鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床后生蚀变成因及其与铀成矿的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床是中国近期落实的又一特大型铀矿床,为古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床。根据蚀变作用与成矿作用的关系,建立了新的古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床后生蚀变分类方法,即将其划分为控矿蚀变、成矿蚀变和保矿蚀变3类。分别从垂向上和平面上分析了后生蚀变的空间分布规律,剖面自下而上整体表现为保矿蚀变-成矿蚀变-控矿蚀变的垂向序列;平面上重点分析了氧化砂体厚度、氧化砂体百分率、氧化砂体底埋深、氧化砂体底标高等参数特征。     

内蒙古巴音塔拉盆地砂岩型铀矿后生蚀变性质及其成矿意义

巴音塔拉盆地目前探明的铀矿化主要赋存于赛汉组辫状河道砂体中。通过对含矿主岩的岩性特征、后生蚀变与矿化分析研究,认为该区成矿依靠多期次改造形成的后生蚀变岩以及丰富的含铀、含氧水沿断层渗透还原改造而成矿。     

豫西花山花岗岩体内金矿围岩蚀变特征及蚀变模式

对花山花岗岩体中金矿的围岩蚀变特征和围岩蚀变与金矿化的关系进行了研究，并建立了蚀变模式。含金的围岩蚀变主要是钾长石化、钠长石化、硅化和黄铁矿化，是寻找金矿体的蚀变标志，也是金矿体存在的重要特征。认为在豫西寻找金矿床，应拓展到花岗岩体中。     

东胜砂岩型铀矿后生蚀变地球化学性质及其成矿意义

东胜砂岩型铀矿具有大规模控矿绿色蚀变和漂白蚀变带、其氧化蚀变仅为蚀变残留等特征而与国内吐哈、伊犁盆地南缘等铀矿明显不同,从而引起人们的关注。本文通过对研究区该主要后生蚀变相关的地球化学研究,探讨了东胜矿床形成的特殊性:早期形成铀矿化的古层间氧化带在强还原性环境下,经二次还原作用改造形成了控矿的绿色蚀变带,二者皆具有低有机碳,低ΣS,高Th/U值的特征。铀矿化蚀变有机碳、δD、δ18O含量在各蚀变阶段中最高,Th/U值最低。分布于延安组顶部的漂白蚀变是表生氧化岩石在还原性环境下经还原改造形成,其Th/U值高,TFe含量低。总之,东胜矿床各种蚀变地球化学指标指示的矿床成因信息是,绿色蚀变和漂白蚀变及铀矿化的形成处于一种相对较强的还原性环境。在成岩作用,古氧化蚀变、漂白蚀变、绿色蚀变以及铀矿化的序列演化中,流体作用的物理化学性质或环境的过渡性转变出现在铀矿化阶段。对黄铁矿硫同位素以及砂岩碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧及其包裹体氢、氧同位素的分析,认为流体主要由大气降水、来自下部的煤成气以及与含矿目的层有机质脱羧基作用有关的有机酸混合组成。因而,东胜矿床的形成是无机—有机流体相互作用的结果。     

元岭金矿蚀变破碎带特征及其找矿意义

根据对元岭金矿三条蚀为破碎带一般地质特征，微量元素特征的对比研究，并借鉴邻近矿区蚀变破碎带的矿化特征，本文阐明了元岭蚀变破碎带矿化的有利构造部位，总结了蚀变破碎带特征与矿化强度之间的关系，指出蚀变破碎带的矿化蚀为元素为中低温组合，矿化蚀变愈强则参与元素的种类愈多，数量愈大，围岩性质对矿化蚀变有一定的影响，围岩中的易迁移亲铜元素的亲硫铁族元素对矿化有利，据此，为进一步成矿预测，评价蚀变破碎含矿性提供     

青海铜厂沟金矿床围岩蚀变特征与矿化

铜厂沟金矿床围岩蚀变强烈，并受构造脉动的控制，蚀变具不规则环形分带；蚀变作用划分为硅化－绿泥石化、硅化－碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化和硅化－黄铁矿化等四阶段，金矿化发生在黄铁矿化阶段。根据围岩蚀变特征，在已知矿体的下部，可以寻找构造－蚀变岩型金矿体。     

洛宁铁炉坪银铅矿床围岩蚀变分带特征

本文通过对铁炉坪银，铅矿床围岩蚀变的研究，划分出６种基本蚀变类型，３种蚀变带。各蚀变带以矿体中为中心对称分布，各带之间呈渐变过渡关系，并指出由蚀变作用引起围岩化学成分及微量元素含量的变化，岩石化学成分与矿物成分变化相一致，成矿与围岩蚀变相辅相成，还指出了围岩蚀变的找矿意义。     

川西南大梁子铅锌矿床矿化蚀变分带规律与元素组合分带模型

川西南大梁子铅锌矿床是川滇黔地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩赋矿的后生热液型铅锌矿床的代表之一。针对该矿床矿化蚀变分带规律不清的现状，基于矿区内1884 m、1944 m、2004 m、2064 m中段1∶200矿化-蚀变岩相学填图，精细解剖了蚀变类型、强度及蚀变岩组构，总结了矿化蚀变的强弱变化、矿物共生组合、元素组合及其空间分带特征，揭示了不同矿化蚀变带特征元素含量的变化规律，构建了从铅锌矿体中心向赋矿围岩的矿化蚀变空间分带模式:中等硅化+白云石化角砾状铅锌矿石相带（Ⅰ带）→中等硅化+白云石化网脉状铅锌矿化相带（Ⅱ带）→强硅化+白云石化+方解石化+细脉至星点状黄铁矿化相带（Ⅲ带）→方解石化+炭质+黄铁矿化相带（Ⅳ带）。基于成矿元素、特征元素组合及其元素比值的变化特征研究，矿化指示元素在不同蚀变带中依次具有Pb-Zn-Cd→Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu（Sb）→Ag-Cu-As-Sb→As-Sb的水平分带规律，总结了矿化指示元素的变化趋势。该研究对该矿床深部找矿勘查和同类矿床矿化蚀变分带研究具有启示意义。      

卢氏西虎岭黄铁矿床围岩蚀变特征及其找矿意义

文章通过对西虎岭黄铁矿床围岩蚀变的研究认为，围岩蚀变大致可分为６种基本蚀变类型，５个蚀变阶段，３个蚀变带，各蚀变带以矿体为中心对称分布，各带之间呈渐变过渡关系，同时认为矿床成因类型属中低温热液充填型，并指出围岩蚀变的找矿意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部彬长地区直罗组后生蚀变特征研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地彬长地区直罗组后生蚀变特征进行系统研究,认为彬长地区中侏罗统直罗组存在早期紫红色氧化蚀变和晚期灰白色、灰绿色还原褪色蚀变两种蚀变类型。早期氧化蚀变的主要蚀变矿物为微粒状褐铁矿和褐铁矿集合体,而晚期灰白色、灰绿色褪色还原蚀变的蚀变矿物主要为黄铁矿、绿泥石以及部分残留未完全氧化的炭屑。研究区直罗组蚀变在垂向上分带明显,在垂向上铀矿化主要受灰绿色褪色蚀变砂体与原生灰色砂体的过渡部位控制,铀矿物主要为铀石,常分布于炭屑中且与黄铁矿伴（共）生;平面上,铀矿化产于氧化—还原过渡带内。     

松辽盆地东南部铀矿找矿目的层原生地球化学类型与后生蚀变作用

通过对松辽盆地东南部区域地质资料综合分析及铀资源区域钻探评价,基本查明了目的层泉头组、姚家组、四方台组岩相古地理、岩性与砂体特征。通过对目的层岩石形成的地球化学环境研究,识别和划分了原生地球化学类型和后生蚀变作用类型,原生地球化学类型有原生氧化和原生还原类型,后生蚀变作用类型有油气、煤层气还原作用和后生氧化作用类型。对比研究了原生地球化学类型及后生蚀变作用类型岩石、矿物及化学成分特征,提出了油气、煤层气还原后生蚀变作用识别标志。认为原生含炭质砂岩铀有强烈的沉积预富集,油气、煤层气还原作用中有铀的叠加富集。     

内蒙古东胜铀矿区后生蚀变的稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

近十几年来,在鄂尔多斯盆地北部伊盟隆起东胜及其以西杭锦旗一带,相继发现了东胜等系列大型-特大型砂岩铀矿,目前已成为中国砂岩铀矿发现潜力最大的地区。矿床的主要特征是矿体受直罗组砂岩绿色蚀变带控制;同时,在容矿层及其附近伴生有砂岩白色化、后生碳酸盐化及方解石脉、黄铁矿化等蚀变现象。通过后生蚀变的C、H、O、S等稳定同位素方面研究、示踪和探讨了蚀变的形成过程和成因及其与铀矿化的关系。镜下特征显示,铀矿石中存在的大颗粒结核状黄铁矿与铀矿物共生,两者为同时期的产物;该类样品S同位素表现为较大的负值,表明硫质来源的微生物作用特征明显;与盆地内可能提供硫源的直罗组煤屑、延安组煤层、延长组和延安组原油、上古生界煤系地层等有机S同位素对比,发现铀矿与上古生界煤系烃源岩的有机硫源关系密切。延安组顶部大规模白色化砂岩的高岭石H、O同位素表明,其成因与低温热液作用有关;容矿层后生方解石C、O同位素表明,其形成主要是有机质作用提供了碳源,且其碳质来源主要为上古生界气源岩,而与奥陶系及延长组油气的碳源无关。后生作用流体包裹体的测温及其H、O同位素组成表明,成矿流体以低温的大气降水为主,且与上古生界天然气一起形成低温热液的气-水混合流体;正是这一特点的流体作用形成了本区与铀矿化关系密切的上述各类后生蚀变现象。各类后生蚀变的稳定同位素特征表明,东胜铀矿床形成过程中存在后生低温热液和油气还原改造作用两大特点。本次研究结果为东胜铀矿区的成因认识提供了证据。     

Alteration paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the Tjårrojåkka apatite–iron and Cu (-Au) occurrences, Kiruna area, northern Sweden

The northern Norrbotten area in northern Sweden, is an important mining district and hosts several deposits of Fe-oxide Cu-Au-type. One of the best examples of spatially, and possibly genetically, related apatite–iron and copper–gold deposits in the region is at Tjårrojåkka, 50 km WSW of Kiruna. The deposits are hosted by strongly sheared and metamorphosed intermediate volcanic rocks and dolerites and show a structural control. The Tjårrojåkka iron deposit is a typical apatite–iron ore of Kiruna-type and the Tjårrojåkka copper occurrence shows the same characteristics as most other epigenetic deposits in Norrbotten. The host rock has been affected by strong albite and K-feldspar alteration related to mineralisation, resulting in an enrichment of Na, K, and Ba. Fe and V were depleted in the altered zones and added in mineralised samples. REE were enriched in the system, with the greatest addition related to mineralisation. Y was also mobile associated with albite alteration and copper mineralisation. The Tjårrojåkka iron and copper deposits show comparable hydrothermal alteration minerals and paragenesis, which might be a product of common host rock and similarities in ore fluid composition, or overprinting by successive alteration stages. Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the alteration minerals (apatite, scapolite, feldspars, amphiboles, and biotite) indicate a higher salinity and Ba/K ratio in the fluid related to the alterations in the apatite–iron occurrence than in the copper deposit, where the minerals are enriched in F and S. The presence of hematite, barite, and in SO₄ in scapolite suggests more oxidising-rich conditions during the emplacement of the Tjårrojåkka-Cu deposit. From existing data it might be suggested that one evolving system created the two occurrences, with the copper mineralisation representing a slightly later product.     

Characteristics and uranium mineralization of ore-bearing rock series in Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposits,Songliao Basin

The Qianjiadian sandstone-type uranium deposit in Songliao Basin has become an ultra-large uranium deposit since its exploration and continuous development. The geological and metallogenic characteristics of this area have been studied widely since its discovery,but the detailed petrological features of its ore-bearing construction and favorable metallogenic conditions still require much detailed research. The mineralization of urnium deposit includes various geological processes resulting in the accumulation of uranium element. The source rock with high uranium concentration and much easier for the leaching of uranium is the basis of uranium mineralization. The later oxidation-reduction,mineral alteration are the key for the uranium deposits. In this paper,the petrological characteristic of lithology sandstone-type uranium deposit is studied by using the micro experimental analysis. It is found that the host rocks are primarily composed of medium-fine grained feldspar lithic sandstone,fine grained feldspar lithic sandstone,boulder-clay-bearing sandstone and glutenin. The amount of quartz and feldspar are close to the rock debris. The debris are mainly composed of rhyolite,rhyolitic tuff,and some trochyte,ayenite-aplite,granite,granite porphyry,andesite,silicalite and mudstone etc. the epigenetic alteration includes the carbonatization and kaolinization is general and intense at the local region,followed by the secondary epigenetic alteration includes pyritization,ferrugination and little baratization. Deep oil and gas infiltrate into the oil-bearing strata causing the oil stains,spots and spillage. The symbiosis of pyrite berry globule and micritic pyrite are common. The uranium element exists in the uranium-bearing minerals(e.g.,asphalt and coffinite)as well as the adsorbed state. The multi-genesis and multi-stages of the metallogenic model is established,i.e.,sedimentary preconcentration stage-interlayer infiltration stage-the oil and gas transformation stage-the oil and gas reduction stage.     

松辽盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿床含矿岩系组成特征与铀成矿作用*

松辽盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿床自勘查以来不断获得重大发现,已成为超大型铀矿床。该区矿床地质特征、成矿特点有过不少报道,但就其含矿建造的详细岩石学特征(蚀源区母岩)及有利的成矿条件等还需要随着研究程度的加深不断完善。铀矿的成矿作用包括导致铀元素集中形成铀矿的各种地质作用,其中,铀含量高且容易析出铀的源岩是铀成矿的物质基础,后期的氧化—还原、矿化蚀变是铀矿形成的关键。作者主要利用微观实验分析的方法,通过对钱家店砂岩型铀矿床赋矿岩石岩石学特征的详细分析,提出了矿层岩性主要为中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩、细粒长石岩屑砂岩和含泥砾砂岩和砂砾岩等,并且石英和长石总量与岩屑含量相近,岩屑主要以流纹岩、流纹质凝灰岩为主,次为粗面岩、正长细晶岩、花岗岩、花岗斑岩、安山岩、硅质岩和泥岩等。后生蚀变碳酸盐化、高岭石化较为普遍,局部强烈,其次黄铁矿化、氧化铁化,偶见重晶石化。常见深部油气渗入在赋矿层中出现油渍、油斑、溢散晕圈,共生黄铁矿莓球群及微细粒黄铁矿聚晶。铀的存在形式为铀矿物(沥青油矿、铀石)和吸附状态。分析了多成因—多阶段成矿模式,即沉积预富集阶段—层间渗入成矿阶段—油气改造富集成矿阶段—油气还原护矿阶段。     

基于红外光谱技术研究云南普朗斑岩铜矿的蚀变和矿化特征

近年来红外光谱技术作为一种绿色、快速、无损、精确探测矿物的技术手段而倍受关注,针对斑岩型矿床蚀变矿物高度叠加、蚀变分带界线不明显、细粒蚀变矿物多、黏土蚀变矿物多等特征,该技术在蚀变矿物识别和勘探信息解读等方面优势突出。本文应用红外光谱技术对云南普朗斑岩铜矿区钻孔ZK1801岩心进行矿物识别和蚀变分带划分的研究,识别出钾硅酸盐化带、绿帘石-绿泥石化带、绿泥石-伊利石化带、石英-伊利石化带和泥化带。研究表明:普朗铜矿整个钻孔的蚀变矿物主要有石英、钾长石、绢云母、绿泥石、绿帘石、高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石等;根据矿化特征,发现铜矿体广泛赋存在钾硅酸盐化带和绿帘石-绿泥石化带中,与矿化关系密切的蚀变矿物"石英+钾长石+绢云母"和"绿帘石+绿泥石",可以作为普朗矿床勘查的标型蚀变矿物组合;研究区广泛发育的绢云母Al—OH波长随钻孔深度增加而逐渐从2210～2205nm减小到2202～2198nm, Al—OH波长2210～2205nm(长波绢云母)与矿化关系密切,可以作为普朗矿床勘查的指示信息。     

西藏羊八井地热田水热蚀变

本文对羊八井地热田钻扎ZK-201、ZK-301和ZK-308的岩心进行了较系统的蚀变矿物学、岩石学和流体包体研究。划分出6个蚀变矿物共生组合及蚀变分带,讨论了蚀变过程中岩石化学变化的特点,并推测了蚀变的温度和酸碱度条件。研究表明,热田曾处于极度的活动状态,最高温度达220-240℃,由于冷水的入侵,热田在目前钻探所及范围已冷却了50-70℃。蚀变矿物分布模式表明,目前热田流体主通道位于北部,热田进一步的开发应以寻找北部深部高温流体为主。     

Nonsulfide and sulfide-rich zinc mineralizations in the Vazante, Ambrósia and Fagundes deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mass balance and stable isotope characteristics of the hydrothermal alterations

The Vazante Group hosts the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit, which comprises high-grade zinc silicate ore (ZnSiO₄), and late-diagenetic to epigenetic carbonate-hosted sulfide-rich zinc deposits (e.g. Morro Agudo, Fagundes, and Ambrósia). In the sulfide-rich deposits, hydrothermal alteration involving silicification and dolomitization was related with ground preparation of favorable zones for fluid migration (e.g. Fagundes) or with direct interaction with the metalliferous fluid (e.g. Ambrósia). At Vazante, hydrothermal alteration resulted in silicification and dolomite, siderite, jasper, hematite, and chlorite formation. These processes were accompanied by strong relative gains of SiO₂, Fe₂O_3(T), Rb, Sb, V, U, and La, which are typically associated with the nonsulfide zinc mineralization. All sulfide-rich zinc ores in the district display a similar geochemical signature suggesting a common metal source from the underlying sedimentary sequences.Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of hydrothermally altered rocks reveal a remarkable alteration halo at the Vazante deposit, which is not a notable feature in the sulfide-rich deposits. This pattern could be attributed to fluid mixing processes involving the metalliferous fluid and channelized meteoric water, which may control the precipitation of the Vazante nonsulfide ore. Sulfide deposition resulted from fluid–rock interaction processes and mixing between the ascending metalliferous fluids and sulfur-rich tectonic brines derived from reduced shale units.