青藏高原班公湖-怒江缝合带丁青-碧土段大地构造演化

藏东班公湖-怒江缝合带丁青-碧土段位于该缝合带由东西向转向南北向的转折部位,夹持于冈瓦纳大陆冈底斯-察隅陆块与泛华夏扬子大陆昌都-思茅陆块之间,经历过强烈伸展、挤压、碰撞、急剧沉降和隆升,是地质构造极其复杂的造山带。其沉积构造环境复杂多样,与该缝合带发展演化有关的岩浆活动极其强烈、频繁,并发育有高压变质带。丁青-碧土-怒江洋盆经历了较为完整的威尔逊旋回,包括裂谷-初始洋盆阶段、洋盆扩张阶段、俯冲消减阶段、封闭碰撞阶段的发展和演化。     

青藏高原班公湖-怒江缝合带丁青-碧土段大地构造演化

藏东班公湖-怒江缝合带丁青-碧土段位于该缝合带由东西向转向南北向的转折部位,夹持于冈瓦纳大陆冈底斯-察隅陆块与泛华夏扬子大陆昌都-思茅陆块之间,经历过强烈伸展、挤压、碰撞、急剧沉降和隆升,是地质构造极其复杂的造山带。其沉积构造环境复杂多样,与该缝合带发展演化有关的岩浆活动极其强烈、频繁,并发育有高压变质带。丁青-碧土-怒江洋盆经历了较为完整的威尔逊旋回,包括裂谷-初始洋盆阶段、洋盆扩张阶段、俯冲消减阶段、封闭碰撞阶段的发展和演化。     

The Intra-Pontide ophiolites in Northern Turkey revisited:From birth to death of a Neotethyan oceanic domain

The Anatolian peninsula is a key location to study the central portion of the Neotethys Ocean(s)and to understand how its western and eastern branches were connected.One of the lesser known branches of the Mesozoic ocean(s)is preserved in the northern ophiolite suture zone exposed in Turkey,namely,the Intra-Pontide suture zone.It is located between the Sakarya terrane and the Eurasian margin(i.e.,Istanbul-Zonguldak terrane)and consists of several metamorphic and non-metamorphic units containing ophiolites produced in supra-subduction settings from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.Ophiolites preserved in the metamorphic units recorded pervasive deformations and peak metamorphic conditions ranging from blueschist to eclogite facies.In the nonmetamorphic units,the complete oceanic crust sequence is preserved in tectonic units or as olistoliths in sedimentary melanges.Geochemical,structural,metamorphic and geochronological investigations performed on ophiolite-bearing units allowed the formulation of a new geodynamic model of the entire"life"of the IntraPontide oceanic basin(s).The reconstruction starts with the opening of the Intra-Pontide oceanic basins during the Late Triassic between the Sakarya and Istanbul-Zonguldak continental microplates and ends with its closure caused by two different subductions events that occurred during the upper Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic.The continental collision between the Sakarya continental microplate and the Eurasian margin developed from the upper Early Cretaceous to the Palaeocene.The presented reconstruction is an alternative model to explain the complex and articulate geodynamic evolution that characterizes the southern margin of Eurasia during the Mesozoic era.     

Evidence for Neotethys rooted within the Vardar suture zone from the Voras Massif, northernmost Greece

Three conflicting models are currently proposed for the location and tectonic setting of the Eurasian continental margin and adjacent Tethys ocean in the Balkan region during Mesozoic–Early Tertiary time. Model 1 places the Eurasian margin within the Rhodope zone relatively close to the Moesian platform. A Tethyan oceanic basin was located to the south bordering a large “Serbo-Pelagonian” microcontinent. Model 2 correlates an integral “Serbo-Pelagonian” continental unit with the Eurasian margin and locates the Tethys further southwest. Model 3 envisages the Pelagonian zone and the Serbo-Macedonian zone as conjugate continental units separated by a Tethyan ocean that was sutured in Early Tertiary time to create the Vardar zone of northern Greece and former Yugoslavia. These published alternatives are tested in this paper based on a study of the tectono-stratigraphy of a completely exposed transect located in the Voras Mountains of northernmost Greece. The outcrop extends across the Vardar zone, from the Pelagonian zone in the west to the Serbo-Macedonian zone in the east.Within the Voras Massif, six east-dipping imbricate thrust sheets are recognised. Of these, Units 1–4 correlate with the regional Pelagonian zone in the west (and related Almopias sub-zone). By contrast, Units 5–6 show a contrasting tectono-stratigraphy and correlate with the Paikon Massif and the Serbo-Macedonian zone to the east. These units form a stack of thrust sheets, with Unit 1 at the base and Unit 6 at the top. Unstacking these thrust sheets places ophiolitic units between the Pelagonian zone and the Serbo-Macedonian zone, as in Model 3. Additional implications are, first, that the Paikon Massif cannot be seen as a window of Pelagonian basement, as in Model 1, and, secondly, Jurassic andesitic volcanics of the Paikon Massif locally preserve a gneissose continental basement, ruling out a recently suggested origin as an intra-oceanic arc.We envisage that the Almopias (Vardar) ocean rifted in Triassic time, followed by seafloor spreading. The Almopias ocean was consumed beneath the Serbo-Macedonian margin in Jurassic time, generating subduction-related arc volcanism in the Paikon Massif and related units. Ophiolites were emplaced onto the Pelagonian margin in the west and covered by Late Jurassic (pre-Kimmeridgian) conglomerates. Other ophiolitic rocks formed within the Vardar zone (Ano Garefi ophiolite, Unit 4) in latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time and were not deformed until Early Tertiary time. The Vardar zone finally sutured in the Early Tertiary creating the present imbricate thrust structure of the Voras Mountains.     

东至断裂带构造变形特征及其构造演化

东至断裂带是皖西南一条重要的北北东向断裂带。详细的构造解析表明,该断裂带主要经过3期构造变形,分别是发生在晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的左行平移断层、早白垩世期间的伸展构造和晚白垩世—新生代的右行平移断层。通过断层擦痕矢量反演和断层叠加改造关系分析,认为东至断裂带及其两侧多期构造变形对应的区域应力场分别为近南北向挤压、北北西—南南东向挤压、北西—南东向伸展和近东西向挤压应力场。东至断裂带的形成和演化与郯庐断裂带相似,主要与华南与华北板块俯冲碰撞、伊泽奈崎板块和古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞与弧后扩张、及印度板块向北碰撞后产生向东的构造挤出等多构造体制共同作用有关。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段巴尔地幔橄榄岩成因及构造意义

巴尔蛇绿岩属于雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西延部分,距拉萨约1200km,主要由地幔橄榄岩、少量的橄长堆晶岩和玄武岩组成.地幔橄榄岩主体为合单辉方辉橄榄岩,少量为二辉橄榄岩.根据巴尔蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的结构构造特征,将矿物组合划分为3个世代,第一世代残余地幔矿物组合:橄榄石+斜方辉石+单斜辉石;第二世代部分熔融及熔-岩反应矿物组合:橄榄石+斜方辉石+单斜辉石+尖晶石;第三世代地幔交代作用矿物组合,主要为含水矿物角闪石.将3个世代的矿物组合归并为2个演化阶段:第一阶段,包括第一世代和第二世代矿物组合,形成于MOR(mid-ocean ridge)构造环境下的洋脊扩张阶段;第二阶段,为第三世代矿物角闪石,形成于SSZ(super-subduction zone)环境下的俯冲阶段.对比雅鲁藏布江缝合带不同区段蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的特征,发现雅鲁藏布江缝合带存在MOR和SSZ两种类型的蛇绿岩,其中中段的蛇绿岩主要以典型的SSZ型地幔橄榄岩为主,而东、西段则以受到不同程度SSZ环境改造的MOR型地幔橄榄岩为主,认为雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩演化分段性的特征,与新特提斯洋沿弧方向上板块活动的动力学机制的不均一有关.     

Regional metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolian suture zone

Abstract Regional metamorphism in central Inner Mongolia has occurred during four different periods: the middle Proterozoic, the early Palaeozoic, the middle Palaeozoic and the late Palaeozoic tectonic cycles. The middle Proterozoic and late Palaeozoic metamorphic events are associated with rifting and are characterized by low-pressure facies series. The early Palaeozoic metamorphism occurred in two stages: (1) subduction zone metamorphism resulted in paired metamorphic belts in the Ondor Sum ophiolite and Bainaimiao island arc complex; and (2) orogenic metamorphism occurred during the collision of an island arc with the continent. Two types of middle Palaeozoic metamorphism are represented: (1) subduction zone metamorphism, which affected the melange; and (2) orogenic metamorphism that resulted from continent–continent collision.     

Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Neoproterozoic Delgo suture zone,Northern Sudan

In the area around Delgo in north-east Sudan a narrow NNE-trending Neoproterozoic belt of low grade volcanosedimentary rocks is fringed by high grade migmatitic basement blocks. The volcanosedimentary sequence is structurally overlain by a rock body of several kilometres length, which is composed of metamorphosed ultramafic and mafic rocks. This sequence is interpreted as an island arc-ophiolite association representing a suture zone.With respect to their degrees of metamorphism and their structural characteristics, the lithological units of the Delgo area are significantly different from the adjacent basement rocks in the east and west. The lithological contacts of the metavolcanic-metasedimentary rocks with the basement rocks are often marked by intermediate-dipping mylonites which are locally overprinted by ductile to brittle-ductile strike-slip faults.The Delgo suture evolved through the subduction-related closure of an oceanic basin and final collision of the island arc with the migmatitic basement blocks on either side of the oceanic basin. Peak metamorphism of deeply buried back-arc basin sequences occurred at around 700 Ma ago. During the collision stage, island arc rocks, passive margin sequences and ophiolitic rocks were thrust to the east and west over the basement blocks, causing limited crustal thickening and a minor isostatic rebound.Lithospheric extension associated with increasing heat flow caused migmatization in the basement between ca. 580 and 540 Ma ago. The development of numerous intermediate-dipping mylonitic shear zones at decreasing temperatures post-dates the migmatization. Lithospheric extension may explain the juxtaposition of rocks which were formed and/or metamorphosed at significantly different crustal levels.     

秦岭勉略缝合带组成与古洋盆演化

秦岭勉略构造带是典型的蛇绿构造混杂岩带,带内组成复杂、变形强烈,其主导构造样式表现为以系列北倾逆冲断层为格架,不同岩片推覆叠置的叠瓦状构造。详细的组成及构造研究表明,缝合带由洋盆形成演化不同阶段、不同性质的陆缘沉积岩系、不同类型蛇绿岩以及洋盆俯冲－碰撞造山过程中以不同方式出露的构造岩块组成,同时区域地层对比表明勉略古洋盆形成过程具有自西而东“剪刀式”打开扩展的性质与特点。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段中特提斯多岛弧构造演化

本文根据1∶25万地质填图成果,将班公湖-怒江结合带西段弧-盆系时空结构自北向南划分为五峰尖-拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山-岩浆弧带、班公湖蛇绿混杂岩北、南亚带和昂龙岗日-班戈白垩纪—始新世岩浆弧带等,初步认为中特提斯洋经历了三叠纪—早侏罗世扩张,中—晚侏罗世往北、南双向俯冲,晚三叠世—早白垩世残余洋(海)盆和早—晚白垩世陆-弧(陆)碰撞等演化阶段。     

滇西昌宁-孟连带三叠纪花岗岩地球化学、年代学及其意义

癞痢头山、云岭和耿马岩体位于昌宁-孟连带的中北段,主要岩性为二长花岗岩,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,这三个岩体几乎同期侵位于约231Ma。这三个岩体的SiO₂含量为65.65%～67.68%,富钾(K₂O/Na₂O=2.71%～1.42%)和较低钙CaO(1.35%～2.98%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.10～1.22,富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、La和LREE等元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr及Hf等高场强元素。这些特征表明3个岩体属于强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。这三个岩体负且变化范围大的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(-26.8～-8.2)和古老的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄(1.2～2.7Ga),表明它们主要来源于古老地壳物质(如含长石和黑云母且贫粘土的杂砂屑岩)的重熔,并有不同程度的幔源物质加入。它们可能侵位于后碰撞背景,可能指示缅泰马微陆块与思茅地块的主体碰撞在232Ma之前(即晚三叠世之前)已经发生。     

Tectonic evolution of the Meso-Tethys in the western segment of Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone: insights from geochemistry and Geochronology of the Lagkor Tso ophiolite

The subduction of the Bangonghu-Nujiang Meso-Tethys and the collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks were important events in the growth of the Tibetan crust. However,the timing of collision initiation and closure timing,as well as nature and structure of the Bangonghu ocean basin,are still poorly constrained. The Lagkor Tso ophiolite,located in the south of Gerze County,Tibet,is one of the most completed ophiolites preserved in the southern side of the BangonghuNujiang suture zone. This study discussed the tectonic evolution of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone as revealed by the Lagkor Tso ophiolite investigated by field investigations,petrology,geochemistry,geochronology and tectonic analysis methods. We present new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and 39Ar/40 Ar ages for the Lagkor Tso ophiolite,in addition to geochemical and platinum-group element(PGE) data presented for the Lagkor Tso ophiolite in Tibet. It is suggested that the ancient Lagkor Tso oceanic basin split in Middle Jurassic(161.2 ± 2.7 Ma – 165.4 ± 3.5 Ma),and experienced a second tectonic emplacement during the Early Cretaceous(137.90 ± 6.39 Ma). The Lagkor Tso ophiolite likely developed in an independent suture zone. The Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean subducted southwards,and the dehydration of the subducting oceanic crust materials caused partial melting of the continental mantle wedge,which formed the second-order expanding center of the obduction dish. This led to inter-arc expansion,followed by the formation of inter-arc and back-arc basins with island arc features,which are represented by ophiolites around the Shiquanhe-Lagkor Tso-Yongzhu region. The tectonic environment presently can be considered to be similar to that of the current Western Pacific,in which a large number of island arc-ocean basin systems are developed.     

Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

Thirteen time interval maps were constructed, which depict the Triassic to Neogene plate tectonic configuration, paleogeography and general lithofacies of the southern margin of Eurasia. The aim of this paper is to provide an outline of the geodynamic evolution and position of the major tectonic elements of the area within a global framework. The Hercynian Orogeny was completed by the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia, whereas the Tethys Ocean formed the embayment between the Eurasian and Gondwanian branches of Pangea. During Late Triassic–Early Jurassic times, several microplates were sutured to the Eurasian margin, closing the Paleotethys Ocean. A Jurassic–Cretaceous north-dipping subduction boundary was developed along this new continental margin south of the Pontides, Transcaucasus and Iranian plates. The subduction zone trench-pulling effect caused rifting, creating the back-arc basin of the Greater Caucasus–proto South Caspian Sea, which achieved its maximum width during the Late Cretaceous. In the western Tethys, separation of Eurasia from Gondwana resulted in the formation of the Ligurian–Penninic–Pieniny–Magura Ocean (Alpine Tethys) as an extension of Middle Atlantic system and a part of the Pangean breakup tectonic system. During Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times, the Outer Carpathian rift developed. The opening of the western Black Sea occurred by rifting and drifting of the western–central Pontides away from the Moesian and Scythian platforms of Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous–Cenomanian. The latest Cretaceous–Paleogene was the time of the closure of the Ligurian–Pieniny Ocean. Adria–Alcapa terranes continued their northward movement during Eocene–Early Miocene times. Their oblique collision with the North European plate led to the development of the accretionary wedge of the Outer Carpathians and its foreland basin. The formation of the West Carpathian thrusts was completed by the Miocene. The thrust front was still propagating eastwards in the eastern Carpathians.During the Late Cretaceous, the Lesser Caucasus, Sanandaj–Sirjan and Makran plates were sutured to the Iranian–Afghanistan plates in the Caucasus–Caspian Sea area. A north-dipping subduction zone jumped during Paleogene to the Scythian–Turan Platform. The Shatski terrane moved northward, closing the Greater Caucasus Basin and opening the eastern Black Sea. The South Caspian underwent reorganization during Oligocene–Neogene times. The southwestern part of the South Caspian Basin was reopened, while the northwestern part was gradually reduced in size. The collision of India and the Lut plate with Eurasia caused the deformation of Central Asia and created a system of NW–SE wrench faults. The remnants of Jurassic–Cretaceous back-arc systems, oceanic and attenuated crust, as well as Tertiary oceanic and attenuated crust were locked between adjacent continental plates and orogenic systems.     

班公湖-怒江板块缝合带发现侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合

那东洋岛大地构造位置位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带西段,洋岛型岩石组合平行于蛇绿混杂岩带南侧展布,夹持于侏罗系木嘎岗日群之中。那东洋岛玄武岩与木嘎岗日群复理石砂板岩呈过渡接触关系。那东洋岛岩石组合主要由3种岩石组成：玄武岩、玄武质砾岩、灰岩或礁灰岩,那东洋岛的岩石组合具有多旋回性。对那东洋岛中的玄武岩进行地球化学分析,玄武岩为OIB型玄武岩。以往研究认为班公湖-怒江洋盆在侏罗纪处于大洋演化阶段,那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖-怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义。     

藏北尼玛地区白垩纪岩浆岩对班公湖-怒江缝合带演化的制约

班公湖-怒江缝合带及其两侧广泛分布白垩纪岩浆岩,这些岩浆活动记录了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋俯冲至闭合以及拉萨-羌塘板块碰撞过程。为了约束该缝合带在早-晚白垩世的演化过程,本文对缝合带中段尼玛地区花岗岩进行岩相学、地球化学、锆石年代学和Hf同位素研究。尼玛北部虾别错花岗岩侵入到中生代地层中,发育石英闪长质包体。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明寄主花岗岩和包体形成于早白垩世(122Ma和121Ma)。这些锆石均具有正的ε_Hf(t)值,分别为+2.4~+7.0和+3.0~+5.1。寄主花岗岩具有高硅和高钾钙碱性特征,属于准铝质-弱过铝质系列。包体相对低硅,属于中钾钙碱性准铝质系列。寄主花岗岩和包体具有相似的微量元素分布,如均亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,富集Th、U和Pb。综合分析,虾别错寄主花岗岩和包体是壳幔熔体混合作用的产物。尼玛南部张乃错花岗岩侵入到古生代地层里。锆石U-Pb年龄为97Ma,形成于晚白垩世。锆石ε_Hf(t)值在+2.2~+6.0之间。张乃错花岗岩具有高硅特征,属于高钾钙碱性弱过铝质系列。岩体显著亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu,富集Rb、Th、U和Pb等元素。该花岗岩来源于新生地壳部分熔融,并在后期经历结晶分异。结合区域地质概况,虾别错早白垩世花岗岩(和包体)形成于班公湖-怒江特提斯洋闭合过程,而张乃错晚白垩世花岗岩形成于洋盆闭合之后拉萨-羌塘板块碰撞背景。尼玛地区早-晚白垩世岩浆活动记录了班公湖-怒江缝合带从洋盆闭合到拉萨-羌塘板块挤压碰撞的演变过程。

     

班公湖-怒江结合带北侧陆缘火山-岩浆弧带的厘定及其意义

在班公湖-怒江结合带西段北侧的拉热拉新岩体东、西两侧,新发现了一些早白垩世岩体、相伴的陆缘火山岩组合和矿(化)点,侵入岩和火山岩的岩石化学特征均显示其成因与中特提斯洋向北俯冲消减密切相关。本文将班-怒带北侧的火山-侵入岩带厘定为五峰尖-拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山-岩浆弧带,同时讨论了陆缘火山-岩浆弧带的厘定在分析中特提斯构造演化方面的研究意义。     

班公湖-怒江结合带北侧陆缘火山-岩浆弧带的厘定及其意义

在班公湖-怒江结合带西段北侧的拉热拉新岩体东、西两侧,新发现了一些早白垩世岩体、相伴的陆缘火山岩组合和矿(化)点,侵入岩和火山岩的岩石化学特征均显示其成因与中特提斯洋向北俯冲消减密切相关。本文将班- 怒带北侧的火山- 侵入岩带厘定为五峰尖拉热拉新晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆缘火山岩浆弧带,同时讨论了陆缘火山- 岩浆弧带的厘定在分析中特提斯构造演化方面的研究意义。     

秦岭勉略构造带组成、变形特征及与成矿关系

勉略构造带略阳－勉县段组成复杂,包括勉略洋盆琪成、不同时期演化、不同性质和环境的沉积岩系、蛇绿岩建造和岩浆侵入体。这此不同组成在造山过程中经强烈复杂的变莆和变位,构成典型的非史密期地层。依据时代、原岩建造、构造环境及变形变质作用,笔者将构造带划分为不同性质和类型的构造岩片系,并结合详细的构造解析,建立了勉略带构造变形序列,综合分析认为,勉略带经历了洋盆表成（Ｄ－Ｃ１）、俯冲闭合（Ｃ１－Ｔ１）、ＤＵ