汶川地震甘肃省文县地震地质灾害遥感分析

2008年汶川地震诱发了大量的次生山地灾害.本文以多源、多时相的遥感影像(TM、ASTER、SPOT)作为信息源,基于地学知识,采用图像增强、人机交互的方式对甘肃省文县地区汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害进行解译.以ArcGIS软件为处理平台,运用空间分析技术,将解译结果与海拔高度、坡度、植被覆盖度和地震烈度进行空间分析,获得了研究区次生山地灾害的分布规律,其特点为:文县境内的次生山地灾害主要分布在20°～60°的边坡;多发生在1 000～2 500m的海拔高程范围内;主要分布在地震烈度Ⅶ度及以上区域.     

汶川大地震与成都地区的地震安全性

本文初步总结叙述了汶川8.0级地震的以下特点:(1)震级空前,威力巨大;(2)以逆冲为主,破裂过程复杂;(3)为典型的主震-余震型序列;(4)次生山地灾害特别严重.汶川地震是有史以来对成都市影响最大的1次地震,但成都市境内少量的重灾区和大片的外围区形成了强烈反差.初步分析认为,成都市主城区在汶川地震中基本上没有受到破坏是完全必然的,今后成都市主城区乃至整个成都平原仍然不会有高地震烈度的危险.     

从汶川和芦山地震浅析四川地震次生地质灾害的特点及减灾对策

汶川和芦山地震后四川地震次生灾害频繁发生,以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和堰塞湖最为常见,主要分布在川西高原、川西南山地的深切河谷地区以及四川地区周围山地.这些次生灾害以活动断裂为地质构造基础,以地表大量松散固体为物质来源,以强烈频繁的余震、坡面流水和暴雨洪水为动力条件,由此形成巨大的灾害链,造成大量人员伤亡和经济损失,其严重后果甚至极大地影响了抗震救灾工作的顺利开展.对于四川地震次生灾害的防治要加强监控,建立预警机制,开展风险评估,因害设防,分层防御.     

基于投入产出分析的汶川地震灾害间接经济损失评估

合理的灾害损失评估是开展救灾和恢复重建的基础。间接经济损失是科学评价灾害影响不可或缺的组成部分。文中以2008年汶川特大地震四川灾区为例,利用投入产出分析法,对汶川地震造成的部门产业关联间接经济损失进行了初步分析。结果表明,汶川地震在四川省导致的产业关联间接经济损失可达25453.23亿元,是四川省直接经济损失的3倍。其中,工业、农业和建筑业部门的间接经济损失分别超过其部门直接经济损失的14.60、8.70和7.11倍。直接经济损失不足以全面衡量汶川地震造成的灾害影响,科学合理地评估灾害间接经济损失是系统地评价灾害影响的一个重要环节。     

汶川地震中甘肃滑塌灾害特征及减轻对策刍议

汶川地震在甘肃南部造成了极为严重的滑塌灾害。本文在武都区附近地震滑塌灾害统计研究的基础上,阐述了其主要类型和发育特征;论述了甘肃地震滑塌灾害的展布主要受地形、岩性、地震烈度、人类工程活动和植被发育程度等因素影响,在空间上分布很不均匀。地震烈度高的陇南灾区地震滑塌密度相对较大;节理发育的厚层(块状)岩层滑塌较为突出;黄土滑塌较为突出。进而提出了山区地震滑塌灾害减轻的注意事项以及甘肃省不同区域滑塌灾害减轻对策。     

松潘小河地区地震山地灾害研究

本文本能１９７６年松潘、平武７．２级地震诱发的山地灾害的实地跟踪调查，着重对松潘小河地区地震前后山地灾害进行了对比分析，并就该地区地震山地灾害的类型、特点、成因及发展趋势进行了较深入的研究。针对山地灾害爆发突然、成灾迅速、分布方泛、危害严重的特点，提出灾时的应急措施及长、中期防御与重建对策和建议。     

关于汶川地震前都江堰气压及温度变化的研究

正诸多的气象因子在大震之前都存在不同程度的变化,这一结果已被许多研究所证明。但由于气象数据难以被获得,或所获得的气象数据不完整等原因,震前气象因子变化的研究虽有但并未深入。都江堰地处汶川东南部,距离汶川地震震中映秀26 km,位于龙门山断裂带前山断裂和中央断裂之间,在汶川地震时,都江堰遭受了巨大灾害。由于特殊的地理位置,在汶川震前,都江堰是否存在气象因子的变化是非常值得研究的一个方向。本研究以1980—2008年(其     

2008年5月12日M_w7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化

2008年5月12日,四川龙门山断裂发生Mw7.9强烈地震,导致重大的人员伤亡和经济损失.据预测,汶川地震余震将持续至少1年,并且不排除发生强余震可能.因此,判断余震可能发生区域,圈定震区周边未来可能发生地震活动的范围,对灾区人员安置、灾后恢复重建以及加强震灾及次生灾害防御具有重要的参考价值.同时,汶川地震及邻区地震活动性为将来研究板内逆冲型地震的同震应力变化,并检验地震的应力触发作用提供了一个非常难得的机会.根据地震的静态触发原理,利用弹性位错理论和分层地壳模型计算了汶川地震引起的周边断层同震应力变化,分析了汶川地震对龙门山及周边各主要活动断层地震活动性的作用和影响.结果表明,汶川地震增加了鲜水河断裂(道孚-康定段)、东昆仑断裂(玛曲-南坪段)、青川断裂、岷江断裂南端以及彭县-灌县断裂、江油-广元断裂、江油-灌县断裂上库仑应力的积累,将提升这些断层上地震发生的概率.由于这些地区人口密集,应加强这些地区的地震监测和灾害预警.青川断裂上记录到的余震表明主震已经触发了该断层的地震活动,余震有向该区迁移的趋势,应密切关注地震向北迁移的态势.彭县-灌县断裂、北川-映秀断裂南段目前发生的余震很少,所积累的构造应力未充分...     

高烈度地震区岩土体边坡崩塌动力学特性研究

"5·12"汶川特大地震引发的次生山地灾害中以山体崩塌数量最多.本文在对国道213线都江堰至映秀段以及水磨支线公路边坡地震崩塌调查研究的基础上,分析总结了岩土体边坡的崩塌成灾模式、崩塌作用机理以及崩塌自组织临界(SOC)动力学特性.调查范围包括Ⅸ～Ⅺ度地震区,工点105个.对崩塌体方量、崩塌深度进行统计分析后发现,在Ⅸ度区崩塌体方量和崩塌深度都符合负幂律分布,呈现出明显的自组织临界动力学特性;而Ⅹ、Ⅺ度地震区不呈现该崩塌特性,其崩塌动力学性质受地震的强扰作用控制.     

汶川8.0级地震陕西灾区震害特征分析

分析了汶川8.0级地震对陕西造成的灾害损失及震害特点。结合陕西灾区地震地质构造与区域环境背景,研究了陕西不同烈度区的震害特征和汶川地震在宝鸡市陈仓区和西安市市区形成的烈度异常破坏现象,并进一步探讨了防震减灾的相关问题。     

汶川地震对水电工程的影响

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生8.0级地震,这是自1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震后,中国发生的最大地震之一,给地震灾区人们带来深重的灾难。灾区大中型水电工程经受了远超工程设防标准的强震考验,大坝无一溃决,结构整体安全、稳定。部分建筑设施受到地震滑坡、崩塌等次生灾害影响,经及时抢修维护,均在震后迅速恢复发电及生产。灾区外大中型水电工程经受了强震考验,大坝完好无损,工程建设及运行正常有序。"5.12"汶川地震不是水库蓄水造成的,水库蓄水也不可能诱发"5.12"汶川地震。必须加强对地震机理、机制、地球板块运动、震源活动规律及趋势的探讨、认识与科学研究,逐步提高对地震的预警与预报,预防地震及地质灾害的水平,贯彻执行《防震减灾法》及有关律条例,复核、修订城镇工业、民用建筑和水利、水电工程抗震设防烈度及规范;结合生态环境修复,切实做好灾后重建工作。保护人民生命和财产安全,保障社会主义建设顺利进行,坚持可持续发展,构建和谐社会,确保长治久安。     

汶川8．0级地震前后鲜水河断裂带断层活动特征分析

本文利用鲜水河主断裂带上的跨断层短水准、短基线以及水平蠕变资料,计算了各测点处断层的活动参数,分析了汶川8．0级地震前后断层的活动特征。研究结果认为：远离汶川8．0级地震震源区的鲜水河断裂带在震前3年出现了明显的长期趋势异常,但短期异常不明显,无明显的同震形变;从震后3年对鲜水河带跟踪监测的结果看,鲜水河断裂带受其影响中南段拉张活动有所增强,垂直向仍保持震前的活动形态。     

汶川8．0级特大地震汉源县震害特点与烈度异常成因探讨

本文在汉源县地震灾害调查的基础上,通过收集前人在该区已取得的成果资料,采用综合分析、类比等方法,对汉源县地震烈度异常区震害及造成异常的原因进行了分析探讨。汉源县建筑物破坏形式以水平地震作用造成的“X”型剪切破坏为主,竖向地震造成的破坏较少。地震波传播路径、场地土层条件和地形地貌条件三者的耦合是造成汉源县烈度异常的主要原因,其中场地土层中占优势厚度的砾石层是造成场地地震波放大的主要内因。本文取得的初步结论为更加深入地科学研究本区地震烈度异常的原因提供了新思路。     

Focal Mechanism Solutions of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake sequence from P-wave polarities and SH/P amplitude ratios:new results and implications

Abstract The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, a major intraplate earthquake with Mw 7.9, occurred on the slowly deforming Longmenshan fault. To better understand the causes of this devastating earthquake, we need knowledge of the regional stress field and the underlying geodynamic processes. Here, we determine focal mechanism solutions （FMSs） of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake sequence （WES） using both P-wave first-motion polarity data and SH/P amplitude ratio （AR） data. As P-wave polarities are more reliable information, they are given priority over SH/ PAR, the latter of which are used only when the former has loose constraint on the FMSs. We collect data from three categories： （1） permanent stations deployed by the China Earthquake Administration （CEA）; （2） the Western Sichuan Passive Seismic Array （WSPSA） deployed by Institute of Geology, CEA; （3） global stations from Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. Finally, 129 events with magnitude over Ms 4.0 in the 2008 WES are identified to have well-constrained FMSs. Among them, 83 are well constrained by P-wave polarities only as shown by Cai et al. （Earthq Sci 24（1）：115-125,2011）, and the rest of which are newly constrained by incorporating SH/P AR. Based on the spatial distribution and FMSs of the WES, we draw following conclusions： （1） the principle compressional directions of most FMSs of the WES are subhorizontal, generally in agreement with the conclusion given by Cai et al. （2011） but with a few modifications that the compressional directions are WNW-ESE around Wenchuan and ENE-WSW around Qingchuan, respectively. The subhorizontal compressional direction along the Longmenshan fault from SW to NE seems to have a leftlateral rotation, which agrees well with regional stress field inverted by former researchers （e.g., Xu et al., Acta Seismol Sin 30（5）, 1987; Acta Geophys Sin 32（6）, 1989; Cui et al., Seismol Geol 27（2）：234-242, 2005）; （2） the FMSs of the events not only reflected the regional stress state of the Longmenshan region, but also were obviously controlled by the faults to some extent, which was pointed out by Cai et al. （2011） and Yi et al. （Chin J Geophys 55（4）：1213-1227, 2012）; （3） while the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and some of its strong aftershocks released most of the elastic energy accumulated on the Longmen- shan fault, some other aftershocks seem to occur just for releasing the elastic energy promptly created by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and some of its strong aftershocks. （4） Our results further suggest that the Longmenshan fault from Wenchuan to Beichuan was nearly fully destroyed by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and accordingly propose that there is less probability for great earthquakes in the middle part of the Longmenshan fault in the near future, although there might be a barrier to the southwest of Wenchuan and it is needed to pay some attention on it in the near future.     

天津近海海域隐伏断裂地震危险性评价1

Based on faults surveying and research data in the Tianjin offshore areas, through studying tectonic structure, Quaternary activity, deep structure, stress and strain fields and seismicity in the Tianjin offshore areas, the activity and tectonic features of the faults are determined synthetically. Using seismo-geological data, and the historical and modern seismicity data, the frequency-magnitude relationship model normalized by 500a is established and based on the relationship between the upper limit of maximum magnitude Mu and at/b, the maximum magnitudes of the sea section of the Haihe river fault and the Haiyi fault are calculated. Then Poisson probability model is adopted and the quantitative parameters, such as the maximum magnitude, occurrence probability, recurrence cycle of the faults in the south Tianjin offshore areas in the coming 50 - 200a, are calculated.     

Processes of the displacement field change of the 2009 April 6 M_W6.3 L’Aquila earthquake using persistent scatterer and small baseline methods

Using a time series method that combines both the persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches, we analyzed 9 scenes Envisat ASAR data over the L＇Aquila earthquake, and obtained a Shocke＇s displacement field and its evolution processes. The results show that： （1） Envisat ASAR clearly detected the whole processes of displacement field of the L＇Aquila earthquake, and distinct variations at different stages of the displacement field. （2） Preseismic creep displacement → displacement mutation when faulting → constantly slowed down after the earthquake. （3） The area of the strongest deformation and ground rupture was a low-lying oval depression region to the southeast. Surface faulting within a zone of about 22 km× 14 km, with an orientation of 135°, occurred along the NW-striking and SW-dipping Paganica-S. Demetrio normal fault. （4） In analyzing an area of about 54 km x 59 km, bounded by north-south axis to the epicenter, the displacement field has significant characteristics of a watershed： westward of the epicenter shows uplift with maximum of 130 mm in line-of-sight （LOS）, and east of the epicenter was a region with 220 mm of maximum subsidence in the LOS, concentrating on the rupture zone, the majority of which formed in the course of faulting and subsequence.     

Field survey around strong motion stations and its implications on the seismic intensity in the Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013

The Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013 is another destructive event in China since the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Ms7.1 Yushu earth- quake in 2010. A large number of strong motion recordings were accumulated by the National Strong Motion Obser- vation Network System of China. The maximum peak ground acceleration （PGA） at Station 51BXD in Baoxing Country is recorded as -1,005.3 cm/s2, which is even larger than the maximum one in the Wenchuan earthquake. A field survey around three typical strong motion stations confirms that the earthquake damage is consistent with the issued map of macroseismic intensity. For the oscillation period 0.3-1.0 s which is the common natural period range of the Chinese civil building, a comparison shows that the observed response spectrums are considerably smaller than the designed values in the Chinese code and this could be one of the reasons that the macroseismic intensity is lower than what we expected despite the high amplitude of PGAs. The Housner spectral intensities from 16 stations are also basically correlated with their macroseismic intensities, and the empirical distribution of spectral intensities from Lushan and Wenchuan Earthquakes under the Chinese scale is almost identical with those under the European scale.     

A theoretical study of correlation and earthquake magnitude based models between scaled energy on two source displacement

The correlation of the scaled energy,e = Es/ Mo, versus earthquake magnitude, Ms, is studied based on two models： （1） Model 1 based on the use of the time function of the average displacements, with a ω^-2 source spectrum, across a fault plane; and （2） Model 2 based on the use of the time function of the average displacements, with a ω^-3 source spectrum, across a fault plane. For the second model, there are two cases： （a） As ζ= T, where r is the rise time and T the rupture time, lg（e） - -Ms; and （b） As ζ 〈〈 T, lg（e）- -（1/2）Ms. The second model leads to a negative value of e. This means that Model 2 cannot work for studying the present problem. The results obtained from Model 1 suggest that the source model is a factor, yet not a unique one, in controlling the correlation of e versus Ms.     

新搜集到的《嘉陵江日报》关于叠溪地震的报道(根据原件电子扫描稿校对)

民国期间的《嘉陵江日报》对1933年发生在四川省茂县叠溪的地震进行过系列报道,其中根据地质学家常隆庆先生的信函对于该地震考察情况的报道尤为详尽。过去,这些资料从未被地震历史资料的文献收录,鲜为地震工作者所知,具有较高的史料价值。整理转载这6000余字的资料,并作了注释和说明,相信能够为今后的地震史料研究提供参考。     

斜入射平面SH波在层状半空间中沉积谷地周围的三维散射

The indirect boundary element method （IBEM） is used to study three-dimensional scattering of obliquely incident plane SH waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a layered half-space. The free-field response of the layered half-space is calculated by the direct stiffness method, and dynamic Green＇s functions of moving distributed loads acting on inclined lines in a layered half-space are calculated to simulate the scattering wave field. The presented method yields very accurate results since the three-dimensional dynamic stiffness matrix is exact and the moving distributed loads can act directly on the valley boundary without singularity. Numerical results and analyses are performed for amplification of obliquely incident plane SH waves around an alluvial valley in a uniform half-space and in single layer over half-space. The results show that the three-dimensional responses are distinctly different from the two-dimensional responses, and the displacement amplitudes around alluvial valleys in a uniform haft-space are obviously different from those in a layered half-space.