The Role of Deep Fluids in Crustal Subsidence of the Cratonic Interior: The Moscow Sedimentary Basin during the Late Devonian

Doklady Earth Sciences - Slow crustal subsidence nonuniform in time and space occurred in the sedimentary basin of the Moscow Syneclise during 20 Ma in the Late Devonian. On the cool Precambrian...     

Lineaments in the central part of the Moscow Syneclise and their relations to faults in the basement

It is well known that very few young faults have been recorded within the vast territories of ancient platforms that are overlain by a virtually undeformed sedimentary cover of Phanerozoic sediments. At the same time, interpretation of topographic maps of various scales, aerial photographs, and satellite images reveals predominantly linear and occasionally arcuate zones (lineaments), some of which coincide with large fracture zones related to the Riphean rifts and grabens in the platform basement. Elevated emanations of hydrogen, radon, helium, and other gases were detected over some of the lineaments, thus indicating anomalous permeability of these zones in comparison with the adjacent areas. An opinion was stated that the elevated permeability of these fault zones is provided by block vibrations as a response to lunisolar tide effects. The lineaments are of a great environmental significance because they are conduits of groundwater migration. The origin of lineaments in the platform sedimentary cover and their relations to structural elements in the basement, to evolution, and to causes of activity have provoked great interest.     

Constraints of Mantle and Crustal Sources Interaction during Orogenesis of Pre- and Post-collision Granitoids from the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: A Case Study from Wadi El-Akhder Granitoids,Southern Sinai,Egypt

The Egyptian older and younger granitic rocks emplaced during pre- and post-collision stages of Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny, respectively, are widely distributed in the southern Sinai Peninsula, constituting 70% of the basement outcrops. The Wadi El-Akhder, southwestern Sinai, is a mountainous terrain exposing two granitoid suites, namely the Wadi El-Akhder Older Granites (AOG) and the Homra Younger Granites (HYG). The AOG (granodiorites with subordinate tonalite compositions) have geochemical characteristics of medium-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to mildly peraluminous granitoids formed in an island-arc environment, which are conformable with well-known Egyptian older granitoids rocks, whereas the HYG display calc-alkaline to slightly alkaline nature, peraluminous syeno-, monzogranites and alkali feldspar granites matching well those of the Egyptian younger granites. With respect to the AOG granitoids, the HYG granites contain lower Al2O3, FeO*, MgO, MnO, CaO, TiO2, Sr, Ba, and V, but higher Na2O, K2O, Nb, Zr, Th, and Rb. The AOG are generally characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HFSE relative to N-MORB values (e.g., negative Nb and Ta anomalies). The geochemical features of the AOG follow assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) trends indicative of extensive crustal contamination of magma derived from a mantle source. The chemical characteristics of the AOG are remarkably similar to those of subduction-related granitoids from the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). The compositional variations from monzogranites through syenogranites to alkali feldspar granite within HYG could not be explained by fractional crystallization solely. Correlating the whole-rock composition of the HYG to melts generated by experimental dehydration melting of meta-sedimentary and magmatic rocks reveals that they appear to be derived by extended melting of psammitic and pelitic metasediments, which is similar to the most of younger granitic suites in the ANS.     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。     

地幔流体参与铀成矿作用的研究进展——以粤北花岗岩型铀矿矿集区为例

地幔流体与铀成矿作用问题,首先关注的是地幔是否也是铀源,并且成矿流体是否具有幔源性质。研究结果表明,地幔流体参与了大型铀矿床的成矿作用,它可以是铀源,也可以是直接成矿的流体。发生地幔流体成矿作用的构造环境是拉张构造区和深大断裂区,因而其具有幔源岩浆发育、成矿物质幔源性、形成大型矿床或矿集区、特定的稳定同位素组成范围等特征。粤北铀矿集区具有相似的构造环境和成矿特征,笔者为此提出几点建议。     

上地幔含水量对海底扩张过程中洋壳厚度的影响:数值模拟

地幔中不同含量的水会对洋壳的生成产生重要影响,但目前不同含水量下的均匀和局部含水地幔会怎样影响洋壳厚度还不清楚.利用动力学数值模拟的方法,对上地幔均匀含水和局部含水两种情况下洋壳的生成过程展开研究.结果表明:当上地幔均匀含水时,含水量的增加在减小最大熔融分数的同时,会增大初始熔融深度和熔融面积,因而生成的洋壳厚度会增加...     

华南大陆东部壳幔结构的宽频带地震学探测

华南大陆是新元古代以来全球地质演化历史最复杂的地区之一,也是欧亚板块东南缘地壳生长和大陆增生最活跃,大规模构造变形、岩浆活动和多金属矿产资源最丰富的地区。揭示该区浅表构造与岩浆活动和成矿作用机制离不开对深部壳幔结构的研究。宽频带地震学是开展深部壳幔结构探测的重要手段,基于宽频带地震学数据可以刻画地壳-岩石圈-上地幔-地幔过渡带不同深度和尺度的深部结构,为深入理解研究区的深部构造、动力学过程、岩浆活动与成矿作用提供有效约束。本文较全面地总结了近二十年来在华南大陆东部地区开展的宽频带流动地震探测工作,并对研究区的地壳厚度、Vp/Vs比值、岩石圈底界(LAB)深度、上地幔速度结构与各向异性等进行了分析与讨论。本文旨在为相关研究人员和团队提供未来在该区新布设地震探测台站时的参考,也可为后续深入研究该区的深部结构与成矿过程提供一些深部要素约束。     

右江盆地海相泥盆系-中三叠统层序界面成因类型与盆地演化

在右江地区海相层序地层学研究的基础上,将层序界面区分为升隆侵蚀层序不整合界面、海侵上超层序不整合界面、暴露层序不整合界面和造山侵蚀层序不整合界面四个成因类型,并且相同成因类型的层序界面,在盆内不同地域的具体表现形式不尽相同,它们与盆地的成生、发展有紧密的联系,这些界面类型依次反映了盆地的新生、演化和盆山转换过程。     

幔汁(HACONS流体)地球内动因探索

地球科学发展到今天,中外所积累的实际资料之多早已达到一个临界点,必然要从量变跃迁为理论认识上的质变.本文是这方面的一个尝试,力图把地球看成一个整体,提出以下五条地球内动因基本规律:(1)Na、K被幔汁的带入乃是地幔和地壳中产生各种类型岩浆的关键要素;(2)Na、K碱交代作用足整个热液作用中最重要的一个反应机制;(3)大地构造源于幔壳溃变"(是幔汁在起主要作用);(4)在地球的演化上,地壳乃是地幔亏损(depletion)部分的向上分化、搬家,地壳=原始地幔-亏损地幔;(5)地球深部的Na、K流(即幔汁主体)是来自威力更大的地核氢(H~+、H、H_2)流的萃取和驱动.     

试析地幔来源物质成矿域——以中亚造山带为例

文章总结了大量的Sr,Nd,S,Pb多元同位素资料，据此认为，中亚造山带的铜，金多金属矿床与区域花岗岩在形成时代和物质来源上基本吻合，具有一定的继承性，从古生代直至中生代，地幔来源物质参与了成岩成矿作用，即便是钨、锡稀有金属矿床，也受到地幔来源物质的明显影响，从而揭示了地幔来源物质在中亚造山带金属成矿作用的重要意义。     

被动陆缘裂陷盆地的层序充填动力学模型--以早泥盆世-中泥盆世早期右江盆地为例

早泥盆世-中泥盆世早期的右江盆地处于被动陆缘裂陷盆地阶段.本文通过对这一时期右江盆地的沉积层序、构造演化、古气候以及全球海平面等因素的综合分析,建立了右江被动陆缘裂陷盆地的层序充填动力学模型.该模型充分体现了构造控盆、盆控相,不同相带的时空配置形成层序的不同样式的基本思想,强调了构造沉降和全球海平面升降共同作用下的相对海平面变化所引起的可容纳空间的变化与沉积物供应比值的关系对层序样式的决定作用.通过代表台缘相的横县六景剖面的验证,该模型清楚地反映了全球海平面变化对超层序的主要控制作用,区域构造沉降的叠加效应使相对海平面曲线的R拐点要早于全球海平面曲线的R拐点,而F拐点要晚于全球海平面曲线的F拐点.古气候因素体现在层序充填物(气候敏感沉积物的种类、生物种属的差别)的差异性上.本文所建立层序充填动力学模型的思路和方法对于其他地区、其他类型盆地类似的研究具有借鉴意义,由此建立的被动陆缘裂陷盆地的层序充填动力学模型对于了解右江盆地的构造动力学与特提斯构造域的关系、促进盆地动力学理论的发展和该区的资源勘探具有重要的理论意义.     

Chemical Diversity of the Ueno Basalts, Central Japan: Identification of Mantle and Crustal Contributions to Arc Basalts

The Ueno Basalts of central Japan comprise a monogenetic volcaniccone complex that was active between 2·76 and 1·34Ma. Basalts were erupted at more than 14 centers scattered overa region 40 km in diameter. Alkali basalt was erupted first,followed by sub-alkaline basalt. Quasi-concentric expansionof eruption centers coinciding with uplift and with decreasingalkalinity of the lavas suggests that Ueno magmatism originatedfrom a mantle diapir as it mushroomed at the base of the lithosphere.Depleted asthenospheric mantle (alkali basalt), enriched lithosphericmantle (sub-alkaline basalt), and crustal components are identifiedas chemical end-members in the petrogenesis of the Ueno Basalts.Incompatible trace element abundances indicate that the Uenoalkali basalts are typical within-plate basalts, whereas thesub-alkaline basalts show strong affinities with normal arclavas. Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions indicate thatthe mantle source of the alkali basalts was more depleted thanthat of the sub-alkaline basalts. About 7% melting of asthenosphericmantle in the garnet-lherzolite stability field produced theprimitive alkali basalts and 12% melting of spinel lherzolitewithin the subcontinental lithosphere produced the primitivesub-alkaline basalts. Isotopic compositions and fluid mobile/immobileelement ratios broadly covary with SiO₂ contents in the sub-alkalinesuite, and increasing silica content is associated with strongerEMII (Enriched Mantle II) isotope affinities and fluid mobileelement abundances. A progressive AFC (assimilation–fractionalcrystallization) model assuming assimilation of a low-K silicicmelt reproduces the chemical variations observed in the sub-alkalinesuite. Melting of a flattening mantle diapir at the base ofthe lithosphere is the dominant cause of Ueno magmatism, accompaniedby the assimilation of older arc crust. KEY WORDS: arc basalt; crustal assimilation; mantle heterogeneity; Ueno Basalts     

Oxygen isotope evolution of biogenic calcite and apatite during the Middle and Late Devonian

Oxygen isotope ratios of well-preserved brachiopod calcite and conodont apatite were used to reconstruct the palaeotemperature history of the Middle and Late Devonian. By assuming an oxygen isotopic composition of –1 V-SMOW for Devonian seawater, the oxygen isotope values of Eifelian and early Givetian brachiopods and conodonts give average palaeotemperatures ranging from 22 to 25 °C. Late Givetian and Frasnian palaeotemperatures calculated from ¹⁸O values of conodont apatite are close to 25 °C in the early Frasnian and increase to 32 °C in the latest Frasnian and early Famennian. Oxygen isotope ratios of late Givetian and Frasnian brachiopods are significantly lower than equilibrium values calculated from conodont apatite ¹⁸O values and give unrealistically warm temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C. Diagenetic recrystallization of shell calcite, different habitats of conodonts and brachiopods, as well as non-equilibrium fractionation processes during the precipitation of brachiopod calcite cannot explain the ¹⁸O depletion of brachiopod calcite. Moreover, the ¹⁸O depletion of brachiopod calcite with respect to equilibrium ¹⁸O values calculated from conodont apatite is too large to be explained by a change in seawater pH that might have influenced the oxygen isotopic composition of brachiopod calcite. The realistic palaeotemperatures derived from ¹⁸O _apatite may suggest that biogenic apatite records the oxygen isotopic composition and palaeotemperature of Palaeozoic oceans more faithfully than brachiopod calcite, and do not support the hypothesis that the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of Devonian seawater was significantly different from that of the modern ocean.     

Assessment of Risk due to Debris Flow Events: A Case Study in Central Taiwan

In this paper, based on the concepts of uncertainty and reliability analyses, a method used for assessment of risk due to debris flow events is proposed. First, procedures for obtaining the configuration of debris-flow fans are presented. Then, the parameters affecting the configuration of debris-flow fans are identified and their corresponding means and standard deviations are derived. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the Shih-Pa-Chung Creek in central Taiwan. The expected deposition thickness at any point in the deposition area is computed and then the contours of risk for the 50-year and 100-year events are constructed. Regarding the expected deposition thickness, it is found that the closer the distance from the canyon mouth, the larger the debris-flow thickness becomes. The results also show that the contours of risk are of the shape of an ellipse similar to the shape of deposition area, and the risk at a point decreases with increasing distance of that point from the canyon mouth. In addition, when the return period of rainfall event is fixed, the variation in risk decreases as the distance from the canyon mouth increases. For the assessment of risk due to debris flow events, the proposed method is recommended as an alternative to the existing methods, because the influence of all the uncertainty of the parameters is considered.     

Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of the Lassen Volcanic Center, California: Resolving Crustal and Mantle Contributions to Continental Arc Magmatism

This study reports oxygen isotope ratios determined by laserfluorination of mineral separates (mainly plagioclase) frombasaltic andesitic to rhyolitic composition volcanic rocks eruptedfrom the Lassen Volcanic Center (LVC), northern California.Plagioclase separates from nearly all rocks have ¹⁸O values(6·1–8·4) higher than expected for productionof the magmas by partial melting of little evolved basalticlavas erupted in the arc front and back-arc regions of the southernmostCascades during the late Cenozoic. Most LVC magmas must thereforecontain high ¹⁸O crustal material. In this regard, the ¹⁸O valuesof the volcanic rocks show strong spatial patterns, particularlyfor young rhyodacitic rocks that best represent unmodified partialmelts of the continental crust. Rhyodacitic magmas erupted fromvents located within 3·5 km of the inferred center ofthe LVC have consistently lower ¹⁸O values (average 6·3± 0·1) at given SiO₂ contents relative to rockserupted from distal vents (>7·0 km; average 7·1± 0.1). Further, magmas erupted from vents situated attransitional distances have intermediate values and span a largerrange (average 6·8 ± 0·2). Basaltic andesiticto andesitic composition rocks show similar spatial variations,although as a group the ¹⁸O values of these rocks are more variableand extend to higher values than the rhyodacitic rocks. Thesefeatures are interpreted to reflect assimilation of heterogeneouslower continental crust by mafic magmas, followed by mixingor mingling with silicic magmas formed by partial melting ofinitially high ¹⁸O continental crust (9·0) increasinglyhybridized by lower ¹⁸O (6·0) mantle-derived basalticmagmas toward the center of the system. Mixing calculationsusing estimated endmember source ¹⁸O values imply that LVC magmascontain on a molar oxygen basis approximately 42 to 4% isotopicallyheavy continental crust, with proportions declining in a broadlyregular fashion toward the center of the LVC. Conversely, the¹⁸O values of the rhyodacitic rocks suggest that the continentalcrust in the melt generation zones beneath the LVC has beensubstantially modified by intrusion of mantle-derived basalticmagmas, with the degree of hybridization ranging on a molaroxygen basis from approximately 60% at distances up to 12 kmfrom the center of the system to 97% directly beneath the focusregion. These results demonstrate on a relatively small scalethe strong influence that intrusion of mantle-derived maficmagmas can have on modifying the composition of pre-existingcontinental crust in regions of melt production. Given thisresult, similar, but larger-scale, regional trends in magmacompositions may reflect an analogous but more extensive processwherein the continental crust becomes progressively hybridizedbeneath frontal arc localities as a result of protracted intrusionof subduction-related basaltic magmas. KEY WORDS: oxygen isotopes; phenocrysts; continental arc magmatism; Cascades; Lassen     

Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Mantle Peridotite--A Discussion about the Genesis of Silica-rich Fluids (Melts)

Experiments on partial melting of mantle lherzolite have been realized at 0.6 and 1.0 GPa and the chemical compositional variations of melts during different melting stages have been first discussed. The results show that the trends of variations in SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 are different at different melting stages. The melts produced at lower pressure are richer in SiO2 than those at higher pressure. The mantle-derived silica-rich fluids (silicate melts) are polygenetic, but the basic and intermediate-acid silicate melts in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the same host rocks, which have equivalent contents of volatile and alkali components and different contents of other components, should result from in-situ (low-degree) partial melting of mantle peridotite under different conditions (e.g. at different depths, with introduction of C-O-H fluids or in the presence of metasomatic minerals). The intermediate-acid melts may be the result of partial melting (at lower pressure) Opx + Sp + K-Na-rich fluid±(Amphi)±(Phlog)= Ol+melt.But the intermediate-acid magmas cannot be produced from the partial melting of normal mantle peridotite unless the crustal materials are introduced to some extent.     

Mantle contribution to the evolution of Middle Tertiary silicic magmatism during early stages of extension: the Egan Range volcanic complex,east-central Nevada

The Egan Range volcanic complex lies 30 km northwest of Ely, on the edge of a highly extended domain in east-central Nevada. It consists mainly of lavas with subordinate tuffs and sedimentary rocks. The rocks are divided into three stratigraphic and lithologic groups that correlated with widespread middle Tertiary volcanic rocks associated with early stages of extension in the region. Volcanic rocks of the early group are predominantly two-pyroxene dacite and andesite lavas, all of which contain quenched, mafic inclusions and have compositions indicating they were derived by mixing between a contaminated mantle melt and a rhyodacitic crustal component. Rocks of the middle group are relatively homogeneous biotite, hornblende dacite and rhyodacite lavas. Elevated compatible and incompatible element concentrations and straight-line correlations of compositional data in the early and middle groups support a simple mixing model. Minor fractionation of clinopyroxene is required to explain some low Cr concentrations. Major element variations of the late group can be successfully modeled by crystal fractionation of observed phenocrysts accompanied by moderate assimilation of a crustal component to account for elevated Rb, Th, U, and light rare earth element concentrations. Rocks of all three groups appear to be related to a common primary magma type, the composition of which can be modeled from the mafic inclusions in the early group. Low Ni and Mg contents in the inclusions indicate that olivine was fractionated prior to their participation in mixing of early group magmas. Based on estimated volumes of volcanic rocks in the Egan Range volcanic complex and in the region, and on the petrologic models for each group, a significant amount of basalt must have been added to the crust during this middle Tertiary magmatic episode.     

青藏新生代钾质火山活动的时空迁移及向东部玄武岩省的过渡:壳幔深部物质流的暗示

中国西部与东部在构造作用、岩浆活动、岩石圈结构、沉积盆地、地貌等方面存在着巨大的差异。印度—亚洲大陆碰撞以来青藏高原火山岩的时空分布,显示了从高原腹地发端向周缘迁移的趋势。在同碰撞阶段(65~40 Ma)的末期,火成活动背离雅鲁藏布碰撞缝合带向北迁移。在45~6 Ma期间,火山活动从高原腹部开始,然后向外迁移,暗示软流圈上隆呈波状向外扩展。最后(6 Ma—近代),火山活动向着高原的北西、北东—东、南东三隅迁移。这种醒目的火山活动时空迁移型式,可以解释为由印度和欧亚两个较厚大陆板块的靠近、碰撞诱发的软流圈地幔流及深部地壳物质流动。推测可能存在两个地幔流“通道”,一条“通道”可能通过西秦岭礼县—宕昌一带伸向中国东部;另一条“通道”可能沿“三江”带向东南经云南马关—屏边一带与中国东南部和越南的新生代玄武岩省相接。在礼县—宕昌、马关—屏边一带,表现出从青藏高原钾质火山岩省向着中国东部玄武岩省过渡的特征。大量地球物理资料也支持关于软流圈地幔与深部地壳层次上的横向物质流动的认识。为了进一步检验这种认识是否正确,需要在青藏高原钾质岩省与东部玄武岩省的过渡带选择若干短剖面,进行系统的研究工作,鉴别岩石源区组成和形成深度,反演岩石圈和软流圈地幔性质,揭示两个岩省之间的关系,为鉴别大陆碰撞引起的岩石圈或软流圈层次的物质流动与块体之间相互作用提供岩浆作用约束,同时也为东亚大背景之下,以新生代印度—亚洲碰撞为主导的中国西部与以太平洋板块俯冲为主导的中国东部的构造交接关系提供岩浆作用限制。     

Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Mantle Peridotite -A Discussion about the Genesis of Sih'ca-rich Fluids (Melts)

Experiments on partial melting of mantle lherzolite have been realized at 0.6 and 1.0 GPa and the chemical compositional variations of melts during different melting stages have been first discussed. The results show that the trends of variations in SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 are different at different melting stages. The melts produced at lower pressure are richer in SiO2 than those at higher pressure. The mantle-derived silica-rich fluids (silicate melts) are polygenetic, but the basic and intermediate-acid silicate melts in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the same host rocks, which have equivalent contents of volatile and alkali components and different contents of other components, should result from in-situ (low-degree) partial melting of mantle peridotite under different conditions (e.g. at different depths, with introduction of C-O-H fluids or in the presence of metasomatic minerals). The intermediate-acid melts may be the result of partial melting (at lower pressure) Opx + Sp + K-Na-rich f