冀东麻粒岩相区的变质作用及其演化

根据对表壳岩、中酸性侵入岩和基性岩墙的变质变形作用及相互关系的深入研究,确定冀东麻粒岩相区在早前寒武纪时期主要经历了两期变质作用,每期变质作用均经历了一个长期的演化过程,峰期阶段的变质条件均达到了麻粒岩相。第一期变质作用(3000～2500Ma)的PTt演化具近等压冷却(IBC)特点的逆时针轨迹,第二期变质作用(2300～2000Ma)是近等压加热(IBH)特点的顺时针轨迹,反映两期变质作用具有不同的构造环境和演化过程。     

电气石的化学特征与相关矿床的关系

电气石是一种含挥发分的硅酸盐矿物，作为副矿物的电气石与其他矿物共生，且含量较少，但在电气石岩中可达60％以上，以前很少被人们重视。近10年来，随着对一些大型锡、钨等矿床的勘探和研究，发现电气石与这些矿床有着密切的关系。分析对比电气石成分中w(FeO)/w(FeO MgO)的比值，把国内几个有关矿床与国外一些典型矿床作比较，再借鉴前人对典型矿床中的电气石进行硼同位素的研究结果，找出不同特征电气石与不同矿床之间的关系。     

滇西澜沧变质带变质作用和变形作用的关系

滇西澜沧变质带经历了两期变质变形事件,其时代分别为５１９Ｍａ和２８０～１９０Ｍａ。早期变质变形事件（Ｍ１Ｄ１）可由销长石和石榴石变斑晶的包裹体痕迹确定,形成近Ｅ－Ｗ向的变形构造格局。晚期变质变形作用（Ｍ２Ｄ２）以形成蓝片岩相矿物组合,如以蓝门石（青铝门石）＋多硅白云母＋绿泥石＋石英等为特征,并形成近Ｎ－Ｓ向的变形构造格局．钠质问石以青铝闪石和蓝闪石为主,白云母多为３Ｔ＋２Ｍ;型多硅白云母,其ｂｏ均值在９．０４０Ａ以上;蓝片岩相变质作用的Ｐ、Ｔ条件估计分别为０．６～０．７ＧＰａ和３００℃。晚期变质变形事件经历了二个主要阶段（Ｍ２ａＤ２ａ和Ｍ２ｂＤ２ｂ）,分别伴随透入性面理（Ｓ２）和褶劈理（Ｓ３）的形成,蓝门石的４０Ａｒ－３９Ａｒ定年分别为２７９Ｍａ和２１４Ｍａ;Ｍ２ｃＤ２ｃ期局部受到热的扰动,以及出现大量的膝折带或宽缓褶皱。上述变质变形演化历史代表了澜沧变质带的隆升及剥蚀过程。     

多期变质作用、多相变质作用与变质作用p-T-t轨迹

多期变质作用是指地质体经历过不止一次变质事件的变质过程.在某一期变质作用中,仅出现过一个温度(或压力)极值的过程称为单相变质作用,出现过不止一个温度(或压力)极值的变质过程则属于多相变质作用.研究变质作用,首要的工作是要正确区分不同期的变质作用,不过目前还缺少足够多的准则.但是,岩石中所保留的地球动力学背景不同的变质事件,必然属于不同期的变质作用.准确恢复变质作用p-T-t轨迹,须根据变质反应结构准确划分各变质期次,利用矿物温度计、压力计、变质相图等估算变质条件,根据矿物原位测年确定变质作用某个阶段的地质时间.这三方面还有一些不确定因素,相关理论及方法都有待深化.     

中国东南地洼区的变质作用类型及其与壳体演化的关系

本文论述了东南地洼区的五种变质作用类型：接触变质作用、动力变质作用、区域变质作用、混合岩化作用和成矿变质作用；探讨了它们与华南亚壳体的演化－运动史的关系；总结了华南亚壳体自身演化－运动及其与相邻壳体相互影响而产生的变质作用的特征。     

中国境内的变质作用及其与地壳演化的关系

本文总结了中国变质图(1:4,000,000)编制过程中所取得的主要结论和一些认识。中国的变质岩系广泛分布于10个变质地区,并主要形成于个变质期。它们属于不同的变质相、相系,具有许多重要特征。浊沸石相和绿纤石-葡萄石相通常紧密共生,仅见于新疆的准噶尔-北天山海西期变地质带和台湾东部的新生代变质地带中。蓝闪石片岩在晚元古宙以来的许多变质地带中均较常见。它们可划分为两个变质相,蓝闪石-硬柱石片岩相形成于大洋板块的俯冲带;而广泛分布的中-高压蓝闪石绿片岩相可能与一些小规模的深裂陷海槽的闭合有关。     

南极中山站极昼期间气象要素变化特征

利用中山站1989-2011年极昼期间的气温、气压、风、降水等高质量的地面气象观测资料, 对中山站极昼期间气象要素基本气候特征和变化趋势进行了统计与分析, 研究了极昼期间天气特征. 结果表明: 极昼期间年平均气温为-0.6 ℃, 呈缓慢下降趋势, 其变化速率为-0.2 ℃·(10a)^-1;年平均风速为5.4 m·s^-1, 变化速率为-0.5 m·s^-1·(10a)^-1;共出现降水日数459 d, 占极昼期间总日数的33.3%;年平均日照时数为763.8 h, 日照时数呈上升趋势, 变化速率为26.8 h·(10a) ^-1. 研究结果有助于了解和研究南极中山站气候概况, 对中山站度夏科学考察工作有重要的参考价值.     

南极中山站区高级片麻岩中蠕英石的形成

南极中山站区(拉斯曼丘陵)高级片麻岩中多发育蠕英石即斜长石+石英,蠕英石的出现表明岩石中往往同时存在斜长石和钾长石.通常还有一些相关现象与蠕英石相伴,如矿物颗粒周围的斜长石±石英边、钾长石边.蠕英斜长石比主斜长石牌号更高和更低的现象均可发生,而且蠕英斜长石的成分比主斜长石变化范围更大.蠕英石的形成主要涉及长英质矿物的变化,不仅涉及到钾长石的分解,可能还与钾长石的出溶、石英、黑云母的分解,甚至斜长石的出溶和分解有关.析出的组分对先存矿物(主要是钾长石)溶蚀和交代,同时出现蠕英石.变形有利于蠕英石的形成,但不是必要条件,长英质岩石中蠕英石的形成意味着降压过程的发生.形成蠕英石的组分主要源于体系自身,而不是外部环境.结合与相关结构的对比和分析,蠕英石的产生主要是长英质组分晚期分异的结果由于K,Na(Ca)的分异,Na(Ca)(2)+沉淀,K+组分活动,SiO2亦可有一定的迁移;释放、迁移的组分更偏碱性.这种分异是岩石内部的成分和结构调整的产物,但相关组分活动的空间非常有限,一般限于若干个矿物颗粒的尺度.蠕英斜长石的形成可能代表着斜长石-石英之间的一种共结,并对新生斜长石的成分起到一种缓冲作用,其过程更接近溶液而不是岩浆性质,同时表示除H2O外各种组分活动的基本结束.     

东南极中山站-昆仑站断面最高和最低气温变化特征

利用中山站-昆仑站断面自动气象站2 m气温和同期再分析资料分析了南极沿海到内陆高原的最高和最低气温的变化特征, 并通过个例讨论了气温出现极端过程的天气背景. 结果表明: 南极中山站-昆仑站断面最高和最低气温季节变化趋势基本相似, 年际变化不明显. 最高气温标准偏差大于最低气温, 冬季气温标准偏差明显大于夏季, 且夏季气温变化幅度远小于冬季. 随海拔的增加, 最高气温年较差逐渐增大, 最低气温年变化的无芯率(气温没有明显的最小值程度)呈增大趋势, 夏季气温变化幅度逐渐增大, 冬季气温变化幅度的区域性差异不明显; 2005年7月25-31日的极端降温过程主要受到极涡、地面冷高压及下降风的共同影响.     

Granulite-Facies Metamorphism at Molodezhnaya Station, East Antarctica

Granulite-facies quartzofeldpathic gneisses metamorphosed 1000m.y. ago are exposed around Molodezhnaya Station (67°40'S,46°E) in East Antarctica. In addition to quartz, K-feldspar,and plagioclase, the fourteen samples studied in detail consistof the assemblages biotite-orthopyroxene-magnetite, biotite-garnet-orthopyroxene-ilmenite±magnetite, biotite-garnet ± ilmenite ± magnetite,biotite-garnet-sillimanite-ilmenite ± rutile, and biotite-garnet-cordierite-ilmenite-(sillimanite-rutile).Garnets are pyrope-almandine (13 to 34 mol per cent pyrope).Biotite (X_Fe = 0.33 to 0.57) is rich in TiO₂ (4 to 6.3 wt percent) and its Al₂O₃ content depends on the mineral assemblage.Orthopyroxene (X_Fe = 0.45 to 0.60) contains 1.5 to 3.0 weightper cent Al₂O₃. By and large, the minerals are chemically homogeneousand compositional variations are systematic, which indicatecrystallization under equilibrium conditions. On the basis ofthe compositions of coexisting garnet-biotite, garnet-cordierite,garnet-plagioclase (with sillimanite), and garnet-plagioclase-orthopyroxene,temperatures and pressures during the granulite-facies metamorphismare estimated to be 700°C ± 30°C and 5.5 ±1 kb. Water pressure apparently was significantly less thantotal pressure. Alteration during events following the granulite-facies metamorphismhas resulted in chemical zoning in garnet, in which grain edgesare more iron-rich than cores, heterogeneous biotite compositions,and anomalous trends involving MnO. Temperatures based on biotiteand garnet-edge compositions range from 410 to 580°C. Differences in the chemical potential (µ) of water andoxygen in the fluid phase can explain compositional variationsamong the three sillimanite-bearing samples and the relativelyiron-rich compositions of garnet and biotite associated withcordierite. Apparently, the water released by the formationof cordierite remained in the rock, forcing µH₂O to increaseas cordierite formed. Buffering of fluid phase composition bythe mineral assemblage suggests that water was not removed fromthe Molodezhnaya rocks by flushing with CO₂-rich fluids duringmetamorphism, a hypothesis evoked to explain ‘dry’mineral assemblages in other granulite-facies terrains.     

Tourmaline breakdown in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt,SW Japan

A sharp line delimitating the distribution of tourmaline (termed as a ‘tourmaline‐out isograd’) is defined in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, Japan. The trend of the tourmaline‐out isograd closely matches that of the isograds formed through the regional metamorphism, suggesting that it represents the breakdown front of tourmaline during regional metamorphism. This is confirmed by the presence of the reaction textures of tourmaline to sillimanite and cordierite near the tourmaline‐out isograd. The breakdown of tourmaline would release boron into associated melts or fluids and be an important factor in controlling the behaviour of boron in tourmaline‐bearing high‐temperature metamorphic rocks. Near the tourmaline‐out isograd, large tourmaline crystals occur in the centre of interboudin partitions containing leucosome. In the melanosome of the intervening matrix, reaction textures involving tourmaline are locally observed. These observations imply that tourmaline breakdown is related to a melting reaction and that the boron in the leucosome is derived from the breakdown of tourmaline in the melanosome during prograde metamorphism. Boron released by tourmaline breakdown lowers both the solidus temperature of the rock and the viscosity of any associated melt. Considering that the tourmaline‐out isograd lies close to the schist–migmatite boundary, these effects might have enhanced melt generation and segregation in the migmatite zone of the Ryoke belt. The evidence for the breakdown of tourmaline and the almost complete absence of any borosilicates throughout the migmatite zone suggest that boron was effectively removed from this region by the movement of melt and/or fluid. This implies that the tourmaline‐out isograd can reflect a significant amount of mass transfer in the anatectic zones.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵泥质麻粒岩变质作用演化

普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵代表了东南极一条重要的早古生代的～530Ma泛非期(Pan-African)高级构造活动带。然而,该区早期的晚元古代的～1000Ma格林维尔期(Grenvellian)高级变质作用的演化历史至今仍有争论。该区呈透镜状产出的泥质麻粒岩峰期矿物组合(M1)为石榴石+堇青石+斜方辉石+钾长石+石英,峰期石榴石变斑晶发育堇青石或堇青石+斜方辉石反应边(M2)。利用Thermocalc程序在KFMASH模式体系对该泥质麻粒岩进行的定量模拟表明,其峰期矿物组合是由反应石榴石+黑云母+石英=堇青石+斜方辉石+钾长石+熔体形成的。利用Themocalc平均P-T计算方法获得峰期M1变质P-T条件为～0.9GPa和～900℃,而叠加的M2组合反映了一个减压冷却的过程,其变质P-T条件为～0.7GPa和800～850℃。结合已有的年代学数据,认为该区泥质麻粒岩的峰期M1矿物组合反映晚元古代(～1000Ma)格林维尔期挤压D1构造事件,而叠加的M2矿物组合与M3蠕虫状结构则形成于早古生代泛非期(～530Ma)D2～D3高级扭压剪切构造期间。该扭压事件导致了面状高低应变带的发育以及进步花岗岩和伟晶岩的侵入。     

山西省中条山铜矿田电气石与电气石岩的研究

本文通过对中条山铜矿田电气石和电气石岩地质产状、岩相学和矿物学、矿物化学等特征的研究，指出本区有三种成因类型的电气石：（１）北峪酸性侵入体岩浆期后热液成因电气石；（２）中条群地层中变质热液形成的电气石；（３）赋矿岩石和近矿围岩中热液蚀变电气石。第（３）类电气石具有特征的产状、矿物化学和矿物共生组合标型，是重要的找矿标志     

热处理电气石多功能净水性能

针对目前大部分饮用水存在的卫生安全隐患和健康问题,提出以电气石作为多功能净水剂。经不同温度热处理后,电气石FTIR吸收发生峰强度变弱甚至消失、峰位置移位等现象。低温热处理后电气石可以快速将酸性溶液调节为弱碱性,对强碱性溶液也有调节为弱碱性的趋势。800℃热处理后电气石对氟离子吸附去除率可达64%以上,重金属离子去除率均在96%以上。电气石还可将水分子¹⁷O NMR半高幅宽由102 Hz降低至72 Hz,有效减小了水分子团簇结构,并使水中溶解氧的质量浓度由5.60 mg/L提高到6.11 mg/L。     

南极长城站区土壤重金属含量特征及来源分析

频繁的人类活动对南极生态环境的影响越来越受到关注,在南极长城站周边人类活动密集区对土壤进行采样的基础上,分析长城站周边地区表层土壤中重金属含量特征,并结合近20年来长城站周边土壤中主要重金属含量的分布,展开对比研究,探讨长城站区主要重金属元素的来源。结果表明,8种主要重金属在长城站表层土壤中都有不同程度的富集,站区频繁的车辆活动使得汽车尾气排放及汽车轮胎磨损产生大量含重金属的有害气体和粉尘,这些物质沉降在站区土壤表层或许是南极长城站区土壤重金属富集的重要原因之一。     

Evidence of Superposed Metamorphism from the Gokavaram Area, Eastern Ghats Belt, and its Relation with the Kemp Land Coast, East Antarctica

In this paper, we compare the petrological histories of the Kemp Land Coast (east Antarctica), and Gokavaram area (Eastern Ghats), that were supposed to have been juxtaposed. The area around Gokavaram is dominated by different varieties of paragneisses (pelitic, quartzofeldspathic, and calcareous composition) with relatively minor amounts of orthogneisses (mafic, enderbitic, and granitic composition). The rocks were involved in three major phases of deformation, and were finally affected by localised shear movement. On the basis of reaction textures, well preserved in high Mg-Al granulites, and calc-silicate granulites, and geothermobarometric data we deduce a polymetamorphic evolution of the rocks. Following an early M₁ metamorphism culminating at 9.2–9.4 kbar, > 950°C, the rocks cooled nearly isobarically down to 850°C. During a subsequent M₂ metamorphism, near isothermal decompression to 5–6 kbar occurred. This was followed by near isobaric cooling down to 600–650°C. M₃ is a weak amphibolite facies overprint, largely restricted to late shears, which involved hydration as well. Available radiometric data from this area can be interpreted in terms of partial resetting of U-Pb systematics in older sphenes due to M₃ metamorphism at ca. 550 Ma. Despite the absence of sufficient isotopic data on the Eastern Ghats granulites, we document a remarkable similarity in the petrological history of the two supposedly erstwhile neighbours.