地震地电阻率各向异性变化数值模拟

将APE模式中差应力与裂隙的演化理论与前期研究中建立的张量形式的各向异性电性模型相结合,推导出了裂隙演化参数(密度、孔压、纵横比、闭合角)与电导率关系的动态方程,用数值模拟方法研究了饱水岩石在水平向应力作用下电阻率的各向异性变化．并结合实验和观钡5结果,讨论了电阻率各向异性变化的可能机理。     

APE理论与地电阻率前兆

介绍了含裂隙介质的ＡＰＥ理论（ａｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｉｃ ｐｏｒｏ－ｅｌａｓｔｉｃｉｔｙ）。根据ＡＰＥ理论,对裂隙膨胀提出了新的看法,认为当岩石不产生大量破裂时,裂隙的扩张和闭合是互为依存、彼此平衡的。用笔者建立的裂隙方面性集中体积模型的各向异性电导率张量表达式,研究了应力场导致裂隙纵横比变化与地壳岩石电阻率变化的关系。结果表明,即使地壳岩石的平均体应变很小或不产生新的裂隙,也可以出现电阻率大的突变。     

Experimental research on the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties in the displacement process

Based on experiments on rock electrical parameter dispersion properties in both water displacing oil and oil displacing water processes, it is found that the frequency dispersion properties of electrical parameters in water-bearing rocks are quite different from those in oil-bearing rocks. Oil saturation can severely impact the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties and as the oil saturation increases, the properties are more distinguishing. The variation of formation water salinity has a significant effect on the rock resistivity, hence the modulus of the rock complex resistivity varies with water saturation and a U-shaped curve occurs over a single frequency, just like the normal resistivity. However, the effect of formation water salinity on the rock frequency dispersion is less than that of oil saturation. As a result, the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties will have a significant potential of application in the evaluation of watered-out zones as well as identification of oil-bearing zones and water-bearing zones.     

裂隙非均匀分布岩石中的电位及视电阻率计算

计算了在均匀高阻介质中含有低阻裂隙的岩石的电场分布，并由此推导出裂隙非均匀分布的岩石中视电阻率的计算公式．结果表明，裂隙的埋深、规模、走向（平行或垂直视电阻率测线）以及真电阻率等，对视电阻率的观测和计算结果都有不同程度的影响．本文结果对视电阻率法用于地震分析预报提供了一种有效的计算方法．      

Comparison of stress-dependent geophysical,hydraulic and mechanical properties of synthetic and natural sandstones for reservoir characterization and monitoring studies

Synthetic rock samples can offer advantages over natural rock samples when used for laboratory rock physical properties studies, provided their success as natural analogues is well understood. The ability of synthetic rocks to mimic the natural stress dependency of elastic wave, electrical and fluid transport properties is of primary interest. Hence, we compare a consistent set of laboratory multi-physics measurements obtained on four quartz sandstone samples (porosity range 20–25%) comprising two synthetic and two natural (Berea and Corvio) samples, the latter used extensively as standards in rock physics research. We measured simultaneously ultrasonic (P- and S-wave) velocity and attenuation, electrical resistivity, permeability and axial and radial strains over a wide range of differential pressure (confining stress 15–50 MPa; pore pressure 5–10 MPa) on the four brine saturated samples. Despite some obvious physical discrepancies caused by the synthetic manufacturing process, such as silica cementation and anisotropy, the results show only small differences in stress dependency between the synthetic and natural sandstones for all measured parameters. Stress dependency analysis of the dry samples using an isotropic effective medium model of spheroidal pores and penny-shaped cracks, together with a granular cohesion model, provide evidence of crack closure mechanisms in the natural sandstones, seen to a much lesser extent in the synthetic sandstones. The smaller grain size, greater cement content, and cementation under oedometric conditions particularly affect the fluid transport properties of the synthetic sandstones, resulting in lower permeability and higher electrical resistivity for a similar porosity. The effective stress coefficients, determined for each parameter, are in agreement with data reported in the literature. Our results for the particular synthetic materials that were tested suggest that synthetic sandstones can serve as good proxies for natural sandstones for studies of elastic and mechanical properties, but should be used with care for transport properties studies.     

Changes in geophysical properties caused by fluid injection into porous rocks: analytical models

Analytical models are provided that describe how the elastic compliance, electrical conductivity, and fluid‐flow permeability of rocks depend on stress and fluid pressure. In order to explain published laboratory data on how seismic velocities and electrical conductivity vary in sandstones and granites, the models require a population of cracks to be present in a possibly porous host phase. The central objective is to obtain a consistent mean‐field analytical model that shows how each modeled rock property depends on the nature of the crack population. The crack populations are described by a crack density, a probability distribution for the crack apertures and radii, and the averaged orientation of the cracks. The possibly anisotropic nature of the elasticity, conductivity, and permeability tensors is allowed for; however, only the isotropic limit is used when comparing to laboratory data. For the transport properties of conductivity and permeability, the percolation effect of the crack population linking up to form a connected path across a sample is modeled. However, this effect is important only in crystalline rock where the host phase has very small conductivity and permeability. In general, the importance of the crack population to the transport properties increases as the host phase becomes less conductive and less permeable.     

Pore fluid pressure effects in anisotropic rocks: Mechanisms of induced seismicity and weak faults

Many observations and studies indicate that pore fluid pressure in the crustal rocks plays an important role in deformation, faulting, and earthquake processes. Conventional models of pore pressure effects often assume isotropic porous rocks and yield the nondeviatoric pressure effects which seem insufficient to explain diverse phenomena related to pore pressure variation, such as fluid-extraction induced seismicity and crustal weak faults. We derive the anisotropic effective stress law especially for transversely-isotropic and orthotropic rocks, and propose that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks not only affect rock effective strength but also cause variation of shear stresses. Such shear stress variations induced by either pore pressure buildup or pore pressure decline may lead to faulting instability and trigger earthquakes, and provide mechanisms for the failure of crustal weak faults with low level of shear stresses. We believe that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks are of wide application in studies of earthquake precursors and aftershocks, oil and gas reservoir characterization, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing.     

原地电阻率变化的实验

在野外原地对某些自然状态非饱和的土层及含裂隙矽化灰岩电阻率随应变的变化进行了实验.主要结果有:1)低应力下,随体积的压缩电阻率下降;体积膨胀时电阻率上升;2)所测岩、土层电阻率相对变化(/)对微小应变()的变化响应甚为敏感,裂隙岩层比土层更甚.放大系数(/)/与应变量有关,对10-4应变通常有一、二百倍,对10-5应变可达数百乃至上千倍;3)电阻率相对变化幅度随力源强度和尺度的增加而增加,随力源距离的增加而衰减.电阻率变化起始时间随距离的增加显示出滞后现象;4)水平各向同性土层,在应力作用下,不同方向电阻率变化不同,呈现出方向性.通常垂直最大压缩方向的电阻率 下降较多,平行方向的∥下降较小或略有上升,与压力呈45的45下降幅度介于中等.含裂隙矽化灰岩则不同,不同方向电阻率的变化不仅与压缩方向有关,而且还与裂隙方向有关.通常是∥下降较多.当压应力平行裂隙时, 也下降,但当压应力垂直裂隙时, 则明显上升.      

储层岩石电性特征的逾渗网络模型研究(英文)

建立能够反映储层孔隙结构、流体特征的逾 渗网络模型,通过数值模拟研究了储层孔隙尺寸、 孔隙形状、连通性、微孔隙的发育状况等对I-Sw曲 线影响的定性规律,研究了地层水矿化度对岩石电 阻率的影响。分析讨论了不同因素对电阻率影响的 相对强度。最后,通过曲线拟合定量地研究了不同 因素对I-Sw曲线的影响规律。研究表明,在上述影 响因素中连通性和微孔隙对I-Sw曲线的影响很大, 其它因素的影响强度较小。地层水矿化度对岩石电 阻率绝对值的影响很大。“非阿尔奇”现象普遍存在, 在低渗透(低连通性)储层岩石中更为明显。     

The influence of solar‐induced thermal stresses on the mechanical weathering of rocks in humid mid‐latitudes

The role of solar‐induced thermal stresses in the mechanical breakdown of rock in humid‐temperate climates has remained relatively unexplored. In contrast, numerous studies have demonstrated that cracks in rocks found in more arid mid‐latitude locations exhibit preferred northeast orientations that are interpreted to be a consequence of insolation‐related cracking. Here we hypothesize that similar insolation‐related mechanisms may be efficacious in humid temperate climates, possibly in conjunction with other mechanical weathering processes. To test this hypothesis, we collected rock and crack data from a total of 310 rocks at a forested field site in North Carolina (99 rocks, 266 cracks) and at forested and unforested field sites in Pennsylvania (211 rocks, 664 cracks) in the eastern United States. We find that overall, measured cracks exhibit statistically preferred strike orientations (47° ± 16), as well as dip angles (52° ± 24°), that are similar in most respects to comparable datasets from mid‐latitude deserts. There is less variance in strike orientations for larger cracks suggesting that cracks with certain orientations are preferentially propagated through time. We propose that diurnally repeating geometries of solar‐related stresses result in propagation of those cracks whose orientations are favorably oriented with respect to those stresses. We hypothesize that the result is an oriented rock heterogeneity that acts as a zone of weakness much like bedding or foliation that can, in turn, be exploited by other weathering processes. Observed crack orientations vary somewhat by location, consistent with this hypothesis given the different latitude and solar exposure of the field sites. Crack densities vary between field sites and are generally higher on north‐facing boulder‐faces and in forested sites, suggesting that moisture‐availability also plays a role in dictating cracking rates. These data provide evidence that solar‐induced thermal stresses facilitate mechanical weathering in environments where other processes are also likely at play. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱水和排水过程中岩石电阻率各向异性特征的电阻率成像法研究

从电阻率的角度研究岩石裂隙介质的各向异性特征是一种方便而有效的方法,但多限于空间单个点上的测量数据分析.通过在砂岩岩样上的饱水与排水实验以及同步进行的高密度电阻率成像监测,探讨了应用高密度电阻率成像法获得图像研究岩石各向异性特征的可能性,分析了饱水与排水过程中岩石电阻率在不同方向上的响应特性.结果表明,电阻率成像法在分析岩石裂隙介质的各向异性方面具有多方向成像和动态监测的优点,可以通过对不同方向上获得的电阻率图像的分析,提取出岩石沉积结构的空间分布模式,清晰地反映出岩石在饱水和排水过程中电阻率变化空间分布模式的各向异性特征.     

视电阻率法测矿井岩石应变实验的初步总结

本实验目的是揭示受力岩石中应力与电阻率的关系,以验证形变电阻率法能否用于地震预报工作。 实验在一离地面深100多米、正在开采的矿坑中进行。视电阻率的测量用四极对称装置,干电池供电,最高电压13.5伏,最大观测均方误差为1-2％。五个测点上贴了电阻丝应变片,以测定岩石主应变的大小、方向以与视电阻率极大值进行对比。应变计的读数值最大误差不超过3-4με。实验中考虑了岩石有严重极化现象的影响。 实验的初步结果表明:岩石的视电阻率和应变值的变化,总趋势相当一致,所以用形变电阻率法来测量应变是极有希望的。对1973年在四川省南坪发生的几次地震进行震例分析的结果,得到同样的结论。 文中对实验中存在的问题,也作了一些讨论。     

强震近震中区地电阻率变化速率的各向异性

用归一化月速率方法处理了６次强震前近震中区11个台的地电阻率数据，得到在孕震中短期至短临阶段，与主压应力方向正交（或近于正交）测向的地电阻率下降变化的速率大于平行（或近于平行）主应力方向的变化速率．产生变化速率各向异性的原因可能是:在孕震后期的扩容阶段，裂隙走向沿主压应力方向优势排列，导电流体活动产生真电阻率变化速率的各向异性，表现为地表视电阻率变化速率的各向异性．本文为视电阻率各向异性的实验结果提供了震例支持，物理解释比较清晰，可能成为研究某些强震孕育晚期震源区及其附近地壳应力状态的参考依据．      

不同矿化度下泥质对岩石电性影响的逾渗网络研究

为了进一步认识泥质对岩石宏观电性的影响规律,本文利用非规整三维逾渗网络模型,通过数值模拟研究了不同矿化度下泥质对岩石电性影响的规律. 模拟结果表明：在中低矿化度下,泥质对岩石导电整体上呈现减阻作用,随着泥质含量的增加,电阻率降低的速度减慢;中等矿化度下泥质的减阻效果明显弱于低矿化度下的减阻效果;在高矿化度下泥质对岩石导电整体上呈现增阻作用. 在高矿化度、高含水饱和度下泥质对岩石电性的影响较小. 泥质起减阻、增阻作用的具体矿化度范围取决于储层的孔隙度、连通性以及地层温度等特性.     

Modelling the stress-strain behaviour of saturated rocks undergoing triaxial deformation using complex electrical conductivity measurements

Measurement of complex electrical conductivity as a function of frequency is an extremely sensitive probe for changes in pore and crack volume, crack connectivity, and crack surface topography. Such measurements have been made as a function of pore fluid chemistry, hydrostatic confining pressure, as well as uniaxial and triaxial deformation. This paper will; (1) describe the effects of triaxial deformation on the complex electrical conductivity of saturated porous rocks, (2) use the electrical data to model the mechanical stress-strain behaviour, and (3) compare the modelled behaviour with the stress-strain behaviour measured during the deformation. Experimental conductivity data tracks how the rock undergoes compaction with progressive loss of crack volume, followed by dilatation due to new crack formation, growth of existing cracks, crack interlinkage, and finally failure, as axial strain is increased. We have used the complex electrical data to produce a direction-sensitive (anisotropic) crack damage parameter, and used it to calculate the effective Young's modulus by employing the models of Walsh and Bruner. Comparison of the synthetic stress-strain curves so produced, with the experimentally derived stress-strain curves shows good agreement, particularly for undrained tests. This modelling is an improvement on similar curves produced using isotropic crack damage parameters derived from acoustic emission data. The improvement is likely to be due to the directional sensitivity of the electrical conductivity measurement, and its ability to discriminate between the formation of isolated cracks, and those cracks that contribute to the inter-connected crack space i.e. those cracks upon which transport properties of the rock such as electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties depend most critically during triaxial deformation.     

Anisotropy of the apparent resistivity variation rate near the epicentral region for strong earthquakes

IntroductionThe geo-electrical anisotropy before earthquake is of special significance for the prediction of earthquake location and for the research on crustal stress status near the epicentral region. The anisotropy has been studied from various aspects (CHEN, et al, 1983; QIAN, et al, 1985, 1996; LU, et al, 1990a; MAO, et al, 1995; RUAN, et al, 1999). But the anisotropic phenomena presented by geo-electrical data are not practically satisfactory and not clear as compared with the res…     

双相各向异性研究、问题与应用前景

地球内部流体的存在和岩石各向异性是地下介质的两大表征,考虑地下流体和介质各向异性问题的双相各向异性理论是当今地震学和地球物理学理论与应用研究的前沿和难题之一。孔隙流体的存在、固体和流体之间的相互作用会弱化或硬化岩石的力学属性,上起声波或弹性声波速度的频散的振幅的衰减,并产生第二类压缩波。裂缝或裂隙的定向分布、岩层的旋性沉积、应力场的定向排列,都会引起传播速度的各向异性、横波发生分裂等重要现象,这些     

Numerical modelling of direct current electrical resistivity for the characterisation of cracks in soils

Fractures or cracks in rocks and soils are thin planar features of high resistivity, embedded in a more conductive bulk volume. In soils, several processes, particularly swelling and shrinkage of clays, result in cracks and can regenerate macroporosity. Their detection and the assessment of their evolution necessitate the use of non-invasive techniques. Although cracks have a major influence on the electrical resistivity of bulk material their complete geometrical characterisation achieved through the use of electrical resistivity measurements remains difficult due to the lack of appropriate inversion models. An inversion model based on the method of moments (MoM) has been developed, and is presented here. Direct simulations demonstrate the model's ability to reconstruct real experimental data. The influence of various object parameters on the model's accuracy was tested, showing that the model is sensitive to all the geometric characteristics of a crack. The inversion of both simulated and experimental data has demonstrated the model's ability to calculate the initial position, width and depth of several different cracks.     

岩石破裂过程中电阻率变化机理的探讨

受压岩石在破裂过程中,视电阻率会出现明显的变化,其异常形态与实验条件有很大的关系. 实验中对磁铁石英岩样品施加了单轴压缩,岩石的破裂经反复加载和卸载实现,并在岩样的裂隙中注入了食盐溶液. 在实验的各阶段,对样品的主剖面重建出一系列内部真电阻率分布的图像,揭示了介质内的微细结构,从而探讨了视电阻率变化的原因. 实验发现,岩石中裂隙的存在及所含液体的饱和状态,是岩石在主破裂前控制电阻率变化的两个最重要的因素;低应力状态属常态导电过程,孔隙度的变化是主要因素;高应力状态属裂隙表面导电机制,随着破裂面在岩体内部出现,水和孔隙有了完全贯通的平面,多种导电机制都得以发挥作用. 此外,体导电结构的变化在宏观上表现为各向异性和图样有序性的增强.     

Electromechanical phenomena associated with earthquakes

This article reviews the field, laboratory, and theoretical investigations made concerning different electromechanical phenomena associated with earthquakes. It discusses laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity of rocks stressed up to fracture, particular attention being paid to the interpretation of results according to the diffusion-dilatancy theory. This is followed by the discussion of field measurements of electrical characteristics of rocks in seismic areas in connections with seismic activity in these regions. Piezoelectric and electrostrictive phenomena are briefly discussed, and also a theoretical model of electro-elastic effects associated with an earthquake source. The last part concerns electrokinetic phenomena in porous rocks, caused by the diffusion of fluids into the dilatant focal region. The divergence of opinion about the physical models of the earthquake process is emphasized.