2006年夏季西太平洋热带气旋活动的初步研究

2006年夏季西太平洋热带气旋活动主要有如下特征:1）生成时间具有明显的阶段性,且强度强,登陆中国数偏多。2）登陆热带气旋有其各自特点。例如 “碧利斯”影响范围大、降水强度大、持续时间长;“桑美”风速大,登陆后迅速减弱。作者针对上述2个特点进行了初步分析。研究发现:1）2006年6月27日~8月31日,来自印度洋的热带西风增强并东推延伸及115~140°E的越赤道气流的加强都有利于热带气旋的生成,并在西太平洋副热带高压北移、季节内振荡（Madden Julian Oscillation,简称MJO）的湿位相、高低层纬向风切变弱和菲律宾以东地区热带辐合带（Intertropical Convengence Zone,简称ITCZ）对流活跃等背景条件配合下,使热带气旋在这一阶段频发。2）2006年夏季水汽含量与供给对登陆热带气旋的影响显著。“碧利斯”和“桑美”的水汽来源不同是造成这两个登陆热带气旋明显差异的重要原因。       

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON INTENSITY CHANGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

55-year (1949 - 2003) data sets are used to study the statistical characteristics in intensity change of the tropical cyclones (TC) over the western North Pacific. According to the mathematical meaning of average value and standard deviation, the abruptly intensifying, gradually intensifying, stable intensity, gradually weakening and abruptly weakening of TC intensity are defined and the statistical characteristics, such as inter-decadal variation, inter-annual variation, inter-monthly variation, and regional distribution, etc. are analyzed. Main results are as follows: (1) From 1949 to 2003, there were 1886 TCs, averaging at 34.29 TCs per year. After 1995, the number of TCs dropped dramatically with less than 30 per year. 3.56% of the total were abruptly intensifying samples, and 3.31% were weakening samples. (2) For the annual mean, all but the stable group tend to decrease with the shift of decades as far as the overall change of the 6-h isallobaric process is concerned. (3) The abruptly intensifying TC seldom occurs over mid- and high-latitude area (north of 30°N) and low-latitude area and sometimes occurs around the islands and continent. Basically there is no gradually intensifying of TC over mid- and high- latitude area (north of 30°N and west of 125°E), in offshore Chinese waters. The gradually weakening and abruptly weakening TCs usually occur offshore China, west of 125 °E, but seldom over low-latitude area (0 - 5°N).     

影响广西的热带气旋与热带季风的某些关系

利用常规的热带气旋气候资料和最近（1998）实施的南海季风试验研究成果资料，统计分析影响广西的热带气旋活动与热带季风爆发迟早，强弱等变异的关系，揭示了一些统计特征，并探讨其中的某些规律，初步分析了热带季风对热带气旋的作用，指出热带季风气流进入热带气旋环流对热带气旋的发展有正贡献。     

Ensemble Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Motion Using a Baroclinic Model

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of two different ensemble forecasting (EF) techniques–the lagged-averaged forecast (LAF) and the breeding of growing modes (BGM). In the BGM experiments, the vortex and the environment are perturbed separately (named BGMV and BGME). Tropical cyclone (TC) motions in two difficult situations are studied: a large vortex interacting with its environment, and an apparent binary interaction. The former is Typhoon Yancy and the latter involves Typhoon Ed and super Typhoon Flo, all occurring during the Tropical Cyclone Motion Experiment TCM- 90. The model used is the baroclinic model of the University of New South Wales. The lateral boundary tendencies are computed from atmospheric analysis data. Only the relative skill of the ensemble forecast mean over the control run is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the EF methods, although the EF technique is also used to quantify forecast uncertainty in some studies. In the case of Yancy, the ensemble mean forecasts of each of the three methodologies are better than that of the control, with LAF being the best. The mean track of the LAF is close to the best track, and it predicts landfall over Taiwan. The improvements in LAF and the full BGM where both the environment and vortex are perturbed suggest the importance of combining the perturbation of the vortex and environment when the interaction between the two is appreciable. In the binary interaction case of Ed and Flo, the forecasts of Ed appear to be insensitive to perturbations of the environment and/or the vortex, which apparently results from erroneous forecasts by the model of the interaction between the subtropical ridge and Ed, as well as from the interaction between the two typhoons, thus reducing the effectiveness of the EF technique. This conclusion is reached through sensitivity experiments on the domain of the model and by adding or eliminating certain features in the model atmosphere. Nevertheless, the forecast tracks in some of the cases are improved over that of the control. On the other hand, the EF technique has little impact on the forecasts of Flo because the control forecast is already very close to the best track. The study provides a basis for the future development of the EF technique. The limitations of this study are also addressed. For example, the above results are based on a small sample, and the study is actually a simulation, which is different than operational forecasting. Further tests of these EF techniques are proposed.     

在我国阳江以西登陆的热带气旋对韶关的影响分析

本文利用1970-2001年的资料进行比较分析，得知在阳江以西登陆的热带气旋，一般不会对韶关造成太大的影响，但北方有弱冷空气南下影响粤北地区，在热带低压倒槽和弱冷空气的共同作用下，则会造成韶关的明显降水过程，而热带气旋登陆后往北偏东移动，进入广西东北部或广东的西偏北地区或穿过韶关，韶关地区都有大范围的强降水。     

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ACTIVITY OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC IN 2004 AND THE CAUSATION

In this paper, we summarized the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TC) activity over the western North Pacific in 2004 and analyzed their causation. Compared with the normal, the annual frequency of TC in 2004 was slightly higher, tropical cyclones in 2004 had a longer life span and occurred in a concentrated period, the source of TC were situated eastward; in all tracks of TC, the recurvature tracks took up larger proportion, the landfall regions of TC were located northward, which concentrated from East China to Japan. The primary causes were revealed as follows. Firstly, the intensity and area of the western North Pacific subtropical high was stronger and larger than usual respectively, and its ridge was frequently in the form of cells and stretched northwestward. Secondly, the convergence of intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) was reinforced and the convergence zone moved more eastward than average. Thirdly, the meridionality of the westerlies was larger than average and the cell-shaped ridge formed a saddle region, which is in favor of TC northward motion and recurature.     

9216号热带风暴的初步分析

对9216号热带风暴在9月1日02时中心分裂的原因,作了初步探讨,认为东南低空急流使热带风暴倒槽区的气旋性环流加强,以及低涡的吸引合并,是产生新中心的原因。青岛产生大暴雨的条件,是充沛的水汽,强烈的上升运动和长波槽东移影响。     

广东阳江沿海地区海陆风观测结果及其特征分析

利用TOVS资料分析了2000年几个热带气旋的结构，发现与经典概念模型所描述的结构有一定的差异，主要表现在：（1）在水平结构上，非对称结构呈多样性，高度场的低层低值中心（或高层高值中心）与温度场的高值中心并不一定重合；（2）在垂直结构上，高度场的低层低值距平与高层高值距平的配置也呈多样性，特别是存在了、下层距平中心倾斜，或高层只是处于高压区的边缘，不存在明显的高值距平中心与热带气旋相对应。还参照TOVS中的热带气旋结构，进行了修订热带旋数值预报模式系统中人造台风模型（台风BOGUS）结构的研究，发现修订后的台风BOGUS能够更好地与环境场协调，并且能对热带气旋的路径预报取得较好的效果。这一方面说明了台风BOGUS的结构对其路径预报有较大的影响，另一方面也说明利用TOVS资料中的热带气旋结构能改善热带气旋路径预报。这也为台风BOGUS的修订和发挥提供了依据。     

广州市番禺区高温天气与热带气旋关系

利用番禺区1960—2004年高温天气(Tmax≥35℃)的历史资料及同期热带气旋资料,采用统计方法研究高温天气与热带气旋影响区(15~35°N、110~135°E)内热带气旋之间的关系,得出:(1)高温特别是36℃以上高温与热带气旋有着密切的关系,高温强度越强,存在强热带风暴和台风的比例也越大。没有热带气旋存在仅靠副热带高压作用,则出现36℃以上高温的机会小得多,并且没有37℃以上超高温天气出现;(2)西北太平洋源地热带气旋对高温的贡献较南海源地占有绝对优势。无论何种源地,从热带低压到强热带风暴,随着热带气旋强度的增强,出现高温的比例都有一个明显的突跃;(3)7—9月份出现高温时,热带气旋存在的比例在68%~87%之间。移经热带气旋影响区的热带气旋,以7月出现高温的比率为最大,强热带风暴以上出现高温比例超过35%。     

晚春初夏西太平洋副高突变特征及其年际变化

根据热带印度洋和热带太平洋(22.5 S～22.5 N,42.5 E～77.5 W )1951～1995年逐月5 ×5 的海面温度距平资料,首先进行了海面温度距平的平均功率谱分析,获取赤道印度洋和赤道太平洋海面平均温度距平存在准12年和准4年的周期变化;然后,利用多维时间序列的交叉谱分析,进一步分别分析了赤道印度洋和赤道太平洋各格点上海面温度距平在准12年和准4年演变周期各格点之间的演变位相及演变落后时间,获得一些有意义的结论。     

出席第五届国际热带气旋科学大会（IWTC—V）总结

本总结由会议概况、卫星资料应用及同化、热带气旋的结构和结构变化、热带气旋登陆过程、热带气旋运动、热带气旋形成和变性、热带气旋影响、IWTC-V建议、对国内工作的建议以及后记等10节组成。各节作姓名在相应各节后注明。     

利用TMI反演的水汽凝结物对热带气旋潜热结构分布的探索研究

本文利用热带测雨卫星TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission）微波成像仪TMI（TRMM Microwave Imager）2A12 水汽凝结物（Hydrometeor）反演资料,对西北太平洋地区从1998～2009 年的236 个热带气旋个例的1776 个“快照”（snapshot）的水汽凝结物的结构特征进行了分析,并探讨了水汽凝结物的时空变化与热带气旋强度演变联系。研究结果表明:（1）TMI 2A12 水汽凝结物资料显示出了热带气旋内部的细致结构及变化特征,水汽凝结物的峰值集中于数十公里到一百多公里的热带气旋眼壁及云墙区;在热带气旋发展过程中,随着热带气旋强度的增强,水汽凝结物增多且往其中心靠拢,从发展阶段到成熟阶段,水汽凝结物的大值中心基本上集中在距离热带气旋中心约50 km 区域,而且强度越强的热带气旋,水汽凝结物的大值中心与热带气旋中心的距离越近;在热带气旋消亡的过程中,水汽凝结物不断减弱且往外围扩散,逐渐扩展到远离中心的区域;（2）热带气旋强度与水汽凝结物的分布关系密切,热带气旋强度变化与热带气旋中心附近200 km 范围内的水汽凝结物含量存在显著的正相关,而200 km 以外的外围水汽凝结物含量存在负相关;（3）热带气旋强度变化与水汽凝结物的变化存在时间差,水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化,在热带气旋迅速发展之前数小时,热带气旋中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前增加了,在热带气旋减弱前数小时到十数小时,即使热带气旋还处于它强度的鼎盛时期,其中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前显著减少了,这种水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化的现象,可能是热带气旋强度预报的潜在线索。     

影响华东地区热带气旋年频数与热带对流场的关系

利用由美国NOAA系列卫星观测的OLR资料研究了影响华东地区热带气旋年频数（记为ATC）与热带对流场的关系，结果表明两者存在密切的联系：（1）当华东地区热带气旋年频数ATC为异常偏多（少）时，ITCZ位置累积距平为正（负）值，即ITCZ位置异常偏北（南）；（2）利用OLR设计了Walker综合指数WI，该指数的强弱可以反映ATC的异常情况，即当ATC为异常偏多（少）时，walker环流圈异常强（弱）；（3）OLR距平累积量场能较好的表征ATC异常年份所对应的低纬度及中高纬地区大气环流的配置，其可以作为预测影响华东地区热带气旋年频数的强信号。     

南海南部海区的强风和大风特征分析

强风和大风天气在南海南部海区出现较频繁，据1984年起综合考察及永暑礁站等周边站资料分析，天气过程的持续时间差异；冬、夏季风盛行期间常出现强风和大风天气过程；热带云团对流易产生强风和大风天气；邻近海区热带气旋环流等天气系统对海区内风力增强起重要作用。