六盘水市土壤侵蚀时空特征及影响因素分析

六盘水市是我国生态地位极其重要,水土流失又较为严重的城市。近些年,六盘水市实施了一系列生态工程,为了定量分析六盘水市土壤侵蚀状况及其影响因素,本文基于RUSLE模型,利用降雨数据、遥感影像数据、土地利用数据等,对贵州省六盘水市1990-2015年土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量进行定量模拟,分析其时空动态变化,利用地理探测器定量分析影响因素,并进行空间相关性分析,结果表明： ① 六盘水市土壤侵蚀以微度和中度侵蚀为主。土壤侵蚀严重地区主要分布在北盘江流域与南盘江流域交界处以及喀斯特山地地区,煤矿开采使植被覆盖等抑制土壤侵蚀因子减少作用,使局部地区土壤侵蚀程度加剧。② 1990-2010年平均土壤侵蚀模数整体为下降趋势,2010-2015年为上升趋势。其中2000年平均土壤侵蚀模数最大,2010年平均土壤侵蚀模数最小。该变化由降雨可蚀性因子和植被覆盖度因子综合影响所致。③ 植被覆盖度因子和多年平均降雨量因子是影响区域土壤侵蚀空间分布的重要因素。未利用土地、植被覆盖度小于0.3、坡度在25°以上和降雨量在1543~1593 mm之间的地区为高风险侵蚀区域。④ 植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀在空间上全部呈负相关性,降雨因子与土壤侵蚀在空间上存在负相关性和正相关性。⑤ 土壤侵蚀改善区域大多分布在生态工程区域内,生态工程建设能够改善土壤侵蚀情况,不同生态工程保护侧重点不同导致土壤侵蚀改善程度不同。退耕还林还草工程对六盘水市土壤侵蚀的改善具有重要意义,六盘水市更宜退耕还林。     

水土流失区马尾松林植被提取的土壤调节指数分析

为实现水土流失区植被遥感信息的准确提取,本文采用2007年ALOS 10 m多光谱影像,利用土壤调节植被指数SAVI和MSAVI,对福建长汀水土流失区马尾松林不同植被覆盖密度的3个实验区进行植被提取,并选用不同的土壤调节因子（L=0.25,0.5,0.75,1）做实验,将结果和以NDVI植被指数提取的结果进行对比,分析了提取效果及受土壤噪音的影响程度。实验表明,SAVI指数能提高水土流失区的植被提取精度。在中、低植被覆盖区,其提取的总精度比NDVI高出2%~7%,Kappa系数高出7%~18%;而土壤调节因子L的取值对植被信息的提取也呈现出一定的规律性,即：随着L从0向1递增,SAVI提取稀疏植被的能力上升而探测阴坡植被的能力下降。总体来看,对于低植被覆盖和中等植被覆盖地区,可分别用SAVI（L取0.75）和SAVI（L取0.5）来提取植被信息,对于高植被覆盖区,仍可直接用NDVI进行植被信息提取;研究发现MSAVI在植被信息提取中并不具有特别的优势。     

草地覆盖度变化对生态系统防风固沙服务的影响分析——以内蒙古典型草原区为例

锡林郭勒盟为我国北方典型草原区,草地的退化与恢复影响生态系统的防风固沙服务功能。为了便于制定区域生态恢复的防治措施,实现草地生态系统的可持续发展与防治土壤风蚀危害,本文基于气象、遥感数据,运用RWEQ(Revised Wind Erosion Equation)模型,结合锡林郭勒盟的草地覆盖度变化对20世纪90年代以来的防风固沙服务功能的时空变化趋势进行了定量评估,并分析了草地覆盖度变化对防风固沙服务功能的影响。研究表明:锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,主要集中在植被盖度较高、降水相对较多,风场强度相对较低的东部、中部和南部地区;中度以上区域主要集中在西部的荒漠草原区与浑善达克沙地区,且侵蚀面积随侵蚀强度的增加而递减;防风固沙服务功能量的分布趋势与土壤风蚀模数的分布趋势基本一致;防风固沙服务功能保有率的分布特征与植被盖度的分布特征基本一致,表现为由西北到东南逐渐增加的趋势;在气候暖干化背景下,受京津风沙源治理工程实施的影响,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主的草地覆盖度减小区转为以微度和轻度为主的覆盖度增加区,轻度和中度以上侵蚀为主的草地覆盖度减小区转为基本持衡区;草地覆盖度的降低与增加对土壤风蚀的加剧和抑制作用明显,大部分地区的防风固沙服务功能保有率的下降(提升)与风蚀季节草地覆盖度的减小与提升呈显著正相关(r0.6,p0.05)。     

三北工程区植被恢复对土壤风蚀的影响及植被恢复潜力研究

三北地区是我国重要的生态屏障,分析2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程（简称：三北工程）区植被恢复时空变化状况,厘定人类活动与气候要素对植被恢复的贡献,探究植被恢复对土壤风蚀影响,评估植被恢复潜力空间,可为三北防护林体系建设工程未来规划管理和科学施策提供参考。本文在选取植被覆盖度和植被净初级生产力表征植被恢复状况基础上,利用地面数据,结合模型模拟,定量评估了2000—2019年三北防护林体系建设工程区植被恢复程度及其对土壤风蚀的影响,并对植被恢复潜力进行探究。研究结果表明：(1) 2000—2019年植被恢复程度高、较高的面积,占总面积的35.29%和13.16%,主要分布在黄土高原区及北部区域和风沙区与东北华北平原农区的部分地区。人类活动与气候因素对植被恢复贡献率为10.45%和89.55%;(2)土壤风蚀以轻度侵蚀和微度侵蚀为主,呈逐年下降趋势,剧烈侵蚀面积减少了66.45%,防风固沙服务得到进一步提升。植被恢复程度与土壤风蚀模数呈负相关关系,植被恢复程度较好有助于降低土壤风蚀模数;(3)三北工程区森林、草地和荒漠生态系统仍有8.16%的恢复潜力,内蒙古高原北部部分地区、哈顺...     

Influence of vegetation on runoff and sediment in wind-water erosion crisscross region in the upper Yellow River of China

All characteristics of vegetation,runoff and sediment from 1960 to 2010 in the Xiliu Gully Watershed,which is a representative watershed in wind-water erosion crisscross region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River of China,have been analyzed in this study.Based on the remote sensing image data,and used multi-spectral interpretation method,the characteristics of vegetation variation in the Xiliu Gully Watershed have been analyzed.And the rules of precipitation,runoff and sediment's changes have been illuminated by using mathematical statistics method.What′s more,the influence mechanism of vegetation on runoff and sediment has been discussed by using the data obtained from artificial rainfall simulation test.The results showed that the main vegetation type was given priority to low coverage,and the area of the low vegetation coverage type was reducing year by year.On the country,the area of the high vegetation coverage type was gradually increasing.In a word,vegetation conditions had got better improved since 2000 when the watershed management project started.The average annual precipitation of the river basin also got slightly increase in 2000–2010.The average annual runoff reduced by 37.5%,and the average annual sediment reduced by 73.9% in the same period.The results of artificial rainfall simulation tests showed that the improvement of vegetation coverage could increase not only soil infiltration but also vegetation evapotranspiration,and then made the rainfall-induced runoff production decrease.Vegetation root system could increases the resistance ability of soil to erosion,and vegetation aboveground part could reduce raindrop kinetic energy and splash soil erosion.Therefore,with the increase of vegetation coverage,the rainfall-induced sediment could decrease.     

Spatial and temporal change patterns of freeze-thaw erosion in the three-river source region under the stress of climate warming

The three-river source region(TRSR), located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, suffers from serious freeze-thaw(FT) erosion in China. Considering the unique eco-environment and the driving factors of the FT process in the TRSR, we introduce the driving force factors of FT erosion(rainfall erosivity and wind field intensity during FT period) and precipitation during the FT period(indicating the phase-changed water content). The objective was to establish an improved evaluation method of FT erosion in the TRSR. The method has good applicability in the study region with an overall precision of 92%. The spatial and temporal changes of FT erosion from 2000 to 2015 are analyzed. Results show that FT erosion is widely distributed in the TRSR, with slight and mild erosion being the most widely distributed, followed by moderate erosion. Among the three sub-regions, the source region of the Yellow River has the slightest erosion intensity, whereas the erosion intensity of the source region of Yangtze River is the most severe. A slight improvement can be observed in the condition of FTerosion over the whole study region from 2000 to 2015. Vegetation coverage is the dominant factor affecting the intensity of FT erosion in the zones with sparse vegetation or bare land, whereas the climate factors play an important role in high vegetation coverage area. Slopes28° also have a significant effect on the intensity of FT erosion in the zones. The results can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and management of the soil FT erosion in the TRSR.     

Impact of water environmental characteristics in Dry-Hot valley of Jinsha river on soil desertification

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贵州省喀斯特地区泥石流灾害易发性评价

贵州省独特的喀斯特山地环境对地质灾害的孕育有其特有的作用机理。本文初选了10个相关因子进行GIS的方差分析及相关性分析,以筛选喀斯特山区泥石流灾害的主要影响因子及灾害易发性评价。结果表明,研究区内土壤侵蚀因子对泥石流灾害的贡献作用最为显著,断层的影响作用不明显。土壤侵蚀、坡度、坡向、岩石性质、土地利用方式、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、到沟谷的距离及>25 mm日数8个影响因子,具有良好的独立性和代表性,是研究区内泥石流易发性评价的最佳指标;泥石流主要分布在贵州西部云贵高原边境、北部大娄山、东北雾灵山及苗岭等地带,占全省面积的29.51%,贵州中部及东南部泥石流易发程度较低;极高易发区泥石流的分布密度是极低易发区的19倍,其主要的环境特征表现为坡度大、植被覆盖率较低,旱地与工矿用地分布多,土壤侵蚀严重;加强旱地、工矿用地及低植被覆盖区的合理利用及管理,是减少泥石流灾害发生的有效途径。     

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on the vege- tation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla bifurca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a com- panion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage in- creased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.     

Spatio-temporal variation of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China between 2001 and 2010

Using Geographic Information System(GIS), based on wind speed, precipitation, topographic, soil, vegetation coverage and land use data of Inner Mongolia between 2001 and 2010, we applied the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model to simulate wind erosion intensity. The results showed that an area of approximately 47.8 × 10~4 km~2 experienced wind erosion in 2010, 23.2% of this erosion could be rated as severe, and 46.0% as moderate. Both the area and the intensity of wind erosion had decreased from 2001 to 2010, the wind erosion area reduced 10.1%, and wind erosion intensity decreased by 29.4%. Precipitation, wind speed, population size and urbanization in rural areas, and gross domestic product of primary industry(GDP1) were the main factors influencing wind erosion. Overall, these factors accounted for 88.8% of the wind erosion. These results indicated that the decrease in wind erosion over the past decade related to the increase in precipitation and the decrease in the number of windy days, while modest urban development and optimization of the economic structure might partially reduced the level of ecological pressure, highlighting the importance of human activities in controlling wind erosion.     

中国北方典型农牧交错区的土壤风蚀危险度研究

土壤风蚀及其引发的土地退化、沙化和沙尘暴是中国北方严重的环境问题之一。通过定量评估中国北方典型农牧交错地区土壤风蚀危险程度,可以为区域生态环境的保护和生态修复提供科学支撑。本文基于文献调研、兼顾数据的可获得性,建立了包括风场强度、植被覆盖率、地形起伏度、土壤干燥度等因子在内的风蚀危险程度评价指标体系。同时,依据遥感参数反演和地面气象观测数据,在地理信息系统技术支持下,形成了上述因子的空间分布数据。另外,利用层次分析方法,构建土壤风蚀危险度评价模型,得到研究区土壤风蚀危险度的空间分布。最后,结合研究区土地利用数据,探讨了风蚀危险度空间分布格局的自然环境和土地利用背景。研究表明:研究区土壤风蚀极险型区域面积为1.47×10⁴km²,强险型区域面积为6.09×10⁴km²,危险型区域面积为3.47×10⁴km²,轻险型区域面积为3.45×10⁴km²,无险型区域面积为2.19×10⁴km²。本区土壤风蚀危险度呈现出从东南到西北逐渐增强的趋势,这与区域的植被、气候,以及土地利用的空间格局具有内在的有机联系。     

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China＇s Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou, China

In China, many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects, leading to the removal of the vegetative cover, the creation of areas impermeable to water, in-stream modifications, and other problems. In this paper, the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots （WLSS） area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation （RUSLE） with a digital elevation model （DEM） and geographical information system （GIS） software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps, and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Areinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Areinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.     

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China's Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou,China

In China,many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects,leading to the removal of the vegetative cover,the creation of areas impermeable to water,in-stream modifications,and other problems. In this paper,the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots (WLSS) area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital elevation model (DEM) and geographical information system (GIS) software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps,and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Arcinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Arcinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.     

A review on rill erosion process and its influencing factors

Rills are frequently observed on slope farmlands and rill erosion significantly contributes to sediment yields. This paper focuses on reviewing the various factors affecting rill erosion processes and the threshold conditions of rill initiation. Six factors, including rainfall, runoff, soil, topography, vegetation and tillage system, are discussed. Rill initiation and network are explored. Runoff erosivity and soil erodibility are recognized as two direct factors affecting rill erosion and other types of factors may have indirect influences on rill erosion through increasing or decreasing the effects of the direct factors. Certain conditions are necessary for rill initiation and the critical conditions are different with different factors. Future studies should be focused on 1) the dynamic changes of rill networks; 2) the combined effect of multiple factors; and 3) the relationships of threshold values with other related factors.     

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County     

Spatial variability and its main controlling factors of the permafrost soil-moisture on the northern-slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions. Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study. The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree (CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.     

基于MODIS-NDVI的云南省植被覆盖度变化分析

植被覆盖变化监测是区域资源环境承载力研究的基础,本文通过计算2001-2016年MODIS-NDVI植被指数,辅以趋势分析、变异系数等方法,估算了2001-2016年云南省植被覆盖度,进而探讨了植被覆盖度的时空变化特征及与地形因子之间的分布关系。结果表明：① 2001-2016年云南省植被覆盖度呈显著增加趋势,增速为4.992%/10 a。② 在空间上,植被覆盖度空间格局呈现由南向北、由西向东逐渐降低的特征,滇西、滇西南地区植被覆盖度最高,滇西北地区最低;植被覆盖度稳定性表现为由西南向东北方向波动性越来越大;滇东北地区植被覆盖度增加趋势明显优于其他区域,研究区内植被覆盖度变化趋势为增加、基本稳定和减少趋势的面积分别占49.53%、43.76%和6.71%。③ 植被覆盖度在2001-2006年、2006-2011年、2011-2016年3个时段的面积转移矩阵结果均表现为植被覆盖进化面积大于退化面积,二者的比值分别为1.42、1.63、2.01,植被覆盖情况呈持续改善趋势。④ 云南省植被覆盖度与地形因子之间的关系表现为,平均植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈先增加再减少、再增加、再减少趋势;随坡度的增加呈先增加再减少趋势;随坡向的变化呈由北向南逐渐减少趋势。     

自然生态环境遥感动态监测与GIS分析评价——以山西“煤田之乡”的乡宁矿区为例

以1990、2000和2007年三期遥感影像为主体数据源,选取有"煤田之乡"称誉的山西省乡宁县作为实验区,采用遥感与GIS相结合的手段,在建立生态环境评价指标体系的基础上,利用生态环境状况指数(EI),对研究区生态环境进行监测与评价。结果表明:(1)1990-2007年,实验区耕地面积持续减少;林地面积先减少后增加,总体上显著增大;草地面积先增加后减少,总体呈减少趋势;建筑用地面积持续增加;未利用地面积先增加后减少,总体呈减少趋势。(2)1990-2007年,高植被覆盖地区面积先减少后增大,低植被覆盖地区面积持续减少,中度植被覆盖地区面积有所增加。(3)1990-2007年,轻度土壤侵蚀面积先增大后减小,总体面积变化不大;中度侵蚀面积先减小,后显著增大,总体呈增大趋势;重度侵蚀面积先增大,后显著减小,总体呈减小趋势。(4)1990-2000年,实验区生态环境状况明显变差;2000-2007年,生态环境状况显著变好;1990年到2007年生态环境状况略微变好,总体上先明显变差,后显著变好。     

The regional difference in engineering-control and tillage factors of Chinese Soil Loss Equation

Accurate assessment of soil erosion is an important prerequisite for controlling soil erosion.The engineering-control(E)and tillage(T)factors are the keys for Chinese Soil Loss Equation(CSLE)to accurately evaluate water erosion in China.Besides,the E and T factors can reflect the water and soil conservation effects of engineering-control and tillage practices.But in the current full coverage of soil erosion surveys in China(such as soil erosion dynamic monitoring),for the same practice,the E or T factors are assigned the same value across the country.We selected 469 E and T factors data based on runoff plots from 73 publications,and they came from six soil and water conservation regions.Correlation analysis,regression analysis,and nonparametric tests were used to determine the comparability of the data,and it was proved that the runoff plots dimensions are consistent with the local topography.The results of one-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests for E and T factors in different regions showed that the engineering-control practices have good soil and water conservation effects and weaken the regional differences of other environmental factors,so there were no significant differences in E factors between different regions.However,there were significant differences in T factors between different regions,and the geodetector was applied to explore the intrinsic driving force of the spatial distribution of T factors.The results of the geodetector showed that the dominant driving forces of the spatial distribution of different types of tillage practices were not completely the same.When using CSLE to calculate water erosion,the E factor of the same practice can be used uniformly throughout the country,and the T factor needs to be considered and selected according to regional differences.At the same time,when choosing tillage practices in each water and soil conservation region,practices with better sediment reduction benefits should also be selected according to the regional environmental conditions.     

Comprehensive evaluation on agricultural environment in western China

Introduction Western China is vast in area with different landforms and ecosystems, and its environment is deteriorated with different agricultural productivities. The northwestern region is very drought for lack of rainfall, and desertification there is serious with difficulty in vegetation restoration, while in the southwestern region the land is fragile, vegetation is degraded and water and soil loss serious. Even worse, for the lack of effective management, new environmental problems deriv…