基于遥感图像分析对金错冰川湖溃决泥石流事件的验证

突发冰川终碛湖(简称"冰湖")溃决泥石流/洪水是西藏高山冰湖分布区的一种山地灾害,极易给下游地区的居民及公路、桥梁、水利水电等基础设施带来毁灭性灾害。多年来,对冰湖溃决泥石流/洪水的研究受到了高度重视;但高山高寒和艰险的地形及交通条件,给冰湖溃决泥石流灾害的实地调查带来不便,大部分冰湖溃决缺乏实时的文献记载资料,而灾后访问资料经常会与实际情况有出入。遥感图像可真实记录冰湖溃决泥石流的形态、位置和发生时间等相关痕迹。因此,利用高空间分辨率Rapid Eye和多时相Landsat MSS,TM图像,对吕儒仁、程尊兰等学者报导的"1982年发生在定结县的冰湖溃决泥石流事件"进行了验证。通过对覆盖金错和印达普错的高分辨率遥感图像解译和灾害发生前后的遥感动态变化分析,认为有关文献记载的"金错冰湖溃决泥石流事件"实际上是印达普错溃决泥石流事件。野外调查发现金错的终碛垄较为完整,其下游部位没有发现大型U型溃口和冲沟,终碛垄下游也未见新泥石流堆积体。研究结果表明,对高分辨率、多时相遥感图像的解译能够有效地提高艰险地区地质灾害调查的准确性。     

喜马拉雅山地区冰川湖溃决灾害隐患遥感调查及影响因素分析

喜马拉雅山地区的冰川湖(简称"冰湖")受形成条件和自然环境的影响,往往会发生溃决,造成洪水和泥石流灾害,严重威胁人类生产和生活、生存与发展,成为该地区一重大地质灾害隐患。采用Quick Bird和ETM等卫星遥感数据,结合野外考察,研究喜马拉雅山地区冰湖溃决灾害隐患后认为:1喜马拉雅山地区的冰湖在区域分布上具有由东南向西北逐步递减的趋势,冰湖分布最多的是山南、日喀则、林芝和阿里地区,分布密度最大的是山南地区的洛扎一带;2喜马拉雅山地区存在19个溃决灾害隐患的冰湖,均为冰川终碛湖,其中13个湖存在重大溃决灾害隐患,6个存在较大溃决灾害隐患;3引起冰川终碛湖溃决的激发因素较多,其中冰湖周围的冰崩、雪崩、基岩崩塌和滑坡入湖涌浪溃坝是最重要的原因。研究结果对西藏地区冰湖溃决灾害的预警与防治具有重要意义。     

基于SAR影像的贡巴冰川末端冰湖年际变化监测及溃决规律分析

受全球气候变化的影响,近年来藏东南区域多数冰川退化加剧,冰湖的异动也更为频繁,冰湖溃决诱发洪水、涌浪、泥石流等山地灾害的风险激增。以多源时序合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像为数据源,从水体和非水体信号的强度差异出发,开展冰湖的分类方法研究,提出了一种基于时序SAR影像的强度标准化比值实施冰湖提取与动态监测的方法。为了验证方法的可行性,选取日本航天局的ALOS/PALSAR-1与欧空局的Sentinel-1A影像序列,针对位于贡巴冰川流域的典型实验区,在11 a的时间跨度上开展了冰湖动态提取和长时序变化分析。通过实验成功获取了贡巴冰川末端冰湖2007-2018年间的时空变化,进而发现近10 a间冰湖的体量呈高速增长的态势,这从侧面也印证了贡巴冰川消融加剧的现状。此外,2018年的新近监测结果表明,局部溃决涌道的扩张打破了冰湖固有的生存周期,甚至会诱发洪水和泥石流次生灾害的发生,有必要加强监测与防范。     

基于长时间序列Landsat影像的嘎龙错冰湖变化特征分析及溃决风险评估

冰湖溃决灾害是我国青藏高原地区最严重的自然灾害之一。作为聂拉木县最大的冰川终碛湖,嘎龙错冰湖溃决风险直接威胁着下游居民的生产生活。利用1991—2011年Landsat-5/TM、2012年Landsat-7/ETM+、2013—2017年Landsat-8/OLI近27年的遥感影像、降水量和气温资料对嘎龙错冰湖变化特征进行了研究,对其溃决风险作出评估。结果表明:嘎龙错冰湖明显扩张,面积呈现显著增长趋势,由1991年的2.209 4 km^2增长到2017年的5.465 7 km^2,增幅为147.38%;同时,发现聂拉木气象站年平均气温和年降水量在波动中上升,其中气温上升较为显著,气温和降水量的增加对冰湖扩张有重要影响,特别是气温上升导致的冰川融水增多是造成冰湖面积增加的重要原因。嘎龙错冰湖在遇到冰崩或者冰湖面积持续扩张情况下,湖水会瞬间大规模外泄,形成山洪、泥石流灾害,给下游造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。     

基于遥感影像的聂拉木县冲堆普冰湖变化研究

全球气候变暖,导致冰湖溃决事件频繁发生。冲堆普位于喜马拉雅山脉中段,历史上发生过多次大型的冰湖溃决灾害,属冰湖溃决灾害的重点调查及防灾减灾地区。通过对比分析1977、1988、1999年度与2005—2019年度的冰湖边界数据,研究了40多年来冲堆普流域冰湖的变化,结果显示,该流域中的冰湖面积在持续增加。结合已有的气象资料分析冰湖变化与气象变化之间的关系,结果表明,造成冰湖面积普遍增大的主要原因是全球变暖引起冰川退化、冰雪消融。     

基于地形起伏度的冰湖溃决隐患研究——以希夏邦马峰东部为例

地形起伏度作为反映斜坡地质敏感性的重要指标,对评价冰湖溃决隐患具有重要意义.针对藏南希夏邦马峰东部冰湖集中区,基于国产高分卫星数据及ASTER GDEM V3数据,在1:5万比例尺下解译获取冰湖现状信息,优选均值变点法实现地形起伏度特征提取,在此基础上开展相关性分析,实现冰湖溃决隐患评价分级.结果表明:①在1:5万比例...     

基于遥感和GIS的土地适宜性评价

以湖北京山县平坝镇为研究区域,将遥感技术和GIS技术相结合,充分发挥遥感在土地信息获取和GIS在数据管理及空间分析方面的优势,探索遥感技术在土地适宜性评价中的应用,从而确定土地对农林业是否适宜及适宜程度,为湖北土地利用规划提供依据。     

地震诱发堰塞湖下游淹没风险评估方法对比研究

为了提升地震诱发堰塞湖突发灾难应急处置能力和充分利用灾区基础数据开展高效决策,本文结合遥感影像、DEM、水文资料和GIS技术,开展利用水文流量演算法和二维水动力学模型法快速评估堰塞湖溃决后下游淹没风险的方法研究。通过对唐家山堰塞湖690m溃坝洪水算例的应用,分别计算基于上述两种方法的下游潜在淹没影响范围,得到的两种计算结果均显示该规模的洪水将淹没下游北川县城的结果。最后通过分析对比两种影响范围计算结果的精度、数据需求、计算时长,评估两种方法在地震诱发堰塞湖下游淹没风险快速评估研究中的时效性、准确性和互补性。     

基于AE与IDL洪水淹没范围估测与模拟系统设计

在综合遥感与GIS估测洪水淹没范围方法的基础上,提出基于AE与IDL的洪水淹没范围估测与模拟系统设计。该系统为非专业用户使用ArcGIS和ENVI的强大数据处理功能提供了方便,简化了软件操作过程,为集遥感影像数据处理和GIS应用分析及制图为一体的专业软件系统提供了一种解决方案。     

高亚洲地区冰湖遥感研究进展与展望

高亚洲是全球冰湖分布最为集中的地区之一,利用遥感技术开展该区域的冰湖研究对于全球变化分析与自然灾害评估具有重要意义.参考国内外大量研究文献与报告,全面回顾了高亚洲冰湖信息遥感提取数据源、信息提取方法的发展历程,并进一步围绕冰湖时空变化格局及其对全球变化的响应等方面,详细分析了目前国内外针对高亚洲冰湖相关研究的进展及主要...     

High Resolution TerraSAR-X Image Speckle Suppression and its Fusion with Multispectral IRS LISS –III Data for Himalayan Glacier Feature Extraction

In this study an attempt is made for studying the Himalayan glacier features using TerraSAR-X and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, Linear Imaging Self Scanning System III (IRS LISS –III) images. New generation, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from TerraSAR-X (TS-X) sensor provide opportunity for glacier feature studies in Himalayan rugged terrain. Spot Light High resolution mode TS-X data give idea about glacial features which remained untraceable from other existing SAR system. However, presence of speckle noise in SAR images degrades the interpretability of the glacier features. Speckle suppression filters (Lee, Frost, Enhanced Lee, Gamma-Map) are applied on SAR intensity images. On the basis of field sight seeing and insitu observations it is observed that still features are not clear. Hence attempt has been made for fusing multitemporal multispatial speckle reduced TS-X SAR data and multispectral IRS LISS-III data for extracting the glacial features such as crevasses, exposed ice and superaglacier lakes. Principal component analysis (PCA) represents the high spectral resolution data in a linear subspace with minimum information loss. Herein, PCA based image fusion technique is adopted for this study and comparison is made between IHS fusion technique and PCA based technique for glacier studies in the Himalayan region.     

Remote sensing of alpine glaciers in visible and infrared wavelengths: a survey of advances and prospects

Remote sensing is an efficient tool for temporal monitoring of inaccessible alpine glacial terrain. This study discusses the methods of remote sensing in visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths, which are helpful in providing important information about alpine glaciers. The scope of this study covers recent advances and prospects in optical and thermal remote sensing of glacier facies, glacier velocity, mass balance, glacial hazards and automated mapping techniques. The technology is ever evolving with the advent of new remote sensors capturing data in visible/IR wavelengths and better digital computing technology. An extensive list of significant studies further helps the reader to explore a particular topic of interest. We survey recent advances in this field and additionally highlight the emerging prospects.     

我国灾害遥感的作用、现状及发展

本文从现代遥感技术系统的构成和特点出发,论述了遥感在减灾活动,包括预警、监测、评价和辅助决策中的重要作用。并在回顾我国灾害遥感现状的基础上,提出了今后发展的设想。作者认为:建立实用性的重大自然灾害遥感监测评价技术系统,是今后我国灾害遥感发展的中心环节和主要任务。该系统应包括航天遥感宏观监测系统,航空遥感全天候、实时监测系统,地面灾害及背景监测系统,灾害及背景数据库系统,灾害分析、评价与辅助决策系统以及灾害防治救援通讯指挥系统。     

“3S技术”集成在地震灾害调查与研究中的应用初探

遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术在自身进一步发展的同时,正日益朝集成化方向迈进,形成所谓“3S技术”集成。“3S技术”集成,为地震灾害调查和研究提供了新的、极具潜力的技术支持。本文简要分析了“3S技术”在震害调查与研究中的应用现状,并着重从“3S技术”集成的角度,探讨它在未来震害调查与研究中的应用模式及实施方案问题。     

Glacial mapping using landsat thematic mapper data: A case study in parts of gangotri glacier, NW himalaya

Glacial mapping is difficult and hazardous because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the terrain. In this context, remotely-sensed data from satellites provide valuable information on glaciers and the associated landforms. It is important to note that judicious selection of spectral bands is critical in mapping the glacial features. Glacial landforms in parts of Gangotri glacier, NW Himalaya, have been delineated using selected bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data. Digital image processing of Landsat data has helped in identifying the major features of the Gangotri glacier such as accumulation and ablation zones, and glacial moraines. The study shows that Thematic Mapper bands 4, 5 and 7 are more useful in snow mapping because of their distinct spectral discriminability in identifying the glacial features.     

湖泊水质信息系统研究与应用

本文在建立湖泊运动模型，不量平衡模型的基础上，对污染物浓度的扩散进行了计算机模拟并快速形成了符合ＧＩＳ数据结构的空间数据和属性数据；实现了专题自动分类及查询子系统并对武汉市东湖富营养化物质氮，磷和江西赤湖重金属物质铜污染进行了计算机计算实验，达到了实用的要求。     

基于Landsat8 OLI遥感影像冰湖边界分类叠加提取

青藏高原特殊的地理及其气候环境适合冰湖变化研究。传统的方法由于受到冻湖、冰川以及山体的阴影的影响,提取冰湖边界时会出现大量的错分和误分。本文基于NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index,水体指数法)、DEM(数字高程模型)、RGI(Randolph Glacier Inventory)6.0全球冰川编目数据提出针对不同状态下的冰湖边界提取的分类叠加提取方法。结果表明,分类叠加提取方法能够实现未结冰、半结冰以及全结冰三种状态下的冰湖边界提取,并且能减少冰川以及山体阴影的影响,使用该方法提取三种状态下的冰湖的错分和漏分误差均小于2%且Kappa系数均大于0.81。     

Updated Inventory of Glacial Lakes in Teesta Basin Using Remote Sensing Data for Use in GLOF Risk Assessment

Detailed inventory of glacial lakes in a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) prone area is vital for disaster mitigation. Availability of cheaper high resolution satellite data from Indian remote sensing satellites enables us to create up-to-date inventory for use in prioritisation of glacial lakes for GLOF risk assessment. Earlier inventories show presence of more glacial lakes in Brahmaputra basin in Indian Himalaya. Teesta River is one of the tributary of Brahmaputra and previous studies have shown that the inventory of glacial lakes in Teesta basin varies from 143 to 320. In the present study, the inventory carried out using satellite data of years 2000, 2007 and 2014 show presence of 301 (25.789 km²), 302 (26.081 km²) and 644 (29.706 km²) glacial lakes in Teesta basin respectively. The steep increase in number of lakes in the latest inventory is primarily due to the finer spatial resolution of satellite data used. Analysis of water spread area of glacial lakes at different altitudes shows that most of the lakes in the higher altitudes are small in size. It is observed that more than 66% of lakes are in the altitude beyond 4500 m and of size less than 50,000 sqm (5 ha). Out of 301 glacial lakes inventoried during 2000, water spread area of 6 lakes have decreased in 2014 and 31 lakes have shown increase in area. Out of these 31 lakes, 17 lakes are classified as end moraine dammed lakes and among them, 14 are located in Upper Teesta sub-basin and in higher altitudes (beyond 5000 m). The prioritisation of these lakes for GLOF risk needs to be carried out with detailed field investigation.     

WinASEAN for remote sensing data analysis

The image analysis system ASEAN (Advanced System for Environmental ANalysis with Remote Sensing Data) was designed and programmed by a software development group, ImaSOFr, Department of Remote Sensing Technology and GIS, Institute for Geography, National Centre for Natural Science and Technology of Vietnam under technical cooperation with the Remote Sensing Technology Centre of Japan and financial support from the National Space Development Agency of Japan. ASEAN has been in continuous development since 1989, with different versions ranging from the simplest one for MS-DOS with standard VGA 320×200×256 colours, through versions supporting SpeedStar 1.0 and SpeedStar PRO 2.0 true colour graphics cards, up to the latest version named WinASEAN, which is designed for the Windows 3.1 operating system. The most remarkable feature of WinASEAN is the use of algorithms that speed up the image analysis process, even on PC platforms. Today WinASEAN is continuously improved in cooperation with NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan), RESTEC (Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan) and released as public domain software for training, research and education through the Regional Remote Sensing Seminar on Tropical Eco-system Management which is organised by NASDA and ESCAR In this paper, the authors describe the functionality of WinASEAN, some of the relevant analysis algorithms, and discuss its possibilities of computer-assisted teaching and training of remote sensing.     

遥感与GIS在蝗虫监测和预报中的应用前景

蝗灾是世界上重要自然灾害之一 ,蝗虫监测与预报因此成为各国管理部门的重要工作内容。新兴的遥感与GIS技术由于其在空间定位、信息获取、信息处理等方面的优势 ,必将成为该领域的重要研究手段。文中回顾和总结了国内外研究者利用遥感和GIS进行蝗虫监测和预报等方面的研究进展 ,并对其技术路线、发展趋势及存在问题进行了初步探讨