新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热资源研究进展

归纳了新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热地质条件,分析了区内地质构造、地温分布、地热流体化学及同位素特征,研究了地热形成机理,计算了曲曼地热田的地热资源量和可开采量。结果表明: 研究区地热资源受断裂构造控制; 地温变化与盖层、完整基岩、断裂带(热储)表现出明显的一致性,目前实测最高热储温度为161 ℃,深部热储计算温度可达222~268 ℃,地温梯度最高为149.20 ℃/100 m; 地热流体具有深循环特征,与浅表冷水的水化学和同位素特征具有明显的差异; 地热流体来源于大气降水,在断裂及裂隙内储存、运移、富集,在侵入岩体放射性生热和结晶余热的热量供应下,地下流体不断与围岩进行热量及物质交换,在热储围岩和盖层中,热量以传导方式为主,在热储内,热量以对流方式为主; 曲曼地热田储存的热量为55.919×10¹¹ MJ,地热流体可开采量约为12 593 m³/d,产能(热能)约为77.9 MW。因此认为,塔什库尔干谷地热储埋藏深度浅,易开采,具有可观的直接和间接经济价值。     

北京天竺地热田东坝凹陷南部地区地下热水富集的地热地质条件分析

以北京地区地热流体中温度和矿物质含量较高的东坝凹陷南部地区作为实例,在完整的地热钻孔及相关地质资料基础上,通过对研究区断裂构造、热储层、热储盖层、地温场、流体水化学特性和富水性等地热地质条件进行分析,研究造成该区地热流体中温度、矿物质含量升高的主要原因。研究表明：受太阳宫断裂北段、良乡—前门断裂和楼梓庄断裂的切割作用,东坝凹陷南部地区热储层下落近千米,形成了一个较为封闭的“黑箱子”区域。这种独特的地质结构导致东坝凹陷南部地区接受东南城区地热田侧向补给较少,长期处于较为封闭的还原环境;太阳宫断裂北段存在深部的热源通道,地层深部的高温热流顺断裂上涌在东坝凹陷南部地区的热储层富集,因此该区地热流体表现出温度高、矿物质含量高、富水性差的特征,该研究对我国今后地热资源的开发具有积极的借鉴意义。     

红河流域元古界大红山群变质岩系的热储结构及热流特征

经过地热地质调查、物探验证和分析论证,在红河流域中段的戛洒盆地古元古界大红山群变质岩系中钻探获得了可供开发利用的热矿水。勘探孔深2 200.71 m,大红山群第4至第5段（Pt₁dhs4-5）热储层富水性强,钻孔涌水量1 089 m3·d?1,孔底测温84.3 ℃,地热水矿化度9 777 mg·L?1,水化学类型为Cl-Na型,水化学成分复杂。此次成功的勘探研究,揭示了大红山变质岩系的热储特征及地热资源潜力,拓展了地热水勘探开发的新领域。综合研究认为,大红山群变质岩系中的硬脆性大理岩、石英片岩、火成岩等热储层（带）、导热导水的深大断裂及上覆隔水隔热的三叠系红层等盖层,构成了较为典型的带状热储。热储层赋存承压地热水,主要由地下水在重力和热力作用下,沿区域深大断裂带的主干和次级导热导水断裂作深循环逐渐增温和对流运动所形成,实测地热增温率为3.0 ℃·(100 m)?1。      

Theoretical study on the stability of a reservoir created by the intersection of a fluid-filled crack with an oblique joint for the extraction of geothermal heat

On the basis of the two-dimensional theory of elasticity, the theoretical analysis of a vertical, fluid-filled crack intersecting and oblique joint has been made for the extraction of geothermal heat from hot, dry rock masses, where the opening of the joint near a point of intersection and the frictional resistance against slips along the joint are taken into account. The stress intensity factors are evaluated for discussing crack kinking at the upper joint tip, and the sufficient conditions on theinclination of the joint and on the length between the upper joint tip and the point of intersection are obtained for keeping a fluid-filled crack stable just beneath a joint. It is also shown that the volume of the stable reservoir created by using a joint is much larger than that of a fluidfilled crack in a jointless rock mass, even if the joint is oblique and is opened up by the fluid pressure.     

日照市管帅地区地热资源特征分析

日照市管帅地区位于沂沭断裂带之昌邑大店断裂两侧,莒县地堑东缘。通过对管帅地区地质构造、水文地质条件、热储层、反演电阻率及水化学的分析研究,探讨其地热资源特征,为管帅地区的地热资源规划开发提供参考依据。     

Integral equation solution for three-dimensional heat transfer in multiple-fracture enhanced geothermal reservoirs

For the prediction of energy production from multiple-fractured geothermal reservoirs, previous models basically focused on the one-dimensional conduction in the rock containing evenly distributed fractures of equal scale. Here, a novel model is described to numerically investigate the three-dimensional heat transfer in geothermal reservoirs with unevenly spaced disc fractures of various sizes including the aperture and radius. In terms of the water flow through each fracture, an approximate analytical solution is obtained on the assumption that the water pressure disturbances, induced by the fracture margin and extraction (injection) operation, at the injection (extraction) well center and at different locations within the injection (extraction) well range were approximately equal. By the integral equation scheme for two-dimensional planar fractures, the three-dimensional problem of heat exchange is simulated without the reservoir discretization. The singular integral is analytically calculated in polar coordinates whereas the nonsingular integrand is numerically estimated by the Gaussian quadrature method in Cartesian coordinates. Compared with the one-dimensional simplification, the three-dimensional heat conduction remarkably alters the prediction of extraction temperature. In addition, the reservoir temperature field is also significantly influenced by the spacings and dimensions of fractures. The present model may be used for the estimation, design, and optimization of a geothermal reservoir.     

南阳盆地地热地质特征研究

地热资源已成为现阶段重要的绿色能源之一,通过分析研究南阳盆地地热地质特征,为开发利用本区域的地热资源提供地质资料依据.南阳盆地位于秦岭纬向构造带与华夏类型构造反接复合部位,为三面环山向南开口的单断式中、新生代山间盆地,面积约1.7×104km2,地热类型属中低温(Ⅱ)类Ⅱ-1型层状热储类型,盖层为第四系、新近系上寺组、...     

FixAl及同位素方法在EGS返排液研究中的应用

增强地热系统(EGS)是开采低渗透率热岩体中热能的技术,属于广义的地热储工程。其中,作为换热介质被注入岩体并在换热后返回地表的返排液,不仅是岩体地球化学特征的信息载体,而且其物理化学行为直接影响着EGS系统的运行效果。FixAl化学热力学模拟和水同位素十三线图解在天然水热系统评价中得到了广泛应用,对返排液研究的实用性则是文章的核心问题。文中收集了全球主要EGS项目的返排液资料,基于FixAl方法分析矿物与返排液的化学平衡状态,并计算了流体在深部的热交换温度,用同位素模型验证了EGS系统中原生卤水的驱替过程。研究结果表明,上述方法在EGS返排液研究中是适用的。此外,返排液的化学特征对EGS的指示意义还包括厘定原生卤水在返排液中所占比例,识别岩浆挥发分溶解及储层改造时的添加剂残留,预测结垢趋势和流体腐蚀性等。未来需要通过更多的实验和模拟方法深入研究返排液的化学特征,建立EGS的热-水-力-化学(THMC)耦合模型,为科学开发深层地热能提供依据。     

Blowout mechanism of Alasehir (Turkey) geothermal field and its effects on groundwater chemistry

Anatolia region is one of the most seismically active regions in the world and has a considerably high level of geothermal energy potential. Some of these geothermal resources have been used for power generation and direct heating. Most of the high enthalpy geothermal systems are located in western part of Turkey. Alasehir is the most important geothermal site in western part of Turkey. Many geothermal wells have been drilled in Alasehir Plain to produce the geothermal fluid from the deep reservoir in the last 10 years. A blowout accident happened during a geothermal well drilling operation in Alasehir Plain, and significant amount of geothermal fluid surfaced out along the fault zone in three locations. When drilling string entered the reservoir rock about 1000 m, blowout occurred. As the well head preventer system was closed because of the blowout, high-pressure fluid surfaced out along the fault zone cutting the Neogene formation. In order to understand the geothermal fluid effects on groundwater chemistry, physical and chemical compositions of local cold groundwater were monitored from May 2012 to September 2014 in the study area. The geothermal fluid was found to be of Na–HCO₃ water type, and especially, arsenic and boron concentrations reached levels as high as 3 and 127 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of arsenic and boron in the geothermal fluid and groundwater exceeded the maximum allowable limits given in the national and international standards for drinking water quality. According to temporally monitored results, geothermal fluid has extremely high mineral content which influenced the quality of groundwater resources of the area where water resource is commonly used for agricultural irrigation.     

Controls on the deep thermal field: implications from 3-D numerical simulations for the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck

The deep thermal field in sedimentary basins can be affected by convection, conduction or both resulting from the structural inventory, physical properties of geological layers and physical processes taking place therein. For geothermal energy extraction, the controlling factors of the deep thermal field need to be understood to delineate favorable drill sites and exploitation compartments. We use geologically based 3-D finite element simulations to figure out the geologic controls on the thermal field of the geothermal research site Groß Schönebeck located in the E part of the North German Basin. Its target reservoir consists of Permian Rotliegend clastics that compose the lower part of a succession of Late Carboniferous to Cenozoic sediments, subdivided into several aquifers and aquicludes. The sedimentary succession includes a layer of mobilized Upper Permian Zechstein salt which plays a special role for the thermal field due to its high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the salt is impermeable and due to its rheology decouples the fault systems in the suprasalt units from subsalt layers. Conductive and coupled fluid and heat transport simulations are carried out to assess the relative impact of different heat transfer mechanisms on the temperature distribution. The measured temperatures in 7 wells are used for model validation and show a better fit with models considering fluid and heat transport than with a purely conductive model. Our results suggest that advective and convective heat transport are important heat transfer processes in the suprasalt sediments. In contrast, thermal conduction mainly controls the subsalt layers. With a third simulation, we investigate the influence of a major permeable and of three impermeable faults dissecting the subsalt target reservoir and compare the results to the coupled model where no faults are integrated. The permeable fault may have a local, strong impact on the thermal, pressure and velocity fields whereas the impermeable faults only cause deviations of the pressure field.     

赫章片区地热地质条件特征及勘查远景探讨

区域性北西向紫云-垭都深大断裂带斜贯县境,其上下盘次级构造,层间破碎带及挽近期构造发育,具有中低温地热资源有利地热地质条件;潜在地热资源丰富,具有开发价值热储层为第一热储单元和第二热储单元的白云岩,以混合热储构造类型为主,其次是层状带状热储构造类型。根据地热地质条件,结合已成井成果资料,预测了六个靶区。     

冀中坳陷雄县地热田主控因素及成因模式

雄县地热田基岩埋深浅,储层条件优异,是雄安新区地热开发利用的重点。通过野外观测、岩心、薄片、测井、录井等资料,对雄县地热田主控因素进行了系统的分析,并提出雄县地热田成因模式。研究表明,研究区热源主要为深部地壳热传导及放射热,盖层地温梯度平均为4.54 ℃/100m,蓟县系雾迷山组储层地温梯度平均为0.87 ℃/100m;水源主要为太行山及燕山山脉海拔500 m以上的现代大气降水及古大气降水,循环深度可达3 500 m;地下热水运移通道为保定—徐水断裂、容城断裂、牛东断裂及研究区内缝洞岩溶系统,判断在牛东断裂附近存在一条深部导水断层,地下热水沿断裂向上补充至凸起内部;储—盖组合为雾迷山组白云岩储层及其上覆的第三系、第四系砂泥岩地层,部分地区残存古近系地层,储层受溶蚀及裂缝改造作用明显,盖层保温效果良好,储盖配置条件优异。从“源、通、储、盖”四个角度综合探究雄县地热田主控因素,提出雄县地热田成因模式,为雄县地热田的后续再开发利用提供参考。     

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田成因机理：以菏泽潜凸起为例

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田是我国主要供暖用热储之一,具有分布面积广、水温高、水量大等特点,是北方清洁供暖的重要可再生热源。本文以菏泽潜凸起岩溶热储地热田为例,通过地质构造、岩溶发育特征、同位素和水文地球化学特征、地温场空间分布规律、地热水动力场的系统分析,揭示地热田岩溶地热水补给源、运移途径和富集机理：地热水来源于东北部梁山、东部嘉祥一带基岩山区大气降水入渗补给,主要循环富集于层间岩溶与断裂破碎带复合处。根据地温场空间分布特征揭示的热源及其传递和聚集特征,提出了四元聚热机制,一元是大地热流毯状传导聚热、二元是凸起区高热导率分流聚热、三元是导热断裂或岩体接触带带状对流聚热、四元是地下水运移传导-对流聚热。在热储富集和聚热成因机理研究基础上,构建了基于水源、热源及深部岩溶发育特征的地热田成因机理模型,揭示了地热能富集规律。     

河北遵化汤泉地热田成因模式

河北遵化汤泉地热资源丰富,阐明其成因模式对于该地热田的进一步开发和热水资源的可持续利用具有一定的指导意义。基于地温测量和水文地球化学分析等方法对其进行了系统研究,结果表明该地热田属中低温对流型地热系统。地热田在其以北的山区接受大气降水补给,补给高程下限约为935 m。地热流体在深循环过程中于正常的大地热流背景下被围岩逐渐加热,热储温度约为130 ℃,循环深度约为4 800 m。在汤泉福泉宫至疗养院一带,构造切割花岗岩体,使得深部地热流体沿破碎带上涌,混合并加热赋存于蓄水构造中的片麻岩裂隙水,形成汤泉地区的地热异常。     

川西康定老榆林高温地热地球物理特征与形成机制研究

川西地区地热资源丰富,康定地区由中谷至老榆林一线,发育有多个高温地热田。通过对川西地区重磁资料和地质构造背景的分析,总结川西地区地热的分布特征,重点应用宽频大地电磁测深、音频大地电磁测深剖面及钻井资料,对研究区不同深度和尺度的地热要素进行探讨。研究结果表明：大量地热点发育在断裂附近,呈现出明显的空间分布相关性。在鲜水河断裂带下方的部分熔融体为本区高温地热田提供了主要热源。老榆林地热田主要受南北向深大断裂的次级构造和与之交错的东西向断裂构造控制,断裂破碎带构成热储,是深部热水上涌的通道。本文探讨了川西康定地区多尺度地球物理结构,高温地热资源的形成和分布与多要素耦合密切相关,构建出本区三维的地热地质模型。川西康定地区具有良好的高温地热水形成条件,通过地热资源开发,可促进川西地区社会经济发展。     

Integral equation solution of heat extraction‐induced thermal stress in enhanced geothermal reservoirs

During fluid injection in enhanced geothermal systems, thermo‐mechanical processes can play an important role. In fact, the phenomena of reservoir seismicity and the variation of injectivity with respect to injection water temperature can be attributed to the induced thermal stresses. In this paper, a three‐dimensional integral equation formulation is presented for calculating thermally induced stresses associated with the cooling of a fracture in a geothermal reservoir. By utilizing Green's function in the integral equation, the three‐dimensional heat flow and stresses in the reservoir are modelled without discretizing the reservoir. The formulation is implemented in a computer program for the solution of injection into an infinite fracture as well as for the injection/extraction in an arbitrarily shaped fracture. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of fluid and heat flow in a CO2-based injection-production geothermal system

CO2 is now considered as a novel heat transmission fluid to extract geothermal energy. It can be used for both energy exploitation and CO2 geological sequestration. Here, a 3-D, “two-spot” pattern well model is developed to analyze the mechanism of CO2-water displacement and heat extraction. To obtain a deeper understanding of CO2-geothermal system under some more realistic conditions, heterogeneity of reservoir’s hydrological properties is taken into account. Due to the fortissimo mobility of CO2, as long as the existence of highly permeable zone between the two wells, it is more likely to flow through the highly permeable zone to reach the production well, even though the flow path is longer. The preferential flow shortens circulation time and reduces heat-exchange area, probably leading to early thermal breakthrough, which makes the production fluid temperature decrease rapidly. The analyses of flow dynamics of CO2-water fluid and heat may be useful for future design of a CO2-based geothermal development system.     

山东临沂地区古生代复合热储成矿模式研究

山东临沂地区地热资源丰富,前人对于临沂地区沂沭断裂带成热模式存在诸多争议。通过对研究区地热地质条件、地球物理特征和地热井数据进行综合研究,从地热产生的源、通、储、盖四要素进行分析,研究结果表明研究区地热成矿模式为古生代层状和带状复合热储地热成矿模式,断裂带为带状热储,断裂带周边稳定区域为层状热储。研究区热储为古生代砂岩,同时张性、张扭性断裂发育,导致热储为层状和带状的复合热储,较单一成因热储要复杂。对地热井数据归一化处理分析表明,盖层岩性及厚度对深部地热水温度存在较大影响,并且热储厚度对水温也存在影响,表现为表层有第四系覆盖的地热水温度,较无第四系覆盖的要高;盖层厚度越大,水温越高,热储厚度越大,水温也越高。这为进一步地热勘查与开采提供了理论指导。     

基于工程开发原则的干热岩目标区分类与优选

干热岩(HDR)是指不含或仅含少量流体,温度高于180 ℃,其热能在当前技术经济条件下可以利用的岩体。作为一种重要的非常规地热资源,干热岩的开发利用可以借鉴页岩油气的成功经验,采用相似的技术发展路径,找到“地热甜点”,开发出低成本且高效的钻完井技术,逐步形成和完善技术体系,建立与对象相适应的生产运行模式,以期实现对这种巨大资源的有效开发利用。增强型地热系统(EGS)被认为是干热岩资源开采的一种重要方式。EGS最初被称为工程型地热系统,后来才统称为增强型地热系统,是指通过实施特殊的工程工艺,改善地层储集性能或(和)向地层中注入流体,以实现对地热资源的有效开发。其基本方法原理为在干热岩体内钻两口或多口井,将低温流体通过注入井注入干热岩体的天然裂缝系统,或注入通过压裂技术在钻井之间建立的具有水力联系的人工裂缝中加热,通过吸收干热岩内所蕴含的热能,将流体温度提高到一定程度后从生产井采出至地表或近地表进行利用,形成人工热交换系统,用于发电或取暖等。采用EGS技术开发干热岩地热资源,选区选址恰当与否是能否取得成功的最关键环节之一。中深层地热资源可分为水热型和干热岩型两大类、五亚类。其中,干热岩根据其热储孔渗条件差异又可分为无水优储、无水差储和无水无储三亚类,适合作为EGS开发对象的干热岩资源为其中的无水优储和无水差储两种类型。五类地热资源规模呈金字塔形,开发技术难度逐渐增加。基于由热储埋深、热储温度、热储岩性、热储物性、盖层厚度、盖层断裂发育条件等组成的地质资源条件,由钻探成井技术、储层改造技术、管理运营技术组成的工程技术条件,以及由地热需求和资源经济性组成的经济市场条件三个因素,本文建立了三因素分析与多层次指标分解法相结合的干热岩EGS选区评价方法和关键指标,在国内干热岩资源条件较好的17个候选区中,优选出西藏羊八井高温地热区和渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷潜山分布带作为EGS试验有利区。     

湖南安仁县万田地热田空间定位及地热产出特征分析

常德-安仁断裂带、茶陵-临武断裂带及其派生断层、五峰仙岩体和岩关阶下段地层（C₁y¹）与万田地热田相关,其地热地质背景具专属性,热源、热储、盖层所组成的地热系统时空有效配置是地热产出的必要条件.该地热田主要热储层为C₁y¹白云质灰岩、白云岩,兼有层状热储和带状热储双重特征,属最经济的适宜开采的具理疗热矿水标准的低温地热资源,开发前景好.