单桩承载力的一种直接动测法

应用高应变动测法确定基桩的承载力非常依赖测试人员的经验且存在多解性问题。为克服这种现象,介绍了一种新的直接动测法,并以一灌注桩的现场静载试验为对象,建立了详细的基桩有限元静力、动力分析模型。静力模拟比较分析表明,该有限元模型能准确地模拟文献的结果。在此基础上,通过有限元动力分析,得到锤击下桩的应力场、位移场、速度场和加速度场。根据有限元计算结果,分析了直接动测法的有效性。直接动测法确定的承载力和静载法一致。该直接动测法消除了现有高应变法存在的多解性问题,故可以得到单桩承载力的客观性结果。     

Exploring influence of sectional flexural yielding on experimental pile response analysis and applicability of distributed plastic hinge model in inelastic numerical simulation for laterally loaded piles

This study used model pile load testing and numerical analysis to investigate the experimental analysis results of pile and soil responses for lateral load testing due to the flexural yielding of a pile, and to examine the applicability of the distributed plastic hinge model to the numerical simulation of inelastic pile response. A lateral load test on an aluminum model pile in sand was conducted as an analysis case. The pile was loaded to a large lateral pile-head displacement, a displacement under which some of the pile sections yielded and thus the pile had inelastic flexural deformation. The test results showed that before the pile yielded, the depth of maximum moment increased with increasing load due to soil nonlinearity; after the pile yielded, the depth of maximum moment varied less and the plastic region expanded upward and downward around this depth with increasing pile displacement. In deducing the responses of the pile and soil for the pile-soil system, the actual nonlinear flexural rigidity of the pile section built based on the bending test was essential to retrieve rational ones. In addition, the distributed plastic hinge model was shown to be effective to model the inelastic pile responses and capture the development of plastic zones in the pile.     

液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用简化分析方法

液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析属于桩基桥梁抗震设计中的一个关键科学问题,而目前尚缺乏合理的简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于Penzien模型,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的数值分析模型与相应的简化分析方法。通过振动台试验验证了数值建模途径与简化计算分析方法的正确性,可用于液化场地桩基桥梁结构地震反应的分析,并且特别考虑砂层中孔压升高引起的砂土承载力衰减效应,推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法;据此进行了桩径、桩土初始模量比、砂土内摩擦角、上部桥梁结构质量等重要参数对液化场地桩-土地震相互作用影响的敏感性分析。研究表明：在液化场地条件下,随桩径和桩土初始模量比的增大,桩的峰值加速度、峰值位移减小,而桩的峰值弯矩则增大;随砂土内摩擦角增大,桩的峰值加速度、峰值弯矩、峰值应力均增大,而桩的峰值位移则减小;随上部结构配重增大,桩的峰值位移、峰值弯矩均增大。     

Uplift capacity of single piles: predictions and performance

The paper pertains to the development of a simple semi-empirical model for predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand. Various pile and soil parameters such as length (L), diameter (d) of the pile and angle of friction (ϕ), soil–pile friction angle (δ) and unit weight (γ) of the soil which have direct influence on the uplift capacity of the pile are incorporated in the analysis. A comparative assessment of the ultimate uplift capacity of piles predicted by using the proposed theory and some of the available theories are made with respect to each other and with reference to the measured values obtained from model tests in the laboratory. For this purpose experimental data have been collected from the literature and also from model tests conducted as a part of the present investigation. The study shows the proposed model has an excellent potential in predicting the uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand that are consistent with model pile test results.     

JPP桩不同组合水平承载性能模型试验研究

高喷插芯组合桩（简称JPP桩）是一种新型复合材料桩,实现了刚性桩的效果、柔性桩的成本,在基坑支护等工程中得到应用,但其水平承载性能的研究落后于工程实践。为了研究不同组合形式的JPP桩水平承载特性,利用自主研制的桩基模型试验加载系统进行了4种不同组合形式下JPP桩水平载荷试验,研究结果表明：分段组合II的水平承载能力最高,上组合与分段组合I相近,下组合的水平承载能力最低,表明越多的分段组合呈现出整体承受水平荷载的能力。桩身最大弯矩出现在距离桩顶以下3~4倍芯桩桩径处,该部位相对薄弱,易发生破坏。地面下一定深度范围内的土体特性将直接影响着桩的水平承载能力。     

Pile driving formulas based on pile wave equation analyses

Pile driving formulas, which directly relate the pile set resulting from a hammer blow to the static load capacity of the pile, are often used to decide whether a pile will have the required design capacity. However, existing formulas do not consider soil or pile type, and do not, in general, reliably predict pile capacity. In this paper, an advanced model for dynamic pile driving analysis was used to develop accurate pile driving formulas. The proposed driving formulas are validated through well-documented case histories. Comparisons of predictions from the proposed formulas with results from static and dynamic load tests show that they produce reasonably accurate predictions of pile capacity based on pile set observations.     

考虑深基坑开挖效应的超长灌注桩桩身压缩综合系数的理论分析

对于深基坑坑底以下的工程桩,受开挖效应影响,桩侧摩阻力分布与常规条件下差异较大。基于超长钻孔灌注桩的足尺试验和数值分析结果,研究了常规和基坑开挖条件下试桩不同侧摩阻力分布导致的沉降特性差异。研究结果表明,超长钻孔灌注桩在工作荷载下一般端阻比较小,桩侧摩阻力的分布形式直接决定了桩身压缩综合系数。无深基坑开挖影响时,规范推荐的桩身压缩综合系数计算超长桩桩身压缩量是可行的。但在深基坑开挖条件下,钻孔灌注桩桩身压缩综合系数取值可比现行规范基于不考虑基坑开挖效应的推荐值大20%,不考虑深基坑开挖影响可能导致桩顶沉降被低估。此外,在深开挖条件下,超长钻孔灌注桩的桩身压缩综合系数随桩身长径比l/d的增大而减小;而常规条件下,桩身压缩综合系数随桩身长径比l/d变化的规律不明显。     

基于DIC技术的桩筏基础工作机理研究

为了深入研究桩筏基础中桩周土体位移场特性及其工作机理,以数字图像相关技术（DIC）的基本原理为基础,编制相应的位移场分析程序,并利用该程序对桩基模型试验中获得的系列图像进行分析,得到了桩周土体位移场渐进性发展变化的全过程,同时对不同桩距桩筏基础的破坏模式作出推断。研究结果表明：利用自行编制的DIC程序分析桩周土体位移场是可行的,并可以得到全场位移。对于不同桩距桩筏基础,小桩距削弱基桩承载力,随着桩距的增大,这种削弱作用减弱。3b（b为方桩边长）桩距桩筏基础中,土体压缩区主要集中在桩端以下土层,基本符合实体深基础的破坏模式;而6b桩距桩筏基础,土体变形区域主要集中在桩身上部1/3L（L为桩长）范围内,明显小于3b桩距桩筏基础的影响深度,基础最终因桩间土体侧向挤出而破坏。     

Piles shaft capacity from CPT and CPTu data by polynomial neural networks and genetic algorithms

Cone penetration test (CPT) is one of the most common in situ tests which is used for pile design because it can be realized as a model pile. The measured cone resistance (q_c) and sleeve friction (f_s) usually are employed for estimation of pile unit toe and shaft resistances, respectively. Thirty three pile case histories have been compiled including static loading tests performed in uplift, or in push with separation of shaft and toe resistances at sites which comprise CPT or CPTu sounding. Group method of data handling (GMDH) type neural networks optimized using genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to model the effects of effective cone point resistance (q_E) and cone sleeve friction (f_s) as input parameters on pile unit shaft resistance, applying some experimentally obtained training and test data. Sensitivity analysis of the obtained model has been carried out to study the influence of input parameters on model output. Some graphs have been derived from sensitivity analysis to estimate pile unit shaft resistance based on q_E and f_s. The performance of the proposed method has been compared with the other CPT and CPTu direct methods and referenced to measured piles shaft capacity. The results demonstrate that appreciable improvement in prediction of pile shaft capacity has been achieved.     

珊瑚礁灰岩层后压浆桩增强效应作用机制

珊瑚礁灰岩层中桩基承载特性的研究是岩土工程的热点问题。基于某跨海大桥工程开展的珊瑚礁灰岩层中桩端后压浆桩现场静载荷试验,对比分析了压浆前后的实测结果,研究了桩端后压浆的预压作用对桩阻力的影响,并在桩端后压浆试验结果分析的基础上,进一步研究了后压浆桩增强效应作用机制。结果表明,桩端后压浆技术可应用于珊瑚礁灰岩地层中,能有效地提高桩基承载力和减小沉降量;钻孔取芯试验明确了压力浆液在桩端以下一定范围内的分布情况,并证实了压力浆液对珊瑚礁灰岩的孔隙有充填作用;桩端压浆后,在桩端未能消散的压力产生负摩阻力,使负摩阻力在竖向荷载作用下提前发挥,并增大了压浆桩的侧阻力。此外,桩端后压浆的预压作用提高了桩端阻力,并减小了桩端位移,改善了桩基的承载性状。     

Evaluation of models for laterally loaded piles

It is common in the analysis of piles under lateral loads to use a model of a beam on elastic foundation, or a finite element model with the pile represented by a one dimensional beam–column with its axis coinciding with the central line of the finite element mesh. In both cases the lateral stiffness of the pile itself, as a structural element, is a function of the product of its Young’s modulus of elasticity by the moment of inertia of the cross section (EI). For solid piles the moment of inertia is directly related to the radius but this is not the case when dealing with hollow piles where the value of the radius corresponding to a given moment of inertia is not unique. Both of the above models ignore the effect of the value of the radius of the soil cavity occupied by the pile. In this work a more accurate model of the pile with the soil around it represented. A consistent boundary matrix valid for static and dynamic analyses is used to evaluate the accuracy of the results provided by the model of a beam on elastic foundation. In addition, a 1D model of the pile is analyzed with finite elements for the soil. This analysis considers a fixed value of the product EI, but a variable radius in order to illustrate the importance of the radial dimension. Results are obtained for a pile fixed at the bottom, but long enough so that the top boundary conditions do not affect the results and for a shorter floating pile were the shear and moment at the bottom resulting from the underlying soil would not be zero. For the beam on elastic foundation model, the top of the pile was assumed to be fixed.     

表层液化地基中结构与桩惯性相互作用简化分析方法

传统桩基础结构抗震设计中一般认为忽略结构与桩基础相互作用影响使得结构所受惯性作用计算结果偏于保守,但对几次强震中地震动反应谱和桩基础结构震害特征的总结与分析表明,液化作用和结构与桩基础相互作用可能导致桩基础结构惯性作用增强。通过可液化地基中桩基础结构的动力离心模型试验手段,分析了地基液化对结构与桩惯性相互作用的影响,发展了适用于表层液化地基中的结构与桩惯性相互作用的简化计算方法,并利用该方法对文中及Wilson等的离心模型试验进行分析,得到的结构加速度与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了方法的有效性。     

水平荷载下纵截面异形桩承载特性试验

针对纵截面异形桩（扩底桩和楔形桩）、等混凝土用量常规等直径桩的水平向承载特性进行对比模型试验研究,测得不同水平荷载等级下扩底桩和楔形桩的内力、变形、极限承载力和桩侧土压力分布等变化规律特性;初步探讨3种桩型的水平极限承载特性和桩侧土压力分布规律。考虑纵向截面异形效应,基于水平土抗力与水平位移（p-y）曲线法建立纵截面异形桩水平向承载特性理论计算方法,进一步分析弯矩分布规律,并开展影响因素分析。研究结果表明,在当前试验条件下,等混凝土用量楔形桩的水平向承载力比等直径桩的高,砂性土和黏性土中楔形桩水平向极限承载力约分别为等直径桩的1.25倍和1.33倍。相关研究成果可为今后类似土层下水平受荷纵截面异形桩的设计与计算提供参考依据。     

Group interaction on vertically loaded piles in saturated poroelastic soil

The pile-to-pile interaction was obtained for vertically loaded piles embedded in homogeneous poroelastic saturated soil. Deduced from Biot’s theory, the fundamental functions of the quasi-static development for the force, displacement and pore pressure were acquired in cylindrical coordinates. The pile–soil system was decomposed into extended soil and fictitious piles, and the compatibility condition was set up between the axial strain of the fictitious piles and the corresponding average strain over the extended soil. This approach results in the governing equations, which consist of the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind and the basic unknowns of the axial forces along the fictitious pile shaft. The axial force and settlement along the pile shaft were calculated based on the axial forces of the fictitious piles. The interaction between the piles was investigated under different consolidation conditions through a two-pile model, and two pile interaction factors were obtained. Stemming from the two-pile analysis, numerical analyses on the settlement of the pile groups were conducted to probe pile interaction with consolidation. The conventional solutions for the single-phase soil-pile problem seem to underestimate the interaction factor if the consolidation effect is taken into account as pile settlement continues. The pile-to-pile interaction can also aggravate the percentage of consolidation settlement (PCS), and as the pile number increases, the value of the PCS will also increase. Several key factors, such as the pile stiffness, pile slenderness ratio and pile spacing, are investigated to better understand the impact of consolidation on pile analysis.     

嵌岩抗拔桩承载性状研究

嵌岩桩抗拔承载性状的研究目前仍较缺乏。运用灰色系统理论和非线性有限元方法,探讨了桩径、桩长、嵌岩深度对嵌岩桩抗拔承载眭状的影响规律。结果表明：桩径对嵌岩桩抗拔承载力的影响最大,嵌岩深度次之,桩长最小;桩径和嵌岩深度在一定范围内与桩抗拔割线刚度呈非线性递增关系,桩长则与之呈非线性递减关系。     

非线性粘弹性基桩纵向混沌运动

研究了在给定桩顶轴向动位移条件下非线性粘弹性嵌岩桩纵向振动的混沌运动。假定基桩材料满足非线性弹性和微分型线性粘弹性本构关系、桩周土反力及阻尼分别与位移及速率成正比,得到基桩的运动方程为非线性偏微分方程。利用Galerkin方法将方程简化,并对简化后的系统进行了数值模拟计算,得到了土反力、土阻尼、桩身阻尼比较大、比较小和很小等情形下不同参数时基桩运动的时程曲线、相平面图、功率谱图、Poincare截面及分岔图等。结果表明纵向振动的非线性粘弹性桩可以呈现周期运动、准周期运动、分岔或混沌运动。     

Approximate computer analysis of pile groups subjected to loads and ground movements

This paper describes the development of an approximate approach for the analysis and design of piles subjected to axial and lateral loading and also to vertical and horizontal ground movements. The analysis involves a number of simplifications in order to make it feasible to implement. For example, it considers the behaviour of a ‘representative’ pile in a group to characterize the behaviour of all piles in the group, and adopts approximations to derive free-field interaction factors from the conventional interaction factors for direct loading. The analysis has been implemented via a computer program called EMbankment PIle Group (EMPIG) and has the ability to incorporate the following features:

• 1. single piles or pile groups,
• 2. applied vertical, lateral and moment loading on the pile cap,
• 3. the effects of axial and lateral soil movements caused by embankment construction,
• 4. a layered soil profile,
• 5. non-linear axial and lateral response of the piles.

Comparisons between solutions from EMPIG and other independent programs suggest that it is capable of providing results of adequate accuracy for practical design purposes. The analysis has been used to investigate the effects of pile rake on a typical bridge abutment group. The presence of raked piles can have a detrimental effect on group behaviour, especially in the presence of ground movements. Large lateral deflections can be generated and axial forces and moments in the piles are increased. Comparisons are also made with the results of centrifuge model tests on abutment pile groups. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滑体段采用m法模型的抗滑桩计算方法

在目前的抗滑桩设计计算方法中,多将抗滑桩与滑体间的作用力简化为已知荷载,而忽略了该力与桩位移直接相关的特点。对目前的计算模型进行了改进,采用m法模型模拟桩前滑体对桩的抗力,并分别对桩在滑面以上、以下的部分建立计算方程,应用幂级数法解得其位移及内力的表达式,再利用桩的上、下段在滑面处的变形协调条件,求得该截面的弯矩和剪力,最终得到整个桩的变形和内力以及桩、土之间的作用力。最后,分别应用该方法和有限元法对一算例进行计算,其结果吻合很好,证明了该方法的正确性。     

注浆成型螺纹桩抗拔承载特性的数值分析

注浆成型螺纹桩为一种利用施工工艺创新,结合钻孔灌注和二次注浆技术的新型螺纹抗拔桩型,目前已在软土地区开展应用。为了对其受力承载特性深入研究,使该桩型得到广泛推广,通过数值分析方法对其抗拔性能和承载机制进行了三维有限元数值模拟。首先,通过数值模拟桩-土界面室内大型直剪试验得到了有限元分析需要的桩-土接触面参数,而后将得到的参数带入注浆成型螺纹桩抗拔三维有限元数值模型,通过计算得到了不同距径比S/D（即螺距与桩径的比值）螺纹桩的抗拔荷载-位移曲线和轴力分布,并观察了抗拔过程中桩周土体塑性变形的发展。数值分析表明,螺纹桩与桩周土体的机械咬合作用增大了桩侧摩阻力,从而使桩体极限抗拔承载力较等截面圆桩提高约2～5倍;同时,其承载能力与桩体的S/D有关,当S/D取最优时,荷载-位移曲线的初始切向刚度最大,极限承载力最高,桩周土体形成的连续拱形破坏区域最大。     

Piles under axial and torsional loads

An analysis of axially and torsionally loaded piles is presented in which the pile is treated as an elastic bar supported on two series of interacting non-linear axial and torsional springs. The characteristics of these springs depend on the soil properties and the diameter of the pile as well as on the interaction between the axial and torsional response. Predicted pile responses are compared to the results of model tests conducted on piles installed in a soft clay bed and loaded with combined axial and torsional loads. Both experimental results and theoretical predictions show that a torque applied to the pile head affects significantly the settlement and the axial bearing capacity of the pile.