青藏高原腹地温泉地区新生代生态环境演化与高原表面隆升过程分析

采自青藏高原腹地温泉地区新生代地层中的孢粉组合资料表明:从古新世到早中新世,古植被由早期的针阔叶混交林-森林草原植被向晚期的疏林草原植被演化,古气候也由亚热带暖湿气候向温凉气候演化;从上新世到早更新世,阔叶树种明显减少,而草本植物显著增多,反映气候开始向干冷方向演化;而中更新世晚期以来,出现稀疏草原植被向荒漠草原植被的演化,最终塑造了现代以藜、蒿为主的荒漠草原植被环境。高原腹地生态环境变化揭示了青藏高原自古新世以来至少经历了3次具有生态环境意义的表面隆升事件:古新世—早渐新世沱沱河组冲积扇砾岩沉积以及孢粉组合分析表明,青藏高原在白垩纪末—古新世初已隆升至1000～1500m,高原地形可能是高原(高山)与盆地相间的地貌格局;早中新世五道梁组植被中亚热带成分的显著增高,可能与高原表面隆升诱发高原季风而导致气候湿润有关,推测高原已隆升至2000～2500m;而中更新世晚期以草本植物为主,反映高原植被已经发生了转型,高原已隆升至3000m以上。     

Fluxes of Sr into the headwaters of the Ganges

Himalayan weathering is recognized as an important agent in modifying sea water chemistry, but there are significant uncertainties in our understanding of Himalayan riverine fluxes. This paper examines causes of the variability, including that of the seasons, by analysis of downstream variations in Sr, ⁸⁷Sr, and major ions in the mainstream, in relation to the composition of tributary streams from subcatchments with differing geologic substrates.Water samples were collected over four periods spanning the premonsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon seasons. Uncertainties in the relative fluxes have been estimated, using Monte Carlo techniques, from the short-term variability of mainstream chemistry and the scatter of tributary compositions. The results show marked seasonal variations in the relative inputs related to high monsoon rainfall in the High and Lesser Himalaya, contrasting with the major contribution from glacial melt waters from the Tibetan Sedimentary Series (TSS) at times of low rainfall. Much of the spread in previously published estimates of the sources of Sr in Himalayan rivers may result from these seasonal variations in Sr fluxes.The annual fluxes of Sr into the headwaters of the Ganges are derived from the three main tectonic units in the proportions 35 ± 1% from the TSS, 27 ± 3% from the High Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS), and 38 ± 8% from the Lesser Himalaya. The particularly elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios characteristic of the HHCS and the Lesser Himalaya enhance their influence on seawater Sr-isotope composition. The TSS contributes 13 ± 1%, the HHCS 30 ± 3%, and the Lesser Himalaya 57 ± 11% of the ⁸⁷Sr flux in excess of the seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.709.     

酒西坳陷与酒东坳陷下白垩统生烃条件对比研究

论文通过对酒泉盆地下白垩统各层组烃源岩有机地球化学特征的研究,分凹陷分层组对酒泉盆地下白垩统的生烃条件进行了系统的评价,在此基础上对酒西坳陷和酒东坳陷下白垩统的生烃条件进行了横向对比。研究结果表明,酒西坳陷下白垩统烃源岩的生烃条件从中沟组-下沟组-赤金堡组逐渐变好,而酒东坳陷下白垩统的生烃条件具有从中沟组-下沟组-赤金堡组逐渐变差的趋势,也反映出“好的不熟,熟的不好”的生烃特点。酒西坳陷的下沟组和赤金堡组烃源岩是酒泉盆地下白垩统烃源岩中生烃较大贡献者。研究结果对于本区油气勘探具有重要指导意义。     

Geophysical observations during the flight of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid

The paper describes the effects of the passage of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid (which exploded on 15 February 2013 over the Chelyabinsk Region), which were established from geophysical data from West Siberian stations. The trajectory and speed of the meteoric body from the start of the glow to the breakup were recorded by surveillance cameras and dashcams. Records from broadband seismic stations were used to determine the exact time of the explosion (03:20:34 UTC) from the arrival times of the surface wave produced by this event. The explosion energy was estimated from the surface-wave amplitudes at ~ 100 kilotons on the assumption that the wave originated from a point source similar to a high-altitude thermonuclear explosion. A database of records from seismic stations obtained during the meteoroid passage has been compiled.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

高邮凹陷吴堡断裂构造带对陈堡油田 油气运移的控制作用

陈堡油田是高邮凹陷东南部吴堡断阶带上的断块油田, 由陈2和陈3两个断块构成,其油气来源和运移路径一直存在多种推测。本文在分析吴堡断裂带断层形成特征, 以及陈堡油田的原油组成和成熟特征基础上, 明确了断层构造对陈堡油田烃源岩的演化、油气运移路径和成藏时期的控制作用。陈堡油田两断块上下层段原油成熟度不同是由于油气充注时期不同以及油气运移路径不同所致。刘五舍次洼烃源岩不同时期形成不同成熟度的原油,吴堡断裂系统的分布以及不同时期断层的活动强度影响断层封闭性, 导致不同时期油气运移路径不同。不同成熟度的油气从刘五舍生烃中心通过与吴①断层相交的羽状小断层先后向吴①断层做“切入式”运移汇流到吴①断层面,再通过不同路径运移到陈堡油田不同储层中形成油气藏。陈堡地区不同断块的油气经历了“同源不同期、同期不同路”的运移过程。     

新疆阿尔泰南缘乌吐布拉克铁矿成矿机制研究

乌吐布拉克中型铁矿床赋存于上志留统-下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状,矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩矿物组合。早期矽卡岩阶段包裹体均一温度为256～534℃,盐度为11.90%～>73.96%NaCleqv,密度为0.56～0.96g/cm3,表明成矿流体为高-中温、高-中盐度、高-中密度的NaCl-H2O体系;退化蚀变阶段包裹体均一温度为188～313℃,盐度为12.30%～>39.76%NaCleqv,密度为0.83～1.05g/cm3,表明成矿流体为中温、中-低盐度、高-中密度的NaCl-H2O体系。石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度为162～320℃,盐度为2.90%～15.57%NaCleqv,密度为0.70～1.02g/cm3,成矿流体为NaCl-H2O-CO2±CH4或N2型流体。石榴子石氢氧同位素表明早期矽卡岩阶段成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,石英及方解石的氢氧同位素暗示石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段存在低温、低盐度的大气降水的加入。方解石的碳、氧同位素表明流体中碳主要来自深部岩浆。硫化物硫同位素表明硫来源于岩浆硫。成矿机制可能为早三叠世岩浆热液交代上志留-下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山岩形成矽卡岩矿物,在矽卡岩退化蚀变过程中形成铁矿体。     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了67个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的锆石、电气石、长石、石英四种矿物,用扫描电境放大300至10000倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现,不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别。这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单,由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带,矿物表面结构特征比较复杂,但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

The role of eclogites in the redistribution of water in the subcontinental mantle of the Siberian craton: results of determination of the water content in minerals from the Udachnaya pipe eclogites

A comprehensive study of 26 mafic mantle xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe was carried out. The contents of major and trace elements, equilibrium temperature parameters, and water content in the rock-forming minerals were determined. The temperatures of formation of the studied rocks are estimated at 800–1300 °C. According to IR spectroscopy data, the water content in clinopyroxenes from the studied eclogites varies from values below the detection limit to 99 ppm. The IR spectra of garnets lack bands of water. The water content in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene from garnet websterite is 72 and 8 ppm, respectively. The water content in the average rock, calculated from the ratio of the rock-forming minerals, varies from a few to 55 ppm. No relationship among the water content, equilibrium temperatures, and rock composition is established. The low water contents in the eclogites are close to the earlier determined water contents in peridotites from the same pipe and are, most likely, due to the re-equilibration of the eclogites with the rocks of the peridotitic lithospheric mantle. The dehydration of the protolith during its subduction and the partial melting of eclogites before their removal by kimberlitic magma to the surface might be an additional cause of the low water contents in the mantle eclogite xenoliths.     

Zircon geochronology of the Klyuchevskoi gabbro-ultramafic massif and the problem of the age of the Mohorovicic paleoboundary in the Central Urals

The Klyuveskoi gabbro-ultramafic massif is the most representative ophiolite complex on the eastern portion of the Uralian paleoisland arc part. The massif is composed of dunite-harzburgite (tectonized mantle peridotites) and dunite-wehrlite-clinopyroxenite-gabbro (layered part of the ophiolite section) rock associations. The U-Pb age was obtained for the accessory zircons from the latter association using a SHRIMP-II ion microprobe at the Center for Isotopic Research at the Karpinskii Russian Geological Research Institute. The euhedral zircon crystals with thin rhythmic zoning from dunites are 441.4 ± 5.0 Ma in age. Zircons from olivine clinopyroxenite show three age clusters with sharply prevalent grains 449.0 ± 6.8 Ma in age. Two points give 1.7 Ga, which is probably related to the age of the mantle generating the layered complex. One value corresponds to 280 Ma, which possibly reflects exhumation of ultramafic rocks in the upper crust during the collision of the Uralian foldbelt. Thus, dunites and olivine pyroxenites from the Klyuchevskoi massif are similar in age at 441–449 Ma. The bottom of the layered part of the ophiolite section corresponds to the M paleoboundary and, consequently, the age of the Mohorovicic discontinuity conforms with the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in this part of the Urals.     

Sea-level history of the Gulf of Mexico since the Last Glacial Maximum with implications for the melting history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Sea-level records from the Gulf of Mexico at the Last Glacial Maximum, 20 ka, are up to 35 m higher than time-equivalent sea-level records from equatorial regions. The most popular hypothesis for explaining this disparity has been uplift due to the forebulge created by loading from Mississippi River sediments. Using over 50 new radiocarbon dates as well as existing published data obtained from shallow-marine deposits within the northern Gulf of Mexico and numerical models simulating the impact of loading due to the Mississippi Fan and glacio-hydro-isostasy, we test several possible explanations for this sea-level disparity. We find that neither a large radiocarbon reservoir, sedimentary loading due to the Mississippi Fan, nor large-scale regional uplift can explain this disparity. We do find that with an appropriate model for the Laurentide Ice Sheet, the observations from the Gulf of Mexico can be explained by the process of glacio-hydro-isostasy. Our analysis suggests that in order to explain this disparity one must consider a Laurentide Ice Sheet reconstruction with less ice from 15 ka to its disappearance 6 ka and more ice from the Last Glacial Maximum to 15 ka than some earlier models have suggested. This supports a Laurentide contribution to meltwater pulse 1-A, which could not have come entirely from its southern sector.     

On the distribution of rainfall over the Sultanate of Oman

Rainfall distribution over the Sultanate of Oman is analysed. Data from seven recently installed weather stations as well as supporting data from scattered sources were used. Distribution maps were drawn. NW and NE winter wind meet resulting in troughs and rainfall on the Mountains and Coastal Strips. Summer monsoon wind dominates the S. Central areas of overlap receive light showers from both summer monsoons and winter local troughs. Heavier amounts of rainfall are generally associated with high altitude.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了s7个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的错石、电 气石、长石、石英四种矿物，用扫描电境放大300至iooo。倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现，不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别.这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单，由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带，矿物表面结构特征比较复杂，但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

A history of the global understanding of the Earth

The author contributes to the development of a history of the global understanding of the Earth. He summarizes the main steps in the knowledge of the Earth's interior from antiquity to the present time and draws some lessons from this history.     

华北板块北缘东段二叠纪的构造属性:来自火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学与地球化学的制约

本文对华北板块北缘东段大河深组、关门咀子组火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究以便制约该区的区域构造演化。大河深组和关门咀子组火山岩中的锆石均呈自形-半自形晶,具有清晰的岩浆振荡生长环带和条痕状吸收(玄武安山岩)的特点,其Th/U比值高达0.31～1.56,表明其岩浆成因。测年结果表明,桦甸大河深组流纹岩形成于早二叠世(279±3Ma～293±2Ma),珲春和图们关门咀子组玄武安山岩和玄武岩分别形成于早二叠世(275±7Ma)和晚二叠世(250±5Ma)。大河深组火山岩SiO2含量介于64.9%～75.4%,Mg#值介于0.21～0.57,属于中钾-高钾钙碱性系列,明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti)以及P元素,类似活动大陆边缘火山岩;其锆石的εHf(t)值为+0.9～+10.37,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄值为785～1240Ma,表明它们均起源于中-新元古代新增生玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。珲春早二叠世关门咀子组属于中钾钙碱性系列;贫硅(53.4%～53.7%)和HFSEs,富铝(16.4%～16.8%)和LILEs,具有较低的稀土元素总量,以及较平坦的稀土配分型式,显示出岛弧火山岩的地球化学属性;该组火山岩的原始岩浆应起源于受俯冲板片脱水熔融交代的亏损地幔楔。图们晚二叠世关门咀子组玄武岩SiO2含量为48.7%～49.6%,Mg#值高达0.64～0.72,相对富集LREEs和LILEs,亏损HREEs和HFSEs,具有火山弧玄武岩的地球化学属性,同时其εNd(t)=+6.01,暗示其原始岩浆起源于亏损的岩石圈地幔。综上所述,我们认为早二叠世至晚二叠世期间,华北板块北缘东段(吉林中部地区)和兴凯地块西南缘均处于古亚洲洋的俯冲作用下。     

Age range of formation of sedimentary-volcanogenic complex of the Vetreny Belt (the southeast of the Baltic Shield)

As a result of studying the Vetreny Belt greenstone structure (the southeast of the Baltic Shield), zircons from terrigenous deposits of the Toksha Formation, underlying the section of the sedimentary-volcanogenic complex, and zircons of the Vetreny Belt Formation, deposits of which crown the section, were dated. The results of analysis of age data of detrital zircons from quartzites of the Toksha Formation indicate that Mesoarchean greenstone complexes and paleo-Archean granitogneisses of the Vodlozero Block (Karelia) were the provenance area from which these zircons were derived. The occurrence of the youngest zircons with age of 2654.3 ± 38.5 Ma is evidence that the formation of the Vetreny Belt, including the Toksha Formation, began no earlier than this time. Zircons from volcanic rocks of the Vetreny Belt yielded the age of 2405 ± 5 Ma. Thus, the age interval of the formation of the sedimentary-volcanogenic complex of the Vetreny Belt ranges from 2654.3 ± 38.5 to 2405 ± 5 Ma.     

Chronology of the last recession of the Greenland Ice Sheet

A new deglaciation chronology for the ice‐free parts of Greenland, the continental shelf and eastern Ellesmere Island (Canada) is proposed. The chronology is based on a new compilation of all published radiocarbon dates from Greenland, and includes crucial new material from southern, northeastern and northwestern Greenland. Although each date provides only a minimum age for the local deglaciation, some of the dates come from species that indicate ice‐proximal glaciomarine conditions, and thus may be connected with the actual ice recession. In addition to shell dates, dates from marine algae, lake sediments, peat, terrestrial plants and driftwood also are included. Only offshore and in the far south have secure late‐glacial sediments been found. Other previous reports of late‐glacial sediments (older than 11.5 cal. kyr BP) from onshore parts of Greenland need to be confirmed. Most of the present ice‐free parts of Greenland and Nares Strait between Greenland and Ellesmere Island were not deglaciated until the early Holocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羌塘基底质疑

部分学者根据西藏1：100万改则幅区调查资料和戈木日，果干加年山浅变质岩中获得的14个锆石Pb-Pb年龄(3204～509Ma），建立了太古宙一元古宙岩石地层系统，提出了“结晶基底”与“软基底”的双层结构模式。资料证实样品取自沉积层，锆石为碎屑锆石，无法确切反映成岩或变质年龄。作者等在原划为下元古界都古尔片麻岩中获得了384Ma的锆石年龄，日湾茶卡东山下石炭统之下火山岩（原划AnD）获得346Ma的Rb-Sr年龄，玛依岗日组玄武岩夹层中获得318Ma的Rb-Sr年龄，野外工作中将“基底岩系”与上覆石英二叠系角度不整合关系厘定为整合关系，基于野外地质立状和同位素年龄资料分析，对羌塘地区基底和双层结构模式提出质疑，认为羌塘中部的浅变质岩系主体时代为晚石炭世。太古宙一元古宙岩石地层，变质期次，双层基底结构及其演化的认识显然是不正确使用同位素年代数据得出的结论。     

Origin of glauconite in the recent bottom sediments of the ocean

There are two general types of sedimentary glauconite in Recent ocean sediments: terrigenous-allogenic and authigenic glauconite. Recent sediments of the oceans contain mainly terrigenous-allogenic glauconite (shelf and continental slope) which is formed from ancient glauconite-bearing rocks on coasts, islands and the ocean floor. The age of terrigenous-allogenic glauconite ranges from 2 to 70 m.y. (8 samples from the Atlantic Ocean, 13 from the Pacific Ocean, 1 from the Indian Ocean). The area of terrigenous-allogenic glauconite distribution correlates very well with the area of distribution of glauconite-bearing rocks on land and does not correlate with the climate and bathymetry.Authigenic glauconite is seldom found in Recent ocean sediments. The sediments with authigenic glauconite form transition zones between sediments with organic carbon, H₂S and sulphide near coasts and oxidized sediments of the ocean floor (red clay and others). The areas of authigenic glauconite distribution are not yet well known. The formation of authigenic glauconite occurs mainly during diagenesis of sediments by synthesis from interstitial solutions and/or alteration of clay minerals.