用于气候分析的树木年轮密度资料获取方法与质量控制

通过结合气象行业标准《树木年轮气候研究树轮采样规范》(QX／T 90—2008)和DENDRO 2003树轮密度分析系统的多年使用经验,将树木年轮密度资料采集划分为树轮样本采集、样本处理、数据获取、数据交叉定年、树轮密度年表研制5个步骤。通过对密度资料采集过程中各个步骤的讨论,希望可以为将来制订规范的树轮密度资料采集技术方法提供参考。     

用于气候分析的树木年轮灰度资料获取方法与质量控制

结合野外采样和使用WinDENDROTM树轮图像分析系统的经验,将树木年轮灰度资料的获取分为野外采样、样本预处理、获取树轮灰度资料、数据格式转换、存储树轮灰度资料、交叉定年、建立树轮灰度年表、气候分析等8个步骤,并对其中的各个环节及质量控制进行了阐述。为日后开展的树轮灰度资料获取工作提供参考。     

用于气候分析的树木年轮稳定同位素资料获取方法与质量控制?

随着稳定同位素分析技术的进步和植物生理学研究的发展,稳定同位素在树轮气候研究中扮演着日益重要的角色。本文总结了用于气候分析的树木年轮稳定同位素资料获取与质量控制方法。包括对分析树轮样品的要求、树轮纤维素提取实验流程、树轮同位素的质谱分析方法和稳定碳同位素数据的处理方法等。为树轮稳定同位素实验分析提供参考,便于获得可靠的树轮同位素数据,且能够进行不同实验室之间数据结果的对比,为建立树木年轮同位素网络奠定基础。     

天山北坡东部树轮宽度和稳定碳同位素的环境响应分析

在天山北坡东部森林上限采集雪岭云杉样本,建立了树轮宽度年表和稳定碳同位素序列,采用相关函数分析了树轮宽度与木垒气象站温度和降水的关系,发现这一区域的树轮宽度主要受到水分条件的限制,但由于采样点位于森林上限,温度也限制了树木的生长,导致了树轮宽度记录降水信息能力减弱。树木年轮稳定碳同位素序列反映了工业革命以来,由于化石燃料燃烧,大气CO2浓度增加,大气δ13C降低的事实。将树轮δ13C序列进行校正后与木垒月气象资料的相关分析表明,树轮碳同位素序列与温度和降水的关系较为复杂,可能受到多种因素的共同影响。这一区域森林上限的树轮碳同位素并不是反映气候变化的最好指标。     

天山山区树轮气候研究若干进展

由于分布广泛、分辨率高、定年准确和气候敏感性好等原因,树木年轮在重建过去区域、半球甚至全球气候环境变化中扮演着重要角色。天山地处中亚干旱区,气候变化波动大,对全球变化响应敏感,植物生长的干旱胁迫作用强烈,天山山区分布有大量雪岭云杉和西伯利亚落叶松等长龄且对气候敏感的针叶树种,因此天山山区是树轮气候研究的理想区域。天山山区树轮气候研究始于20世纪70年代,尤其是近10 a有了长足的进步,有关天山山区树轮气候研究已经在国际上有一定影响。本文通过综述国内外对天山山区树轮气候研究的现状和进展,总结了近200 a基于树轮资料的天山山区较为一致的气候变化规律,并为进一步开展天山山区树轮气候研究提出建议。天山山区未来树木年轮气候学研究应在开展大量不同区域树木年轮气候学重建基础上,尝试理解树木径向生长对气候的响应机理研究,同时选用不同数理方法和多树木年轮指标进行长时间尺度和大空间范围重建工作,并讨论中亚干旱区过去千年气候变化的影响机制。     

树木年轮化学研究概况与进展

树木年轮的生长除受到气温、降水等自然因素限制外,人为因素造成环境污染的影响也不可忽视。通过对树木年轮中化学元素含量的分析来重建过去的环境自然变化和人为环境污染历史是树轮化学研究的重要内容。本文针对目前国内外树木年轮化学研究现状,分别介绍了树轮化学的研究资料、研究步骤、研究内容、研究进展和存在不足,并在具体内容上对树轮化学在环境污染方面的应用有所侧重。     

经验模态分解方法在树木年轮宽度序列标准化中的应用

高分辨率的树木年轮是记录历史时期气候变化的良好生物载体,在古气候研究中被广泛应用。但年轮宽度与气候因子之间有着复杂的联系,这种关系受气候因子之间的相互制衡和因物种而异的树木生长节律的共同影响。在利用树木年轮开展历史时期气候变化的研究中,剔除树木年轮与年龄相关的生长趋势是准确获取气候信号的先决条件。然而,传统的和相对改进的一些树轮标准化方法在拟合并剔除树龄相关的趋势及非气候干扰信息方面仍存在一些问题。本文利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法进行树轮资料的标准化方法研究, 对已获得的树轮生长序列所记录的信息进行分解,得到一系列不同物理意义的本征模态分量,结合多样本信息的对比及生物学特性,深入解读各分量表征的气候变化、环境干扰及缓慢生长趋势项等不同物理意义,进而剔除非气候信息,得到可以准确反映气候变化的代用序列,并将该方法与目前广泛采用的标准化方法进行对比,分析不同方法的利弊所在,为进一步改进树轮标准化方法提供新思路。     

根据树木年轮长记录推测古气候

研究气候变化不能光依靠气象要素的观测记录,因为气象记录年代很短,并且不能充分地描述自然气候状况的变化范围。本文试图利用千年树轮宽度变化的古气候信息,例如用美国西部的刺毛果松树(bristlecone pine)的资料,来推测古气候的状况。由于刺毛果松树个别树木的树龄很高,而且还有一些死亡树木至今仍然存在,所以通过交叉定年代(cross dating),就可以得到很长的树轮宽度年表。所谓交叉定年代是指各树轮序列间宽年轮和窄     

网上的树木年轮资料

在美国国家海洋大气局 (ＮＯＡＡ)的网页上有全球 5 0 0个采样点的树木年轮资料。这些资料为气候学家和资料管理工作者提供过去数千年的气候变率记录。现存美国科罗拉多州Ｂｏｕｌｄｅｒ世界气候资料中心的国际树木年轮资料库内的资料 ,由瑞士联邦森林、雪和景观研究所 (ＷＳＬ Ｂｉｒｍｅｎｓｄｏｒｆ)ＦｒｉｔｚＳｃｈｗｅｉｎｇｒｕｂｅｒ及其同事提供。这批资料包括树木年轮宽度和木质密度观测值以及采样点年表。这批资料是国际树木年轮资料中最大的一份资料。Ｓｃｈｗｅｉｎｇｒｕｂｅｒ退休前将他所有的资料文件提交给了世界古气候资…     

利用树轮宽度重建准噶尔盆地西南缘降水日数

利用新疆北部准噶尔盆地西南缘阿拉套山南坡4个采样点的雪岭云杉树木年轮宽度资料,建立了树轮宽度年表。树轮宽度指数与气候要素的相关分析结果表明:该区域的树轮径向生长主要受水分条件限制,与当年生长季及其前期的降水量和降水日数呈显著正相关,与温度呈负相关。其中小青稞与哈拉吐鲁克苏河两个点组成的树轮宽度年表(HXC)与阿拉山口气象站2-8月降水日数的相关系数达到了0.724。采用线性回归方法建立了树轮宽度指数与降水日数之间的回归方程,方差解释量为52.4%,交叉检验表明转换方程稳定可信。由于采样点坡度大、土层薄、土壤蓄水能力弱,树轮宽度与降水日数的相关系数高于降水。1685-2008年重建降水日数序列与区域干旱灾害文献记录的14次旱灾对比发现,树轮资料重建降水日数序列较好地捕捉了区域极端干旱事件。本文的序列与天山北坡山区和天山南坡阿克苏河流域降水序列的干湿阶段是对应的,特别是与天山山区降水序列的干湿阶段(特别是干旱阶段)更为一致。     

European Tree Rings and Climate in the 16th Century

We present a selective review of tree-ring variability and inferred climate changes in Europe during the 16th century. The dendroclimatological evidence is assessed within the context of the last 500 years and some interpretational problems are discussed. The tree-ring evidence is compared with various non-dendroclimatic evidence. The body of evidence shows that a large region of mid and northern Europe experienced a sharp cooling at around 1570/80 that, at least in the north, marked a shift towards a prolonged period of cool conditions. This region had its southern boundary in the Alps and there is little evidence for a major cooling in southern Europe.     

Dendroclimatological spring rainfall reconstruction for an inner Alpine dry valley

Summary Estimates of spring precipitation for the inner Alpine dry valley of the upper Inn (Tyrol, Austria) are made back to A.D. 1724 using a ring width chronology of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as predictor. A highly significant agreement in year-to-year ring width changes exists between several chronologies along the dry valley. The dendroclimatic model used for climate reconstruction is a simple linear transfer function that estimates April–June precipitation from current tree-ring width. All verification statistics commonly used in dendroclimatological research are significant ( p < 0.01) and indicate that the reconstructed time series provides valuable information on past spring precipitation variability. Reconstructed spring rainfall deficiencies and surpluses ≥ 20% compared to the long-term mean in 1819, 1832, 1834, 1865, 1885, and in 1780, 1782, 1821, 1853, 1910, respectively, are also documented by local historical records. Furthermore, a comparison is made with an independent climate reconstruction based on historical weather indices valid for the northern side of the Swiss Alps. A fairly good agreement is found between both spring rainfall reconstructions at low frequency intervals during 1755–1862 and 1919–1981. This preliminary study shows that tree-rings can be used to reconstruct spring rainfall variability for inner Alpine dry valleys. Received December 18, 2000 Revised May 28, 2001     

吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山上下林线树轮对气候的响应差异

利用2012年10月采自吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山chon-kyzyl-suu附近的森林上线和下线两个采样点的雪岭云杉树轮样本,建立了上下线树轮宽度年表,结合近百年CRU（0.5?.5）气温和降水资料,分析该地区森林上下线树轮对气候响应的异同。研究表明,森林上下线树轮年表一致性较好,尤其是窄轮出现年份基本相同;对气温响应方面,森林上线树轮年表与春季尤其是4-5月份平均温度显著负相关;而森林下线树轮年表与夏季尤其是6-7月平均气温显著相关。降水方面,树轮年表与上年7月到当年6月降水相关最好,森林下线年表与上年7月到当年6月的降水量相关系数超过0.61;上线也达到了0.49。与中国境内雪岭云杉对气候响应基本相同,位于吉尔吉斯斯坦的西天山北坡树轮宽度同样对降水的响应更为敏感,尤其在森林下线;降水可能是该地区树木生长的主要限制性因子,降水对森林下线树轮径向生长起决定性作用。空间相关分析表明,树轮年表能较好的代表西天山大部分区域上年7月到当年6月的降水量,尤其是西天山北坡吉尔吉斯斯坦境内。     

On the spatiotemporal characteristics of Fennoscandian tree-ring based summer temperature reconstructions

Summary We analyse the spatial representation of five previously published multi-century to millennial length dendroclimatological reconstructions of Fennoscandian summer temperatures. The reconstructions, ranging from local to regional scale, were based on either tree-ring width (TRW) or maximum latewood density (MXD) data or on a combination of the two. TRW chronologies are shown to provide reasonably good spatial information mainly for July temperatures, but a combination of TRW and MXD yields a better spatial representation for the whole summer season (June–August). A multiple-site reconstruction does not necessarily provide better spatial representation than a single site reconstruction, depending on the criterion for selecting data and also on the strength of the climate signal in the tree-ring data. In a new approach to analyse the potential for further developing Fennoscandian temperature reconstructions, we selected from a network of TRW and MXD chronologies those having the strongest temperature information a priori, to obtain a strong common climate signal suitable for a regional-scale reconstruction. Seven separate, but not independent, reconstructions based on progressively decreasing numbers of chronologies were created. We show that it is possible to improve the spatial representation of available reconstructions back to around AD 1700, giving high correlations (>0.7) with observed summer temperatures for nearly the whole of Fennoscandia, and even higher correlations (>0.85) over much of central-northern Fennoscandia. Further sampling of older trees (e.g. dry-dead and subfossil wood) would be needed to achieve the same high correlations prior to AD 1700. Our analysis suggests that it should be possible to select a few key sites for improving the reconstructions before AD 1700. Since tree-ring data from northern Fennoscandia are used in all available hemispheric-scale temperature reconstructions for the last millennium, there is also a potential for slightly improving the quality of the hemispheric-scale reconstructions, by including an improved reconstruction for Fennoscandia. However, adding new chronologies from previously unsampled regions would potentially improve hemispheric-scale temperature reconstructions more substantially. Authors’ addresses: Isabelle Gouirand, Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Hans W. Linderholm, Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, G?teborg University, SE-405 30 G?teborg, Sweden; Barbara Wohlfarth, Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.     

巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘胡杨(Populus euphratica)径向生长对气候的响应

利用2014年采自巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘的胡杨样本,建立了该地区胡杨树轮年表,选用相关函数法结合高台气象站历年逐月降水和温度(月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温、平均地温)等主要气候因子,分析巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘胡杨树轮对气候的响应;研究表明,黑泉乡胡杨树轮宽度标准化年表与生长季平均气温相关较好,具有明显的正相关关系。而生长季3-9月的平均气温与胡杨树轮宽度年表的相关高达0.629(P<0.0001),3-9月的平均气温可能是该地区胡杨树木径向生长的主要限制性因子且具有明确的树木生理学意义。     

新疆伊犁乌孙山北坡树轮灰度年表的建立及气候意义

利用2006年采自新疆伊犁乌孙山北坡3个采点的树轮样本,建立了树轮宽度年表,采用树轮图像分析法进一步建立了3种宽度年表和5种灰度年表。宽度年表对比发现,树木年轮对气候响应南疆强于北疆,北疆其它地方强于伊犁地区,而乌孙山北坡与伊犁其它地区比较,树轮宽度对气候的响应较敏感。树轮图像分析法建立的8种年表特征进行对比发现,恰依恰孜宽度年表对气候的响应最为强烈;而阿乌里亚乔克标准化灰度年表对气候的响应较好。相关分析表明,全轮灰度、早材灰度和最大灰度与4、5月气温相关较好。4月降水和实测宽度、全轮宽度以及早材宽度相关较好,而6月降水与全轮灰度和早材灰度相关较好。早材宽度对气候的响应强于晚材宽度;全轮灰度和早材灰度对气候的响应较好。利用树轮图像分析所得到的8个树轮参数年表可增加气候重建代用指标,提高气候重建的精度。     

A forced response to twentieth century climate conditions of two Spanish forests inferred from widths and stable isotopes of tree rings

This dendroclimatological research is based on two close pine forests (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus uncinata) located at the Northern Iberian System (Spain), and three tree-ring variables (ring widths, δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁸O). The climate-tree growth system was assessed at local and regional scales using three climate datasets. Calibration of tree-ring records with climate showed a diversity of information recorded in the different variables, such as a general response to temperature and precipitation of current growing period, and an important contribution of previous year conditions understood as the use of food reserves. The analysis of the stability of climate-tree growth relationships throughout the twentieth century showed a shift of those climatic variables to which trees responded and results suggested an enhancement of reserve use on current tree growth. The results obtained in this research made clear a physiological adaptation of trees to changing climate. The results provided hints that the recent warming coupled to slight precipitation decay are forcing growth of studied trees to a higher stress status and to a higher climate-growth synchronisation. These instabilities also have implications on future dendroclimatic reconstructions performed with trees growing under changing environments.