贵州旱涝年OLR场分布特征

诊断分析了热带太平洋地区对流活动与贵州旱涝年前期和同期的场分布特征,结果表明：ＯＬＲ场分布特征明显。夏季,涝年热带太平洋地区呈西正东负的距平分布,旱年呈西负东西的距平分布;前,涝年呈正－负－正的距平分布,旱年呈西正东负的距平分布,热带东太平对流活动涝减弱,旱年增强;春季,年呈正－负－正的距平分布,旱年呈负－正－负的距平分布。ＯＬＲ场与贵州夏季降水的这种非同步联系,物理意义明确,是一种有价值的预测夏     

与长江流域旱涝相联系的全球低频环流场

通过对梅雨前后低频风场和速度势场的分析，发现全低频风场 仅在长江流域的旱年及涝年表现现显著的不同，而且在同一年的夏季降水变化的不同位相中也表现出明显相反的环流分布。着眼于１９８０，１９８８年两年，我们发现这种不同与低频速度势场的波动有关。１９８０年降水与东亚季风区内人工频振荡的北传以 半球高纬的涡旋列不断东移相联系。而１９８８年降水变化则是与源于热带太平洋中部的小代频涡旋北进发展有密切的关系。     

西藏高原夏季旱涝年OLR分布差异

根据美国NOAA卫星观测得到的射出长波辐射资料(Outgoing Longwave Radiation,简称OLR),分析了西藏高原及其附近地区各月的辐射气候特征,指出：高原冬、春季节OLR主要反映了高原下垫面温度的季节变化,高原夏季为雨季,OLR与降水之间存在较好的负相关。印度季风爆发前后的OLR演变特征反映出中、低纬大气环流调整对高原雨季形成及降水分布的影响。旱涝年OLR合成分析表明：高原夏季降水与赤道印度洋反Walker环流强弱、印度季风槽、副热带高压及西太平洋暖池区对流强度、位置变化有密切的关系。     

山东夏季降水与前期热带洋区OLR的关系及其预测

在确定山东涝夏和旱夏年份的基础上,利用ＮＯＡＡ卫星观测的ＯＬＲ月平均资料,分析热带对流活动在旱涝年的差异。发现涝夏年科春季热带西太平洋、印度洋多为负距平,旱夏年多为正距平,天负距平中心与热带大气活动中心对应。用热带４洋科、春季ＯＬＲ分别建立夏季降水预测模型,结果表明,４月热带西太平洋、印度洋模型预测能力较优。     

山西春季旱涝与太平洋海温场和环流场异常关系

利用山西省62个气象站1961年-2008年春季逐月降水资料,同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,NOAA太平洋海温资料等,应用SVD、蒙特卡罗统计检验、合成分析等方法,研究了山西春季旱涝与同期太平洋海温场和环流场异常关系.研究表明：影响山西春季旱涝的同期500 hPa关键区主要位于日本海、北太平洋东部的阿留申地区南部,以及极地、西西伯利亚,山西北部和西南部受关键区异常影响更明显;当春季500 hPa平均高度场上日本海、北太平洋东部出现正异常,而极地、西西伯利亚出现负异常时,山西春季易偏涝,反之山西春季易旱.春季赤道东太平洋以及北太平洋海盆东南部λw150°～λw160°,ψN30°～ψN 35°附近海域是影响山西春季旱涝的太平洋海温的关键区,山西中南部受关键区海温异常影响最明显;当春季赤道东太平洋海温异常偏高,北太平洋海盆东南部海温异常偏低,山西春季降水易偏多,反之山西春季易旱.春季850 hPa上我国东部地区λE110°～λE120°范围偏南风减弱是导致山西春旱的重要因素.     

北太平洋暖流异常与黑龙江省夏末旱涝

为了揭示北太平洋暖流异常与黑龙江省晚夏旱涝的关系，根据有关资料进行了深入分析。结果表明：若北太平洋暖流变冷，８月多降雨；反之，８月则少雨。在此基础报北太平洋暖流异常对大气环流和台风的影响，以提供预报思路。     

长江流域旱涝年低频风场分布和演变的差异

从低频风场出发研究低频振荡在旱涝年的年际差异以及与降水的关系。表明：旱涝年我国东部环流系统低频分量所占比重显著不同；与长江流域降水变化联系的低频风场的特点及变化有显著不同。１９８０年降水的变化与东亚季风区内的低频振荡有密切的关系，尤其是副热带季风的低频振荡。     

500hPa位势高度场和北太平洋海温场与内蒙古农区夏季旱涝分析

对内蒙古夏季农区旱、涝前期500hPa位势高度场和北太平洋海温场进行了相关分析。得出了农区旱涝的诸关键区，发现影响农区旱涝趋势的500hPa位势高度场的关键区位置偏北，影响农区旱涝趋势的北太平洋海温分东、西两个海域，初夏西太平洋副高脊线位置的变化与赤道东太平洋海温的变化有密切的关系。     

东北地区旱涝的OLR特征分析

该文选取了东北地区4个典型多雨年和4个典型少雨年, 利用OLR资料对该地区旱涝年OLR场的时空分布规律及其低频振荡的传播特征进行了合成对比分析.结果表明, 东北旱涝与低纬OLR的分布及其变化密切相关, 特别是西北太平洋副热带高压、西太平洋ITCZ和印度ITCZ的位置和强度以及赤道中东太平洋OLR的距平在旱涝年均有显著差别, 并且热带和副热带OLR低频振荡的向北传播对东北地区夏季降水也有至关重要的影响.     

The relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China

In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China based on the precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) and the integrated meteorological drought index. We also studied the corresponding relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China by using Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) The severity of meteorological drought/flood exhibited a spatial pattern of gradual change from Northwest to Southeast China. (2) With a higher PCD and a delayed precipitation-concentration period (PCP), the drought severity was higher but the flood severity was lower. In contrast, with a lower PCD and an early PCP, the drought severity was lower and the flood severity was higher. (3) The correlation between meteorological drought/flood and PCD was significant. The higher the PCD, the longer the duration of drought and more frequently, the droughts occurred, and vice versa. It is concluded that PCD and PCP were significantly correlated with meteorological drought/flood in China.     

Interannual variability of summertime outgoing longwave radiation over the Maritime Continent in relation to East Asian summer monsoon anomalies

The Maritime Continent (MC) is under influences of both the tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Anomalous convective activities over the MC have significant impacts on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and climate in China. In the present study, the variation in convective activity over the MC in boreal summer and its relationship to EASM anomalies are investigated based on regression analysis of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and CMAP [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation] data, with a focus on the impacts of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The most significant interannual variability of convective activity is found over 10°S–10°N, 95°–145°E, which can be roughly defined as the key area of the MC (hereafter, KMC). Outgoing longwave radiation anomaly (OLRA) exhibits 3- to 7-yr periodicities over the KMC, and around 70% of the OLRA variance can be explained by the ENSO signal. However, distinct convection and precipitation anomalies still exist over this region after the ENSO and IOD signals are removed. Abnormally low precipitation always corresponds to positive OLRA over the KMC when negative diabatic heating anomalies and anomalous cooling of the atmospheric column lead to abnormal descending motion over this region. Correspondingly, abnormal divergence occurs in the lower troposphere while convergence occurs in the upper troposphere, triggering an East Asia–Pacific/Pacific–Japan (EAP/PJ)-like anomalous wave train that propagates northeastward and leads to a significant positive precipitation anomaly from the Yangtze River valley in China to the islands of Japan. This EAP/PJ-like wave pattern becomes even clearer after the removal of the ENSO signal and the combined effects of ENSO and IOD, suggesting that convective anomalies over the KMC have an important impact on EASM anomalies. The above results provide important clues for the prediction of EASM anomalies and associated summer precipitation anomalies in China.     

汉江流域秋汛期典型旱涝年与前期海温的关系研究

利用汉江流域16个气象观测台站1961—2010年秋汛期(9—10月)逐候降水资料,计算了降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP),并建立了相应的序列,结合秋汛期降水距平百分率,确定汉江流域秋汛期典型旱涝年。同时,利用美国国家环境预测中心及国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)提供的同期海温和500 hPa高度场资料,采用合成和相关分析方法,探讨了典型旱涝年与前期海温的关系。结果表明,印度洋、赤道中太平洋、北太平洋为3个海温关键区,当这3个海区海温发生异常时,影响汉江流域秋雨的主要系统(印缅槽、贝湖槽、东西伯利亚高压和乌拉尔山高压)也相应发生变化,从而导致PCD和降雨量异常,引发汉江流域洪涝或干旱灾害。在一定程度上,可将前期海温异常作为判断汉江流域秋汛期降水量多少及PCD强弱的前兆信号。     

菲律宾海地区异常环流与长江中下游6月旱涝的关系

利用1951—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和中国160站月降水总量资料,研究了菲律宾海地区大气环流异常与长江中下游6月旱涝的关系。结果表明,菲律宾海附近是影响长江中下游地区6月降水的关键区。菲律宾异常反气旋（气旋）在对流层低层明显,强度随高度衰减。且这种大气环流异常与长江中下游地区6月降水的相关关系在低层850hPa最显著,到高层相关性减弱。当出现菲律宾异常反气旋环流时,垂直速度和水汽输送等异常分布特征有利于降水发生,使得长江中下游地区偏涝,反之则偏旱。     

Correlation analysis of persistent heavy rainfall events in the vicinity of the Yangtze River valley and global outgoing longwave radiation in the preceding month

Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) daily satellite dataset of global outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for the period of 1974--2004 and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for 1971--2004, the linkage between persistent heavy rainfall (PHR) events in the vicinity of the Yangtze River valley and global OLR leading up to those events (with 1- to 30-day lag) was investigated. The results reveal that there is a significant connection between the initiation of PHR events over the study area and anomalous convective activity over the tropical Indian Ocean, maritime continent, and tropical western Pacific Ocean. During the 30-day period prior to the onset of PHR events, the major significantly anomalous convective centers have an apparent dipole structure, always with enhanced convection in the west and suppressed convection in the east. This dipole structure continuously shifts eastward with time during the 30-day lead period. The influence of the anomalous convective activity over the tropical oceans on the initiation of PHR events over the study area is achieved via an interaction between tropical and extratropical latitudes. More specifically, anomalous convective activity weakens the Walker circulation cell over the tropical Indian Ocean first. This is followed by a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon background state and the excitation and dispersion of Rossby wave activity over Eurasia. Finally, a major modulation of the large scale background circulation occurs. As a result, the condition of a phase-lock among major large scale circulation features favoring PHR events is established over the study area.     

平流层冬季50hPa QBO与长江中下游地区夏季旱涝关系的阶段性

本文通过资料分析,揭示了平流层冬季50hPa QBO与长江中下游地区夏季旱涝的关系存在显著阶段性的事实。统计表明,对于完整的时间序列,冬季50 hPaQBO与长江中下游地区夏季旱涝状况的相关很小;若根据相关概率最大的原则,把完整的时间序列划分为三个阶段,则各阶段内冬季50hPa QBO东、西风位相与长江中下游地区夏季降水及旱涝状况有非常显著的相关,而相邻的两阶段间上述两者之间的关系则完全相反。分析还表明,冬季50hPa QBO自身的异常演变与三个阶段的划分具有一定的联系。     

多元模糊回归分析在长江流域旱涝趋势预测中的应用

用长江流域25个站5—9月降水量的第一特征向量的时间系数作为表征长江流域的旱涝指数,分析了它与前期北太平洋海温和500hPa高度场的关系。经过对初选预报因子代表性和稳定性分析后,确定出7个预报因子。利用多元模糊回归分析探讨了这一区域旱涝趋势的预测问题。     

Monsoon circulation over the Amur River basin during catastrophic flood and extreme drought in summer

Two opposite Far East monsoon summer seasons over the Amur River basin are investigated which caused the extreme drought and fires in 2008 and catastrophic flood in 2013. It is shown that in the low-water summer of 2008 due to blocking processes, polar-front cyclones were almost absent over the Amur, were short, had fuzzy frontal systems, and did not bring precipitation. The summer monsoon circulation was suppressed, and in the Amur region continental air masses dominated over marine tropical air. On the contrary, the summer of 2013 was characterized by unprecedented cyclonic activity and the sharp strengthening ofthe moisture-laden monsoon flow from the ocean. As a result, the intensification of summer monsoon precipitation and the Amur flood were observed. It was established that the Far East summer monsoon anomalies are associated with the large-scale transformation of atmospheric circulation over the Asia-Pacific region.