimensional contaminant transport through the saturated homogeneous porous media and landfill liners using element‐free Galerkin method (EFGM). In the EFGM, an approximate solution is constructed entirely in terms of a set of nodes and no characterization of the interrelationship of the nodes is needed. The EFGM employs moving least‐square approximants to approximate the function and uses the Lagrange multiplier method for imposing essential boundary conditions. The results of the EFGM are validated using experimental results. Analytical and finite element solutions are also used to compare the results of the EFGM. In order to test the practical applicability and performance of the EFGM, three case studies of contaminant transport through the landfill liners are presented. A good agreement is obtained between the results of the EFGM and the field investigation data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of the leachate movement in a sealed landfill using geophysical methods

This paper describes a case study concerning the use of integrated geophysical methods applied to environmental assessment. The study is focused on an old municipal solid waste sealed landfill site, located in Gaeiras, Central Portugal. The problem is related with leachate overproduction in this domestic and industrial waste landfill that became an environmental problem with urgent assessment, so that a solution could be planned. Due to the lack of accurate information regarding the shape, history and development of the landfill, the use of a set of classical geophysical methods was the option, since they are non-invasive and non-destructive. The available area was small, almost restricted to the landfill area. To conduct this assessment, electromagnetic RF-EM and Geonics EM34, spontaneous potential (SP), vertical electrical soundings (VES) and magnetic prospecting surveys were planned to understand the various problems that could be related with the leachate overproduction. The joint use of these classical geophysical methods was targeted to investigate bedrock depth and structure (RF-EM, EM34 and VES), waste and leachate characteristics (EM34 and magnetics) and groundwater flow (SP) in the landfill. Geophysical results were correlated with hydrogeological information, integrated and interpreted, using geographic information system tools. The results obtained were important to understand the geological mechanisms that are responsible for leachate overproduction and to suggest remedial measures.     

Three‐dimensional finite elements for the analysis of soil contamination using a multiple‐porosity approach

A three‐dimensional finite‐element model of contaminant migration in fissured clays or contaminated sand which includes multiple sources of non‐equilibrium processes is proposed. The conceptual framework can accommodate a regular network of fissures in 1D, 2D or 3D and immobile solutions in the macro‐pores of aggregated topsoils, as well as non‐equilibrium sorption. A Galerkin weighted‐residual statement for the three‐dimensional form of the equations in the Laplace domain is formulated. Equations are discretized using linear and quadratic prism elements. The system of algebraic equations is solved in the Laplace domain and solution is inverted to the time domain numerically. The model is validated and its scope is illustrated through the analysis of three problems: a waste repository deeply buried in fissured clay, a storage tank leaking into sand and a sanitary landfill leaching into fissured clay over a sand aquifer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporating solid solutions in reactive transport equations using a kinetic discrete-composition approach

A new approach is proposed for incorporating solid solution reactions into mass conservation equations describing reaction paths in both closed and open systems. The method is applicable to problems involving advective, dispersive, and diffusive transport in a porous medium. By representing the continuously variable solid solution composition with a discrete set of stoichiometric solids that span composition space, combined with a kinetic formulation of their rates of reaction, a self-determining spatial and temporal evolution of the solid solution concentration and composition is obtained. It is demonstrated that equilibrium of an aqueous solution with a stoichiometric solid derived from a solid solution corresponds to equilibrium of the solid solution itself if and only if equilibrium of the stoichiometric solid is stable. One advantage of this approach is that it is unnecessary to introduce any additional compositional variables to represent the solid solution. Discretization may be over the entire range of composition space, or over some subset depending on the system. A major consequence of the kinetic discrete-composition solid solution representation is that modeling solid solutions is similar to modeling pure mineral phases with the exception of a weighting factor applied to reaction rates of stoichiometric solids corresponding to a common solid solution. With this approach, precipitation leads to a discrete zonation of the solid solution that approximates the continuous variation in composition expected for the actual solid solution. The approach is demonstrated for a hypothetical ideal and non-ideal binary solid solution A_xB_1−xC for a reaction path formulation and reactive transport involving advection and diffusion.     

考虑龄期分层的固体废弃物填埋场边坡稳定分析

固体废弃物填埋场长期使用过程中,垃圾土的强度参数随着龄期的变化而变化。在进行固体废弃物填埋场边坡稳定分析时考虑按龄期分层,基于极限分析上限理论,提出了转动-平动组合和多块体平动两种破坏机构。通过水平分层土坡算例的对比分析,验证两种破坏机构的合理性和有效性。进而对填埋场算例按龄期分层分析,结果表明,极限分析上限解的安全系数和破坏机制与强度折减有限单元法非常接近,多块体平动机构通过随机搜索所得的最危险滑裂面优于转动-平动组合机构。最后分析西班牙Coll Cardús固废填埋场,此填埋场是按龄期分层的典型复杂填埋场,运用两种破坏机构所得的安全系数和最危险滑裂面与有限单元法相符。算例分析表明,在不考虑水位的情况下,填埋体堆填时间越长越有利于填埋场的稳定。当填埋体按低、中、高龄期分层形成时,填埋场的整体稳定安全系数介于中龄期和高龄期的均质边坡之间。     

南京市危险废弃物处置中心填埋区岩土工程特征及对策

介绍了南京市危险废弃物处置中心填埋库区岩土工程地质特征，并介绍了国内外填埋材料方面的研究成果。就南京市危险废弃物处置中心填埋库区填埋坑的稳定、沉降、防渗等问题展开讨论，提出了较为合理的解决方案。     

Seismic stability analyses for landfill cover systems under different seepage buildup conditions

Drainage of landfill cover systems is often inadequate and buildup of seepage forces can occur over time. However, in most design analyses the seepage buildup is neglected and assumed to have only a minor impact on the seismic performance of landfill cover systems. Actually, simply ignoring the seepage buildup will lead to serious overestimation of the factor of safety. A new two-wedge method was developed to analyze the seismic stability of landfill cover systems under different seepage buildup conditions. The solutions of the factor of safety and the yield acceleration coefficient can be obtained, and the permanent displacement of landfill cover systems can also be calculated using the Newmark method. Based on the developed seismic analysis method, the effects of a parametric variation on the seismic stability and permanent displacement of landfill cover systems are presented.     

Simulation modelling of pollutant transport from leachate in Shiraz landfill

A one-dimensional mathematical model based on convection–dispersion equation in unsaturated porous media is presented to compute inorganic total solid concentration in the soil column under the Shiraz landfill. In addition, a dynamic mathematical model is formulated to simulate concentrations of ions such as Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻ as well as PH and EC in soil profile under the Shiraz landfill. Leachw model was applied to simulate water flow, water content and hydraulic conductivity in soil depth. The model was calibrated and verified by using different sets of data collected from several segments of soil depth in the study area. The numerical solution obtained using finite element method. The simulated values for the parameters were compared with measured values as well as analytical solution. The simulated results are in good agreement with measured values. This model could be applied to field scale problems for the landfill management.     

模拟渗滤液作用下压实黏土的力学性质

垃圾填埋场中渗滤液的作用可能对压实黏土衬垫及地基土的力学性质产生一定的影响,但目前研究成果存在矛盾之处。以CaCl2溶液和苯酚溶液作为渗滤液中无机和有机污染物的代表,对添加10%钠基膨润土的压实黏土进行力学性质的试验研究。结果表明,（1）两种模拟渗滤液的作用使土的压缩性增强,抗剪强度降低。（2）苯酚对压实黏土力学性质的影响更为显著,不排水强度约为自来水和0.05molL-1CaCl2溶液的55%。（3）土样初始孔隙比相同时,溶液作用下扩散双电层变薄造成孔隙变大,可能是产生这种现象的主要原因。（4）模拟渗滤液的作用对压实黏土衬垫及地基土具有不利的影响。     

Direct current (DC) resistivity measurements in long-term groundwater monitoring programmes

. Effective leak detection systems are most often needed to enable early warnings of groundwater contamination from landfill areas. In order to monitor the groundwater chemical changes over time direct current (DC) resistivity measurements have been used, since variation in groundwater ion concentration give changes of the electrical potential field. A simple, low-cost system for long-term monitoring has been developed and used for 4 years at an existing operational landfill in central Sweden. The paper describes the construction and operation of the geoelectrical monitoring system based on a fixed electrode Wenner array, situated in a glaciated terrain. The simplicity of the system enables non-experts in geophysics to run the system and evaluate the results. The lateral resistivity variations (up to 10,000% from the mean lateral value) clearly reflect strongly different natural geological conditions, whereas the variations over time (15% from the mean value at each specific point) reflect mainly the seasonal soil humidity and groundwater level variations. Leachates from the landfill have a low resistivity (about 1 ohmm) and the moderate seasonal variations in electrical resistivity favour the possibilities for identification of leakage from the landfill. Evaluation of resistivity data comprises modified double mass calculations versus data from reference measurement sites, which enables detection of contamination although it influences the resistivity less than the natural seasonal variations.     

The Role of Fracture Structure in Leachate Pollution at Landfills： A Case Study of a Landfill in Chongqing City

This paper studies a landfill where there are three faults running through.As serious pollution has occurred to the geological environment,the landfill is to be closed up and renovated.The paper aims to explore the role of fracture structure in leachate pollution at the landfill.The research was carried out in several stages.First,mathematical models of the pre-renovation landfill with three faults running through and the landfill after renovation were established.And then,the boundary conditions and parameters of the two mathematical models were determined.The groundwater level of the landfills was simulated in order to modify the two mathematical models.As a result,a feasible mathematical model was achieved.Based on this model,a comparison was made of the COD concentration variations in the inside leachate and outside leachate between the two landfills. Accordingly,the impacts of the fracture structure on the pollution of leachate at the landfills could be identified.The study results show that while faults contribute to the migration of leachate,they also serve as a confluence of leachate,thus further deteriorating the environment.The COD concentrations of the inside leachate and the outside leacbate of the pre-renovation landfill are respectively 800 mg/L and 220 mg/L higher than those of the post.renovation landfill.Therefore,measures must be taken to handle the leachate seepage in areas where there are faults as well as the neighboring areas so as to get the environmental pollution under control.