Urban fresh water resources consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×10⁹m³, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)     

四川省水土资源开发利用现状特征、问题及可持续利用对策

系统分析评价研究了2004年四川水土资源开发利用现状特征及其存在的主要问题，针对四川人地矛盾日趋尖锐、水土流失严重、水资源利用率低、水资源污染仍较严重尤其饮用水源地水质堪忧等制约全省经济社会可持续发展的重要因素，提出了实现四川水土资源可持续利用的对策和措施。     

Problems and countermeasures on main mineral resource sustainable supply in northeastern China

northeastern China is an important old industrial base in China. Mineral resources are the foundation of industry development. However, because of long-term exploitation of mineral resources in northeastern China, the mineral resources reserves decrease gradually and some mineral resources are nearly exhausted, which restricts revitalization and sustainable development of the northeast old industrial base. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of development and utilization status of mineral resources and supply and demand situation of main mineral resources in northeastern China, the authors put forward countermeasures on main mineral resources sustainable supply in northeastern China.     

威海市地下水资源及可持续开发利用建议

威海市地下水资源分布极不均匀,本文对其开发利用现状和存在的问题作了分析,根据开采潜力指数将其分为可增强开采区、控制开采区和调减开采区,并就可持续开发利用提出对策和建议.     

威海市地下水资源及可持续开发利用建议

威海市地下水资源分布极不均匀 ,本文对其开发利用现状和存在的问题作了分析 ,根据开采潜力指数将其分为可增强开采区、控制开采区和调减开采区 ,并就可持续开发利用提出对策和建议     

Decomposition analysis on direct material input and dematerialization of mining cities in Northeast China

Material dematerialization is a basic approach to reduce the pressure on the resources and environment and to realize the sustainable development. The material flow analysis and decomposition method are used to calculate the direct material input (DMI) of 14 typical mining cities in Northeast China in 1995-2004 and to analyze the demateri-alization and its driving factors in the different types of mining cities oriented by coal, petroleum, metallurgy and multi-resources. The results are as follows: 1) from 1995 to 2006, the increase rates of the DMI and the material input intensity of mining cities declined following the order of multi-resources, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum cities, and the material utilizing efficiency did following the order of petroleum, coal, metallurgy, and multi-resources cities; 2) during the research period, all the kinds of mining cities were in the situation of weak sustainable development in most years; 3) the pressure on resources and environment in the multi-resources cities was the most serious; 4) the petro-leum cities showed the strong trend of sustainable development; and 5) in recent years, the driving function of eco-nomic development for material consuming has continuously strengthened and the controlling function of material utilizing efficiency for it has weakened. The key approaches to promote the development of circular economy of min-ing cities in Northeast China are put forward in the following aspects: 1) to strengthen the research and development of the technique of resources' cycling utilization, 2) to improve the utilizing efficiency of resources, and 3) to carry out the auditing system of resources utilization.     

庆云县地热回灌存在问题浅析

如何实现地热资源合理开发、高效利用,实现地热资源采灌均衡可持续开发利用模式已成为地热资源开发利用地区重点研究内容。该文根据庆云县某典型小区(以下简称小区A)一个采暖季的开采、回灌监测数据,总结了水温、开采量、回灌量、水位及回灌率变化情况。通过数据分析及调查可知,庆云县回灌工程普遍存在地热尾水温度偏高、热利用效率偏低、地热尾水直接回灌引起管道腐蚀影响供暖效果等问题。针对地板辐射和暖气片采暖两种模式提出了换热技术和增加热泵机组的改进措施建议,既可提高热利用效率,又可保证供暖效果避免设备腐蚀,对庆云县地热供暖工程的升级改造具有一定的指导意义。     

Development strategies of water and land resources in the hexi region,China

Hexi region is located in the northwest arid zone in China, being both the base of industry and agriculture, and the prop of developing northwestern China on a large scale in the next century. On the basis of the study on exploitation and utilization process of water and land resources in past 40 years, and present productivity, this paper approaches the utilization trend and development potential of water and land resources; analyses the characteristics, problems and directions of resource utilization in the future; and proposes the countermeasures of rational development of water and land resources.     

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF WATER AND LAND RESOURCES IN THE HEXI REGION,CHINA

ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＡＮＤＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＨＥＸＩＲＥＧＩＯＮ，ＣＨＩＮＡ肖洪浪，高前兆，李福兴ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＡＮＤＬＡＮＤＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥ...     

中国东北三省大豆虚拟水时空分异及其影响因素研究

水资源分布不均制约了地区农业生产。从虚拟水角度研究作物需水的时空变化特征及影响因素对提高水资源的合理配置与利用效率,缓解地区水资源短缺问题具有重要参考意义。本文基于Penman-Monteith模型和GIS地统计分析工具,从虚拟水视角分析1986-2012年东北大豆生长季内的需水量变化和虚拟水时空分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①1986-2012年,东北地区大豆生长季增温明显,平均风速下降显著,相对湿度整体下降,日照时数有增有减,气候暖干化趋势加剧。②东北大豆生长季内需水量西南多东北少,南部地区需水量减少而北部增加。平均风速的显著下降导致大豆需水量减少,其余气象因子变化均导致需水量增加,温度变化对需水量影响最大,相对贡献率为36.9%,其次为相对湿度、日照时数和平均风速。③大豆虚拟水的空间分布整体为西多东少,虚拟水变化以下降为主（80.6%站点）。虚拟水高值区集中于东北地区西部,向东虚拟水含量降低。气候变化导致了大豆需水量的增加,进而使虚拟水上升,大豆生产变化尤其是单产增长则使得虚拟水下降,气候变化对大豆虚拟水的影响抵消了部分大豆生产变化导致的虚拟水下降。因此,针对大豆虚拟水的时空分异特征,适当调整东北地区大豆的生产布局、选取如耐高温耐旱等大豆品种以及调整灌溉、施肥等田间管理措施等是气候变化背景下提高大豆水资源利用效率的有效适应措施。     

水资源空间分布模型及GIS分析应用

随着社会生产力的持续发展,人类活动范围不断拓宽,不可避免地影响着流域自然水循环过程。因此,在对流域水资源状况进行定量描述时,必须综合考虑自然、人文二元要素的影响。本文选取了近年来水资源短缺和水环境恶化问题严重的京津冀地区为研究对象。根据区内的自然条件和社会发展情况,选取了对水资源空间分布有明显影响的因素。其中距河流远近因素体现了对水资源的开发利用能力;坡度因素代表了土壤的持水能力,对径流和地下水有影响;而土地利用类型因素反映了土壤下垫面的水文特性。通过AHP方法确定上述影响因素的权重,建立水资源空间分布测算模型。根据模型将按流域单元统计的水资源总量数据展布到公里格网上,得到了水资源空间分布结果。最后,通过对空间化水资源数据的分析,剖析了当地的水资源状况,结合"一轴三带"的规划分区思想,对如何进行区域水资源可持续开发利用提出了参考意见。     

Study on the sustainable development of wetland resources in the Ussuri / Wusuli River basin

1 INTRODUCTION The Ussuri / Wusuli River watershed is located in the southeast part of Heilongjiang Province of China, which joins remote regions of Russia. The watershed consists of approximately 26 000 000 ha, which is about two thirds of the watershed ecosystem in Russia, one  third in China. The Ussuri River forms part of the border between Russia and China, the shared border stretches more than 1100 km. Khanka/Xingkai Lake lies within both China and Russia. Its total area …     

华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源

基于水资源可持续利用理念,从水资源承载能力演化周期性、经济社会需用水规模难变性和未来水资源供需关系入手,介绍近60年以来华北平原水资源情势,特别是该平原水资源量、实际用水量和地下水开采量变化特征,并结合未来10到30年区域经济社会发展需用水量趋势,识别和诊断华北平原水资源紧缺因源.结果表明:由于降水量减少导致华北平原缺...     

济南市土地利用动态变化分析及可持续研究

利用济南市遥感和非遥感信息资料,对1996—2003年济南市的土地利用变化进行了动态研究,求得土地利用动态变化的转换值矩阵,据此分析了近几年济南市土地利用结构的变化。结果表明:济南市耕地面积是在持续下降的,建设用地中的居民点及工矿用地扩张速度过快;而水域面积的增加反映出济南市在经济发展和生态建设双赢方面已经初见成效。在此基础上提出了确保济南市土地资源可持续利用的5条途径。     

Spatial disparity and efficiency of science and technology resources in China

In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.     

基于粒子群算法的神经网络在水资源评价中的应用

为了改善传统的人工神经网络,在训练过程中容易陷入局部最小导致应用于水资源评价时存在对训练样本的拟合精度不高的缺点,采用粒子群算法优化人工神经网络的权值和阈值,然后将其应用于中国12个地区的水资源可持续利用系统评价实例中,并和传统的人工神经网络进行了对照。结果表明,基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络和传统的人工神经网络相比,能较好的提高对训练样本的拟合精度,表明基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络,用于水资源可持续利用系统评价是可行的。     

基于粒子群算法的神经网络在水资源评价中的应用

为了改善传统的人工神经网络,在训练过程中容易陷入局部最小导致应用于水资源评价时存在对训练样本的拟合精度不高的缺点,采用粒子群算法优化人工神经网络的权值和阈值,然后将其应用于中国12个地区的水资源可持续利用系统评价实例中,并和传统的人工神经网络进行了对照。结果表明,基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络和传统的人工神经网络相比,能较好的提高对训练样本的拟合精度,表明基于粒子群算法的人工神经网络,用于水资源可持续利用系统评价是可行的。     

沂水县矿产资源开发利用现状及发展策略

矿产资源的开发对沂水区域经济拉动作用明显,矿业经济已成为支柱产业之一。但存在资源保障能力、开发利用水平及产品结构调整等问题,影响"十二五"期间该产业持续健康发展。因此必须制定有效对应措施,提高资源综合利用率,变资源优势为产业优势。     

东营市南展区砂岩热储地热回灌量与温度的关系探讨

东营地区地热资源丰富,主要开采层位为新近纪馆陶组、古近纪东营组,热储类型为低温温热水、热水型层状孔隙-裂隙型砂岩热储,地下热水补给条件较差。近年来,随着地热资源的开发利用规模的加大,开采密集地带的热水头明显下降,存在资源枯竭,引发地质环境问题的威胁。采用回灌方式补充地下水源,是实现地热资源可持续利用和地质环境保护的有效措施。为研究该区地热回灌可行性与回灌制约因素,在南展区开展了多次回灌试验,试验表明,该层热储回灌空间大,回灌条件较好,压力对回灌效果影响明显,回灌水体温度对回灌效果影响较大。利用回灌量与回灌水头之间的影响关系,模拟计算不同温度下回灌水头的变化情况,探讨了回灌量与回灌水体温度的影响关系,对回灌研究具有一定的指导意义。     

聊城市耕地后备资源开发利用潜力分析

以聊城市为例,分析了当地土地利用现状及耕地后备资源开发情况,耕地后备资源开发利用中存在的问题,提出了破解各种矛盾和难题的对策及建议,为各地开发利用好耕地后备资源,促进土地的科学可持续利用提供借鉴。