1980-2010年石羊河流域生态服务类型变化与分析

根据石羊河流域1980年、1990年和2010年三期遥感影像数据,基于GIS技术方法,分析了石羊河流域各县市的土地利用方式变化情况。评估了流域主要生态系统生态服务价值量,分析了30 a来流域生态系统服务价值在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明：过去30 a来,石羊河流域的土地利用变化主要以耕地、草地、未利用土地的变化为主。石羊河流域生态系统服务的总价值呈减少趋势,生态服务价值在空间分布上表现为下游呈增加趋势、中上游表现为减少趋势。流域下游生态服务价值增加的主要原因是流域生态保护与恢复措施取得了显著成效。     

新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990-2010年土地利用/覆被及景观格局的变化特征

采用新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990、2000和2010年的Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据, 结合GIS技术, 分析了喀什噶尔河流域近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局动态变化特征, 并对其变化原因进行探讨. 结果显示: 在1990-2010年喀什噶尔河流域耕地、建设用地、盐碱地、水域湿地、裸土地和其他未利用地面积呈不断增加趋势, 变化幅度分别为73.92%、51.44%、24.27%、10.24%、6.47%和2.98%; 林地、草地和沙地面积减少, 变化幅度分别为-4.13%、-17.16%和-0.73%; 裸石岩砾面积近20 a基本维持不变. 利用转移矩阵可知, 流域新增耕地面积主要来自于16.46%的草地和3.36%的林地; 新增建设用地主要来自于1.46%的耕地和0.22%的草地; 新增水域湿地面积主要来自于0.18%的草地; 新增盐碱地面积主要来自于0.28%的草地. 1990-2010年的20 a里喀什噶尔河流域耕地和水域湿地分布趋于集中, 景观优势度增强, 且斑块之间的联系不断增强. 林地和草地面积减少, 景观趋于破碎化, 景观优势度降低. 喀什噶尔河流域土地利用类型及景观指数的变化受人口、经济、政策和技术的多重影响, 导致流域耕地面积增加、植被退化. 因此, 合理利用流域水土资源对流域生态环境安全十分重要.     

贵州省乌江流域土壤侵蚀模拟——基于GIS、RUSLE和ANN技术的研究

本研究在GIS技术支撑下选择RUSLE模型作为基础模型,估算乌江流域20世纪80年代和90年代年均土壤侵蚀量,结合ANN技术,预测2001—2010年乌江流域的土壤侵蚀量,分析了该流域近30年来土壤侵蚀动态变化规律,以期为研究区土壤侵蚀防治工作提供理论依据。研究结果表明:应用RUSLE模型计算乌江流域年均土壤侵蚀模数,计算结果和以往土壤侵蚀调查估计的结果比较吻合,但由于RUSLE模型不计算重力侵蚀,因此计算结果仍与实测输沙模数有所出入。90年代潜在土壤侵蚀模数比80年代高,流域潜在土壤侵蚀呈增加趋势,其中三岔河流域和马蹄河/印江河流域年均潜在土壤侵蚀模数最高。3种主要土地覆被类型中,林地的土壤保持量最大,耕地次之,草地最少,这与非喀斯特地区在水土保持效果上通常林地草地旱地的结论有所不同。通过构建BP神经网络,预测得到乌江流域2001—2010年土壤侵蚀模数,结果显示,21世纪前10年,流域土壤侵蚀模数大幅降低,流域年均土壤侵蚀模数由90年代的23.13 t/(hm2·a)降低为1.01 t/(hm2·a)。三岔河流域的水土流失得到了控制,黔西、金沙、息烽、修文、贵阳、平坝、思南、石阡、沿河和松桃等县市应是"十二五"期间的水土流失重点治理对象。     

基于景观转移矩阵的黑龙江双河自然保护区土地覆被转移研究

选择2005与2012年两期遥感影像,基于RS/GIS技术和转移矩阵数学模型,从景观转移方面对保护区景观要素时空变化进行定量分析,探讨了双河自然保护区在7年内土地利用格局及土地转化规律.结果表明,林地、灌木及草地之间转化较为突出,与保护区的环境因素有直接关系.沼泽、水域、居民地及裸土地因其面积基数小,类间转化量较小.旱田较活跃,除居民地外,其余6类景观都有面积转化为旱地.林地和草地相互转化较为活跃,灌木和林地相互转化较为活跃.研究结果可以为保护区的生态治理和可持续发展规划提供科学依据.     

Land-use change and its environmental impact in the Heihe River Basin, arid northwestern China

Rapid land-use change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions of China over the last decade as the result of demand for food for its growing population. The Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China, was investigated to assess land-use change dynamics by the combined use of satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS), and to explore the interaction between these changes and the environment. Images were classified into six land-use types: cropland, forestland, grassland, water, urban or built-up land, and barren land. The objectives were to assess and analyze landscape change of land use/cover in Heihe River Basin over 15 years from 1987 to 2002. The results show that (1) grassland and barren land increase greatly by 22.3, and 268.2 km², respectively, but water area decreased rapidly by 247.2 km² in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin; (2) cropland and urban or built-up land increased greatly by 174.9, and 64.6 km², respectively, but grassland decreased rapidly by 210.3 km² in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin; and (3) barren land increased largely by 397.4 km², but grassland degraded seriously and water area decreased obviously by 313.3, and 21.7 km², respectively in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin. These results show that significant changes in land-use occur within the whole basin over the study period and cause severe environmental degradation, such as water environmental changes (including surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality), land desertification and salinization, and vegetation degeneracy.     

Dynamic analysis of eco-environmental changes based on remote sensing and geographic information system: an example in Longdong region of the Chinese Loess Plateau

The Chinese Loess Plateau is suffering from severe soil erosion. The eco-environmental changes of the plateau are believed to have an important influence on global eco-environmental sustainability; hence, this problem has attracted considerable attention from scientists around the world. This study has two purposes; application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in the dynamic analysis of eco-environmental changes in the semiarid zone; and using the Longdong region of the Chinese Loess Plateau as an example, to make dynamic analysis of the eco-environmental changes of the region during the 1986–2004 period and identify controlling factors. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data at a spatial resolution of 30 m were used for analysis. Two training areas were selected in Jingning and Qingcheng counties for analysis using 10-m resolution SPOT and Landsat TM data. The satellite RS images were obtained from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application (IRSA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Each images was rectified by Albers Equal Area Conic projection based on 1:50,000 scale topographic maps after spectrum preparation of the images. To make the precision within 1 or 2 pixels, the accurate coordinative control points of the two systems were identified. Then the interpretation key was established based on the land use/cover survey in the study area. The images were classified into six primary environmental types (farmland, forest, grassland, water, construction area, and desert) and 25 sub-types using a visual image interactive interpretation method to obtain vector and attribute data. The resultant accuracy of the land use/cover classification reached 95%. Finally, the transformation areas and ratios of various eco-environmental types in the region were calculated to obtain the transition matrixes of eco-environmental types in the two training areas, Jingning and Qingcheng. This study demonstrates that satellite RS and GIS techniques are effective tools to monitor and analyze the eco-environmental changes in the semiarid region. Visual image interactive interpretation based on GIS technique provides comprehensive information on the direction, rate, and location of eco-environmental changes. The transition matrix model can be used to precisely analyze the variation and rates of the eco-environmental types and their spatial distribution. Great land use changes have taken place Longdong during the 1986–2004 period. These eco-environmental changes were driven by natural and human factors. Natural factors influencing the Longdong region of the Chinese Loess Plateau mainly include temperature, water condition, terrain, soil, and erosion; while human activities include over-cultivation, overgrazing, and fuelwood cutting. As viewed from the extent and severity of the influences, human activities play a very important role in altering the eco-environment of the semiarid region. The study results indicate a need for future research and observation in the semiarid region.     

土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构的影响

土壤生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位.为揭示土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤生物的影响,在获取土壤理化性质及碳氮磷化学计量学特征的基础上,利用16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术研究了弃耕地、草地、人工林和天然林等土壤细菌与真核生物的群落结构.C:N、C:P和N:...     

石羊河、黑河流域上游山地景观格局特征比较

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,以研究区TM影像图和数字地形图为基础,运用景观指数分析方法和空间叠加分析方法,对石羊河、黑河流域上游地貌格局、景观格局及其空间分布基本特征进行了比较.结果显示:石羊河上游农田面积比例显著高于黑河上游,山地草原和乔木林占据面积较大,景观异质性较高,但破碎化程度也较高;黑河上游高山灌丛和高山草甸占据面积较大,景观完整性和连通性较好,破碎化程度较低.结果反映出不同的地形地貌特征、气候条件以及人类活动方式对干旱区山地自然景观结构及其分布特征的影响.     

基于面向对象分类技术的雅砻江流域地表信息提取与分析

雅砻江是川西最重要的河流之一,雅砻江流域内的土地利用情况与流域内的生态环境及河流水质密切相关。以Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象的分类方法,建立分类规则,获取研究区的土地利用情况,利用Fragstats 4.2软件进行区域景观空间分布特征分析。结果表明:采用面向对象的分类方法的分类总体精度达到8711%,Kappa系数达到0.855。雅砻江流域内的区域整体景观连接性较好。草地和林地是研究区的主导类型,整体看分布较为集中。     

Evaluation of landscape changes and ecological degradation by GIS in arid regions: a case study of the terminal oasis of the Shiyang River,northwest China

The development and utilization of water and land resources in the Shiyang River basin are the highest among the inland rivers in northwestern China. Using GIS and the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS, landscape metrics of a study area in the lake-district in Minqin Oasis in the lower reaches of Shiyang River basin were calculated and analyzed based on TM images from 1987 to 2001 at class level and landscape level, respectively. Transformation matrix of the landscape mosaics was also examined. The driving forces of landscape changes were analyzed, including the dynamics of runoff and groundwater resources and their exploitation, and influences of policies and market economy. The results showed that: (1) Patch number of farmland and desert decreased, but their mean patch area increased, indicating that reclamation and desertification was very serious in the study area. Contagion index for oasis increased and edge density and landscape diversity were reduced. (2) Farmland and desert areas have enlarged by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. This increase was at the cost of woodland and grassland, which shrank by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. (3) The net utilization of surface water decreased by 50% in the last 10 years, and dropped to 22.3 × 10⁶ m³ in the later 1990s. Exploitation of groundwater increased remarkably, up to 80 × 10⁶ m³ per year in the last 5 years. (4) The capability of the economic structure to withstand pressures of the market economy has depressed distinctly because of the simplified planting pattern, which is dominated by salinity-enduring cash crops, such as cotton. Based on the above analysis, strategies of ecological reconstruction in the lake-district were suggested.     

挠力河流域湿地和耕地变化对径流深的影响研究

运用线性、对数、指数和三次函数关系拟合挠力河流域1956～2000年湿地面积、耕地面积以及面降水量对径流深的影响,得出:①三次函数拟合的相关性最好;②湿地面积减少和耕地面积增加与径流深的相关性小于面降水量与径流深的相关性.通过分析湿地面积减少和耕地面积增大对径流递减贡献机理,认为湿地面积减少,降低了湿地冷湿效应,增加了陆面蒸发的潜力;湿地转变成耕地,改变了土壤对降水的再分配过程;耕地面积的扩大增大了土壤蒸发潜力;旱地改成水稻田增大了地表水的利用率和地下水的利用量,这些是流域地表径流深减小的原因.研究结论显示湿地面积的减少和耕地面积的增加对流域径流深的递减有较为明显的贡献;径流深的减小是流域呈干旱趋势的指征.     

汾河上游土地利用变化及其水文响应研究

以河岔水文站以上的汾河流域为研究区,采用土地利用转移矩阵和SWAT模型模拟方法,就汾河上游土地利用变化对水文过程的影响进行研究. 流域从1995-2000年,以耕地向林地和草地转变为主;从2000-2010年,城市建设用地不断增加,主要是对耕地的占用. 结果显示,在相同气候背景、不同土地利用情景（1995、2000年2010年）下,流域1992-2000年多年平均产水量微弱增加（分别为85.69 mm、85.75 mm和85.82 mm）,主要因为耕地持续减少,草地和城市建设用地不断增加. 但是各年产水量的大小关系不完全一致,枯水年和平水年与丰水年存在差异,而土壤水分呈现一致的减少状况. 子流域水平上,降水条件同样影响水文过程对土地利用变化的响应程度. 以上结果表明,汾河流域在退耕还林还草政策等影响下,土地利用发生变化并且直接影响流域的水文过程,但是流域水文过程对土地利用变化的响应还受到降水的影响.     

镇赉县土地利用结构调整

基于遥感与GIS进行吉林省镇赉县土地利用现状调查与生态适宜性评价, 通过分析二者差异提出土地利用调整方向及对策, 进一步优化土地利用结构。研究结果显示, 镇赉县宜林地和宜牧地的利用现状主要是盐碱地, 其次为耕地, 很少用于林地与草地; 宜农地和宜农、林、牧地利用格局单一, 耕林草比例不合理; 土地利用结构调整方向为盐碱地治理、退耕还林还草与土地利用格局优化。结合自然环境特点分析, 调整后的土地利用模式有农林复合、林草复合及开发水田等3种, 农、林、牧用地比例接近3∶1∶1, 空间格局交替安排。     

石羊河流域及其典型绿洲景观动态变化研究

根据1986年和2000年的TM影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,分别在类型和景观两个水平上分析了石羊河流域及武威和民勤两个典型绿洲近15a来的景观结构变化.结果表明:在整个流域水平上,虽然发生了景观结构的空间变化,但总体上相对稳定.在典型绿洲区,特别是民勤绿洲景观格局的变化较大,表现为景观的破碎化,形状的简单化和景观多样性的降低,以及耕地、沙地的增加和林地、草地的显著减少,沙漠化趋势加剧.     

Eco-service value evaluation based on eco-economic functional regionalization in a typical basin of northwest arid area,China

Ecosystem services are the basis of human living and development. Land use has significant effects on the ecosystem structure and functions, even its services. Using the remote sensing (RS), geographical information system and ecological economy theory, this paper analyzed land use changes of different eco-economic functional areas in Manas River Basin during the period 1958–2006 using different stage RS images. This paper selects the evaluation method obtained by Costanza et al. and Xie Gaodi, and the ecological sensitivity coefficient analysis, which analyzed the variation characteristics of eco-service values of different eco-economic functional areas. The results showed that the land use pattern has changed greatly from 1958 to 2006. The area of farmland and industrial area increased rapidly, while the forest area, grassland, water area and unutilized area decreased greatly. The total eco-service value of the river basin decreased from 3,529.64 US$ × 10⁶ in 1958 to 2,559.88 US$ × 10⁶ in 2006. There was 27.47 % net loss of 969.76 US$ × 10⁶. The eco-service values of various land use types in the study area were close to the regional real values and the results were credible. There existed apparent temporal and spatial changes in the eco-service values of different eco-economic functional areas, and this significant change in the eco-service values was driven by economic development. Consequently, in view of eco-economic characteristics and ecological issues of various eco-economic functional areas, relevant strategies of ecological conservation were proposed for enhancing the general eco-service value of the river basin and realizing the regional sustainable development. The ‘‘yuan’’ is Chinese money unit (¥), US$1 = ¥6.27 (yuan).     

Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005

Land cover is closely related to environmental changes and socioeconomic development. Land-cover change in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is different from that in the lowlands; however, a detailed land-cover change in areas such as the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) basin in the TP has not been reported. To fill this gap, the current study explores the land-cover change between 1985 and 2005 in the YTR basin. The results show that only 1 % of the land cover in the YTR basin changed during this time period. The most significant land-cover changes included increases in forest and built-up areas as well as decreases in grassland, water and wetland areas. By percentage, the most rapid land-cover change occurred for built-up areas with an annual variation of 2.07 %. There was an obvious vertical distribution pattern for land-cover types in the YTR basin; from low to high, the average altitudes were forest, farmland, built-up, grassland, water and wetland, and bare land. The average altitude and slope for most land-cover types did not vary over the past 20 years. However, the average altitude and slope of built-up significantly decreased, especially in the zone between 3,500 and 4,000 m. The water and wetland area in altitudes above 4,500 m increased; however, they decreased in the zone between 3,500 and 4,000 m. Natural factors cause most land-cover changes, whereas the increasing intensity of human activities cause some changes to built-up and farmland. Additional attention should be paid to the study of the mechanism of land-cover change in the TP.     

生态安全条件下亚洲沙区土地利用结构研究

基于数字地图与遥感影像资料,通过分析土地利用格局与沙尘传输关系,研究了生态安全条件下土地利用结构优化的模式、方法与技术。研究表明：①亚洲生态安全条件下的土地利用/覆盖宏观三圈格局为: 内圈以自然保护为主的沙漠地带;中圈以建设人工草地为主,辅以大面积自然恢复的草原地带;外圈以农、林、牧复合为主的交错地带。中国处在宏观三圈格局的中东部,北方沙区是影响东亚沙尘暴的重要源区。②中国半干旱沙区土地利用呈现微观三圈模式,基于RS数据,依据“大面积搞生态,小面积搞生产”的原则进行的土地利用结构优化,提出了外圈沙丘地恢复天然草地生态用地——中圈草原地带大面积搞生态—小面积搞牧业生产——内圈甸子地高效农业生产用地的生态—生产范式。③典型区科尔沁沙地土地利用结构优化的成套技术,可为类似地区政府土地利用决策与生态补偿机制提供支持。     

渭河流域全新世以来野火历史与人类土地利用的炭屑记录

全新世黄土沉积中的炭屑通常用来重建野火历史及其演变的过程。通过野外考察和对炭屑以及磁化率等指标的分析,获得全新世野火景观演变过程的地球生物沉积证据。参照OSL/TL、¹⁴C测年和考古学断代数据,重建渭河流域黄土高原全新世以来野火历史以及景观演变过程。结果表明：末次冰期到全新世中期阶段(12 000~3 100 a B.P.),渭河流域黄土高原地区野火事件变化主要与区域季节性气候差异密切相关,其中千年-百年尺度有效湿度和燃料供给区域变化是野火发生的主控因素;全新世晚期,随着气候进一步干旱,加之人类耕作活动加剧,人类土地利用强度与时空分布已成为影响生物量燃烧规模的重要驱动力。距今3 100 a以来,渭河流域南部地区农田景观已初具规模;而距今约2 170 a,大规模土地开垦已扩展到渭河北部黄土台塬地区;直到距今1 500 a,渭河北部黄土高阶台塬地区旱作农业景观已基本形成。利用多项古生态记录和区域角度综合分析,有助于深入理解该区域野火历史和人类土地利用变化以及社会结构演变过程。     

疏勒河中、下游盆地景观环境变化分析

通过70－90年代中期遥感卫片解译，对疏勒河中，下游盆地生态景观进行分类，阐述了分布特征，应用GIS技术计算各类景观面积，分析了时空分布变化和成因，指出了两重点盆地存在的主要环境地质问题，提出了合理利用水土资源和保护生态环境的建议。     

Land use and landscape pattern changes in Nenjiang River basin during 1988–2002

Based on the Landsat TM data in 1988 and 2002, the GIS technique and Fragstats software were used to calculate the land use conversion matrix and eight landscape metrics at landscape and patch class levels in upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of Nenjiang River basin. The characteristics of land use and landscape pattern changes in each region during 1988–2002 were analyzed. The results show the followings: 1) During the period from 1988 to 2002, farmland and construction land area increased, while the areas of forestland, grassland, and unutilized land decreased in all three regions. The conversion trends from forestland and grassland to farmland were obvious. The conversion from forestland to farmland mainly occurred in the upstream region, whereas the conversion from grassland to farmland primarily occurred in the midstream and downstream regions. 2) The water area in the upstream and midstream regions enlarged, mainly due to the increase of water impounded area as a result of the construction of reservoirs. Comparatively, the water area in the downstream region decreased, and it mainly occurred in the east part of downstream region with concentrated lakes and swamps. 3) The degree of landscape fragmentation increased in each region. The controlling ability of forestland was weakened, and its patch shape became more complicated. In contrast, the controlling ability of farmland was reinforced, and the connectivity among patches increased. 4) The landscape pattern shows some gradient features. From the upstream to downstream regions, the disturbance of human activities on dominant patches was intensified, and consequently, the landscape fragmentation extent and heterogeneity were enhanced.