泾河流域水供给服务供需平衡的时空演变与服务流研究（英文）

研究生态系统服务从产生、传递到使用的全过程,分析区域生态系统服务供给与需求的平衡状况,对于制定区域可持续发展战略,实现区域生态系统管理和资源有效配置具有重要意义。本研究以泾河流域为研究区域,构建了水供给服务空间流动模型,基于SWAT模型、INVEST模型和Arc GIS等软件融合多源数据分析了2000–2015年泾河流域水供给服务供给与需求的时空分布格局、供需空间匹配特征;在此基础上从子流域尺度探索了水供给服务的流动规律（流转路径）,明确了流域供给区与受益区的空间范围。结果表明：（1）2000–2015年泾河流域水资源供给量、需求量总体均呈增加趋势。（2）从县级尺度上看,2000–2015年泾河流域水资源供给服务供需平衡状况总体达标,但呈现出明显的城乡差异,各县中心城区的供需比较低,甚至出现供不应求的局面。（3）从流域尺度上看,2000–2015年泾河流域水资源供给与需求的空间匹配格局整体呈波动下降态势,2015年60%以上的子流域的供需比均呈现降低的态势,供给不足的面积占比较2000年增加了55.7%。（4）泾河流域水资源供给服务的供给区分布在流域上游,受益区分别为华亭县、崇信县、永...     

赣江流域森林生态系统服务空间格局及其影响因素（英文）

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组分,为人类社会提供着多种多样的服务产品。明确不同类型森林生态系统服务的空间特征和驱动机制对优化森林资源管理和提升服务综合效益具有重要意义。基于InVEST模型、CASA模型和GIS技术对赣江流域森林生态系统固碳、蓄积量、水源供给和土壤保持4种服务进行了价值评估和空间制图,并分析了各类自然和社会-经济因子梯度变化与生态系统服务生产之间的联系。结果表明:赣江流域4种森林生态系统服务具有空间异质性。赣江流域周边山地和高丘区域固碳和蓄积量服务较高,林型以阔叶林和竹林为主;水源供给服务较高的区域则为赣江流域东北部,林型以松林和杉木林为主;土壤保持服务空间分布较离散,赣江流域东北部区域略高于西南部区域。生态系统服务是自然过程和人类活动共同作用的结果:随海拔或坡度增加,人类活动干扰减少,森林固碳和蓄积量服务增加,但水源供给和土壤保持服务减小;随区域人均GDP增加或总人口减少,森林固碳和蓄积量服务表现出增加趋势。未来还需进一步评估各类自然和社会-经济因子对不同类型生态系统服务的限制作用和格局影响,以更好地应对区域生态问题。     

重点生态功能区水源涵养受益区研究（英文）

生态系统服务以某种物质、能量或信息作为载体,通过特定的方式从供给区到达受益区,满足受益区人类需求。现有的研究更多关注生态系统服务的供给,有关生态系统服务需求及其空间位置的研究还需深入。本研究在分析重点生态功能区水源涵养服务从供给区到受益区空间流动过程基础上,研究水源涵养服务产生的各种惠益,确定了重点生态功能区水源涵养服务的受益区域。研究结果显示:2010年重点生态功能区水源涵养服务为1.67×105 km2水田和1.01×105 km2水浇地提供灌溉水源;为2.64×104 km2城镇建设用地的城市居民和工矿企业分别提供生活用水和工业用水以及为3.73×104 km2农村聚落的农村居民提供生活用水;在下游形成6.64×104 km2内陆水面可用于淡水养殖;形成通航河道1.31×104 km用于内河航运。位于长江中上游的重点生态功能区水源涵养受益区更大,影响范围更广,在功能区保护中应该更关注水源涵养功能的维持和改善。部分受益区最多可以受到来自9个重点生态功能区的水源涵养提供的惠益,其受益面积占总受益区面积的17%,受益航道长度占总受益航道长度的7%,在制定生态补偿政策时应同时考虑多个重点生态功能区。本研究结果可以为重点生态功能区的生态系统服务有偿使用和生态补偿提供科学依据。     

基于MODIS NDVI的西辽河流域主要粮食作物时空分布格局（英文）

研究以西辽河流域为案例区,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,选取2000、2005和2010年时间点,利用NDVI时间序列信息,结合西辽河流域不同作物物候历,运用决策树提取模型,获取西辽河流域春玉米、春小麦和大豆等主要作物的空间分布信息,定量揭示了10年间西辽河流域主要粮食作物的时空分布特征。研究表明:(1)2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积为11 965.08 km2,其中春玉米播种面积约占流域主要粮食作物的92.28%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区;春小麦播种面积占比3.14%,以西辽河流域中游面积最大;大豆播种面积占比4.58%,以西辽河上游流域面积最大。(2)2000-2005年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积大幅增加,涨幅达29.77%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。其中,春玉米播种面积增长38.99%,春小麦播种面积减少39.04%,大豆播种面积增长21.27%。(3)2005-2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积增长缓慢,涨幅为5.18%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。春玉米播种面积呈现增加趋势,春小麦呈现减少趋势,大豆呈减少趋势。     

祁连山冰川服务价值评估及其时空特征（英文）

Glaciers provide essential resources and services for human well-being and socio-economic development in arid regions. It is of great significance for regional socioeconomic sustainable development and environmental protection to conduct a glacier service value assessment and to analyze its spatiotemporal characteristics. Based on the first and second Chinese glacier inventories of the Qilian Mountains, a glacier service value evaluation system was established. Then the glacier service value and its spatiotemporal variation were assessed by combining the methods of unit area service price, value equivalent factor, and the glacier service value change index(GSCI). Three key results were obtained.(1) The total service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains for 2016 was 24.354 billion yuan. The main services provided were climate regulation and runoff regulation, which accounted for 60.58% and 33.14% of the total service value, respectively. Minor services were freshwater supply and hydropower, which accounted for 3.47% and 1.75% of the total value, respectively. The value of other types of services was about 0.259 billion yuan.(2) Among the various river systems in the Qilian Mountains, the Shule River basin had the highest glacier service value(7.771 billion yuan, 31.91%), followed by the Haltang River basin(4.321 billion yuan, 17.74%) and the Beida River basin(3.281 billion yuan, 13.47%). In terms of administrative divisions, the glacier service value of the Qilian Mountains in Qinghai Province was 1.138 billion yuan higher than that of Gansu Province at 11.608 billion yuan, of which the services in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Jiuquan City were valued at 11.124(45.68%) and 7.758(31.86%) billion yuan, respectively.(3) During the period from 1956 to 2010, the service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains declined by 435 million yuan, with an acceleration in the decreasing trend from west to east.     

近30年中国茶叶生产时空演变格局及其驱动力分析（英文）

As a daily necessity and an important cash crop in China and many other countries, tea has received increasing attention. Using production concentration index model and industry' s barycenter theory, we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of tea production and barycenter movement trajectory of tea plantations and production in China between 1986 and 2015. Driving forces of the movement were also analyzed. From 1986 to 2000, tea production in China's Mainland of grew slowly(by 210×10~3 t). The continuous increase in tea yield per unit area was the primary contributor(more than 60%) to the growth in tea production during this period. Since China joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) in 2001, tea production has grown rapidly, by 1.59×10~6 t between 2001 and 2015. The increase in the tea plantations area is the main contributor. Over the last 30 years, the barycenters of tea production in China have moved westward from the Dongting Lake Plain to the eastern fringe of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan in southwestern China have gradually become regions of new concentrated tea plantations and main tea production provinces. Lower cost of land and labor in southwestern China are the main drivers of the westward movement of China's tea industry. In addition, supportive policies and the favorable natural geographical environment contribute to the westward movement of tea industry. Our research highlights the spatio-temporal variation of China's tea production in the last three decades. The result indicates importance to make appropriate policies to promote the development of tea industry in China.     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

基于官厅水库流域产水和水质净化服务时空变化的生态补偿机制研究（英文）

官厅水库(GR)是北京及其周边地区最重要的水源地之一,曾因水质污染严重而被迫退出北京市饮用水供应系统,经过全面治理后于2007年恢复成为北京市备用水源地。为了从整体上定量分析官厅水库流域生态系统的产水和水质净化服务,基于In VEST模型,选择官厅水库退出北京市饮用水供应系统和恢复成为北京市备用水源地为时间节点,定量评估1995—2010年官厅水库流域生态系统的产水量和TN、TP输出量,分析其产水服务和水质净化服务的时空变化。结果表明:1995年至2010年,官厅水库的产水服务服务先减弱后增强,整体呈现减弱趋势,流域产水量从1995年的1.89×109 m3降至2010年的1.43×109 m3,产水服务减弱24.0%,水质净化服务表现为先减弱后增强,但整体呈增强趋势。TN产量从1995年的4028.7吨下降到2010年的3611.4吨,TP从1995年的379.7吨下降到2010年的354.0吨。TN和TP净化服务分别增加了10.4%和6.8%。研究显示,气候和土地利用的变化是导致官厅水库水利服务变化的主要因素,不同时期的水资源保护政策导向也与水质净化服务变化趋势相吻合。一方面,以上研究成果可以为确定官厅水库流域生态补偿的关键领域奠定基础,另一方面,通过设定退耕还林还草和生态保护的目标情景,在这个目标情景作为生态补偿标准的基础上,可以获得生态系统服务价值的增量。这种方法直接反映了自生态环境得到保护以来新增的生态系统服务价值,这与土地利用/覆盖类型视角下,基于区域生态系统服务价值的生态补偿标准相比,更具说服力和可行性,并且为官厅水库流域及其他地区的生态补偿提供了新的途径。     

北京市水源涵养服务空间格局动态分析（英文）

水资源短缺是制约北京市经济社会可持续发展的关键因素。本研究基于水量平衡方程从市域、主体功能区、重点区县的多个尺度分析北京市水源涵养服务的时空格局,明确北京市不同土地覆被类型的水源涵养量差异,探究水源涵养量时空格局差异的原因。结果表明:(1)与2005年相比,2010年北京市水源涵养量明显增加,但是总体上水源涵养能力较低;(2)北京市各土地覆被类型中,湿地、林地、草地、耕地、裸地、人工表面的平均水源涵养能力依次降低;(3)北京市各主体功能区的平均水源涵养量差异较大,只有生态涵养发展区的平均水源涵养量为正值;(4)北京市生态涵养发展区内各区县的水源涵养功能也存在明显差异,密云区、怀柔区、平谷区的森林水源涵养贡献率最高。北京市水源涵养的时空格局变化是地表覆被和气象条件变化综合影响的结果。本研究对于实现北京市水资源的可持续利用具有重要的借鉴意义。     

2000–2050年东北三省土地利用时空格局变化过程模拟及其生态服务影响研究（英文）

Land use and its dynamics have attracted considerable scientific attention for their significant ecological and socioeconomic implications.Many studies have investigated the past changes in land use,but efforts exploring the potential changes in land use and implications under future scenarios are still lacking.Here we simulate the future land use changes and their impacts on ecosystem services in Northeast China(NEC) over the period of 2000–2050 using the CLUE–S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model under the scenarios of ecological security(ESS),food security(FSS) and comprehensive development(CDS).The model was validated against remote sensing data in 2005.Overall,the accuracy of the CLUE–S model was evaluated at 82.5%.Obtained results show that future cropland changes mainly occur in the Songnen Plain and the Liaohe Plain,forest and grassland changes are concentrated in the southern Lesser Khingan Mountains and the western Changbai Mountains,while the Sanjiang Plain will witness major changes of the wetlands.Our results also show that even though CDS is defined based on the goals of the regional development plan,the ecological service value(ESV) under CDS is RMB 2656.18 billion in 2050.The ESV of CDS is lower compared with the other scenarios.Thus,CDS is not an optimum scenario for eco-environmental protection,especially for the wetlands,which should be given higher priority for future development.The issue of coordination is also critical in future development.The results can help to assist structural adjustments for agriculture and to guide policy interventions in NEC.     

中国航空运输的时空格局演变与发展预测（英文）

This paper analyses the features and dynamic changes of the spatial layout of air transportation utilization among different provinces in China. It makes use of data for the airport throughput and socio-economic development of every province throughout the country in the years 2006 and 2015, and employs airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per unit of GDP as measures of regional air transportation utilization, which is significant for refining indicators of regional air transportation scale and comparing against them. It also analyzes the spatial differences of coupling between the regional air transportation utilization indicators and the key influencing factors on regional air transportation demand and utilization, which include per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Based on these key influencing factors, it establishes a multiple linear regression model to conduct forecasting of each province's future airport passenger and cargo throughput as well as throughput growth rates. The findings of the study are as follows:(1) Between 2006 and 2015, every province throughout the country showed a trend of year on year growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita. Throughput per capita grew fastest in Hebei, with a rise of 780%, and slowest in Beijing, with a rise of 38%. Throughput per capita was relatively high in western and southeastern coastal regions, and relatively low in northern and central regions. Airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP showed growth in provinces with relatively slow economic development, and showed negative growth in provinces with relatively rapid economic development. Throughput per unit of GDP grew fastest in Hebei, rising 265% between 2006 and 2015, and Hunan had the fastest negative growth, with a fall of 44% in the same period. Southwestern regions had relatively high throughput per unit of GDP, while in central, northern, and northeastern regions it was relatively low.(2) Strong correlation exists between airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Throughput per capita has positive correlation with per capita GDP and urbanization rate in all regions, and positive correlation with population density in most regions. Meanwhile, there is weak correlation between airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density, with positive correlation in some regions and negative correlation in others.(3) Between 2015 and 2025, it is estimated that all provinces experience a trend of rapid growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput. Inner Mongolia and Hebei will see the fastest growth, rising221% and 155%, respectively, while Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei will see the slowest growth, with increases of 62%, 63%, and 65%, respectively.     

内蒙古草地生态系统碳源/汇时空格局及其与气候因子的关系（英文）

Global climate change has become a major concern worldwide. The spatio-temporal characteristics of net ecosystem productivity(NEP), which represents carbon sequestration capacity and directly describes the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carbon sources/sinks(C sources/sinks), are crucial for increasing C sinks and reducing C sources. In this study, field sampling data, remote sensing data, and ground meteorological observation data were used to estimate the net primary productivity(NPP) in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem(IMGE) from 2001 to 2012 using a light use efficiency model. The spatio-temporal distribution of the NEP in the IMGE was then determined by estimating the NPP and soil respiration from 2001 to 2012. This research also investigated the response of the NPP and NEP to the main climatic variables at the spatial and temporal scales from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that most of the grassland area in Inner Mongolia has functioned as a C sink since 2001 and that the annual carbon sequestration rate amounts to 0.046 Pg C/a. The total net C sink of the IMGE over the 12-year research period reached 0.557 Pg C. The carbon sink area accounted for 60.28% of the total grassland area and the sequestered 0.692 Pg C, whereas the C source area accounted for 39.72% of the total grassland area and released 0.135 Pg C. The NPP and NEP of the IMGE were more significantly correlated with precipitation than with temperature, showing great potential for C sequestration.     

京津冀干旱时空演变规律分析（英文）

Spatio-temporal patterns of drought from 1961 to 2013 over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region of China were analyzed using the Palmer Drought Severity index(PDSI) based on 21 meteorological stations. Overall, changes in the mean-state of drought detected in recent decades were due to decreases in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The Empirical Orthogonal Functions(EOF) method was used to decompose drought into spatio-temporal patterns, and the first two EOF modes were analyzed. According to the first leading EOF mode(48.5%), the temporal variability(Principal Components, PC1) was highly positively correlated with annual series of PDSI(r=+0.99). The variance decomposition method was further applied to explain the inter-decadal temporal and spatial variations of drought relative to the total variation. We find that 90% of total variance was explained by time variance, and both total and time variance dramatically decreased from 1982 to 2013. The total variance was consistent with extreme climate events at the inter-decadal scale(r=0.71, p0.01). Comparing the influence of climate change on the annual drought in two different long-term periods characterized by dramatic global warming(P1: 1961–1989 and P2: 1990–2013), we find that temperature sensitivity in the P2 was three times more than that in the P1.     

20世纪90年代以来世界能源安全时空格局演化过程（英文）

In this study, we developed an energy security evaluation model(ESEM) from three dimensions, energy supply-transport security, safety of energy utilization, and stability of political-socioeconomic environment, based on the integrated application of subjective and objective weight allocation technique. Then the spatial-temporal evolution of global energy security pattern and its driving mechanism was analyzed with the method above, and the results are shown as follows:(1) since the 1990 s, the spatial patterns of global energy security have shown a deteriorating trend, with the growth of countries in at-risk type and relatively at-risk type.(2) The spatial distribution of countries with secure energy system shows a strong stability, and these countries are concentrated persistently in Western Europe and North America. The spatial evolution of countries with relatively secure energy system also presents a strong stability, which are mainly distributed in the periphery of the secure ones, namely Central and Southern Europe, South America and Eurasia, while countries with general energy system are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Southern Europe, and the spatial-temporal evolution of this type is the main cause for the deterioration of world energy security pattern. Countries with at-risk and relatively at-risk energy system are mainly concentrated in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eurasia, rendering spatial extension to the east and south.(3) In the past 20 years, the mechanism for world's energy security pattern formation gradually transforms from the ‘unitary dimension dominated' to the ‘binary dimension-dominated', and the main factors influencing the global energy security pattern become more diverse.(4) In the pattern of world's energy security, China's performance on energy security has been the global average since the 1990 s, which shows a decreasing trend in safety of energy utilization dimension. Findings in this study can provide a reference for the government in terms of formulating strategic responses and policy options.     

皖江示范区生态资产格局时空变化与驱动因素（英文）

随着社会经济的快速发展,人们对自然资源和生态环境的认识越来越深刻,生态资产价值评估已成为人们关注的焦点。研究采用遥感影像解译的土地利用数据,对1990-2013年皖江示范区46个地区的生态资产进行了测算,并分析其生态资产的分布、组成、变化模式及其驱动因素。结果表明:1)皖江示范区生态资产分布非常不平衡,中部比其他地区生态资产高,且在1990-2013年期间先下降再升高;2)生态资产总量增长了3.05%,总体变化不大,退化和增加的面积比例较小;3)草地和水域的生态资产分别下降11.19%和0.66%,尤其是耕地下降了15.54%,但是林地增加了6.42%;4)在生态资产的变化格局中,合肥的人均资产减少幅度最大;5)影响皖江示范区生态资产时空变化的因素包括自然因素和人为因素,其中景观格局、人口和气候因素是生态资产格局时空变化的主要动力因素。     

基于模型的中国东北地区土地利用时空格局变化研究（英文）

Spatially explicit modeling techniques recently emerged as an alternative to monitor land use changes. This study adopted the well-known CLUE-S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model to analyze the spatio-temporal land use changes in a hot-spot in Northeast China(NEC). In total,13 driving factors were selected to statistically analyze the spatial relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors and individual land use types. These relationships were then used to simulate land use dynamic changes during 1980–2010 at a 1 km spatial resolution,and to capture the overall land use change patterns. The obtained results indicate that increases in cropland area in NEC were mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain during 1980–2000,with a small reduction between 2000 and 2010. An opposite pattern was identified for changes in forest areas. Forest decreases were mainly distributed in the Khingan Mountains and the Changbai Mountains between 1980 and 2000,with a slight increase during 2000–2010. The urban areas have expanded to occupy surrounding croplands and grasslands,particularly after the year 2000. More attention is needed on the newly gained croplands,which have largely replaced wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain over the last decade. Land use change patterns identified here should be considered in future policy making so as to strengthen local eco-environmental security.     

湿地修复后大型底栖动物功能群的时空格局及其影响因素分析（英文）

大型底栖动物功能群的时空格局对湿地修复工程的响应方式及影响因素是湿地修复领域研究的一个热点问题。与传统的单一物种分类方式相比较,功能群的研究方式能更加全面地反映湿地的演化状态及格局分异。研究在2017年的4月、7月、10月和2018年的1月采集了大型底栖动物、土壤及植物样本,在底栖生物功能群划分的基础上,采用逐步回归方法分析了功能群的时空格局变化其影响因素。结果表明,根据运动方式、取食习性和食物收集方式等性状,研究区域的底栖动物可以被分成11种有效功能群。半运动悬浮物食者（FDX）、半运动表面碎屑食者（SDX）、运动以颚肉食者（CMJ）是一年中观察到的三种主要功能群。回归分析表明,土壤粒径、水分含量、植物高度是多数功能群的共同影响因素。其中半运动悬浮物食者（FDX）功能群的主要影响因素是土壤粒径（P=0.002）;夏季半运动表面碎屑食者（SDX）功能群的主要影响因素是水分含量（P=0.004）、植物覆盖度（P=0.008）、土壤粒径（P=0.032）;秋冬季节运动以颚肉食者（CMJ）功能群的主要影响因素是土壤盐度（P=0.040）、植物高度（P=0.011）。本研究对理解生态修复工程后...     

京津冀地区1985–2000期间林地变化的时空格局及其影响因素（英文）

林地是维护生态安全,实现区域可持续发展的根本基础资源。林地变化可能导致一些生态环境问题,包括土壤侵蚀,水资源短缺,干旱加剧以及生物多样性的丧失。本文以景观生态学和逻辑回归模型为基础,探讨了京津冀地区1985-2000期间林地变化的时空格局及其影响因素。格局分析结果表明,林地景观破碎化正在下降和林地形状变得越来越规则。通过建立Logistic回归模型,这项研究旨在探讨这一区域1985-2000期间林地变化的重要变量。对于京津冀地区1985-2000期间林地变化而言,土壤有机质含量,坡度(5°),到最近村庄的距离以及人均国内生产总值是最重要的解释变量。研究表明,空间异质性会影响到林地变化的逻辑回归模型的可预测性。     

基于多模型和多数据源的青藏高原春季物候时空格局分析（英文）

In this study,we have used four methods to investigate the start of the growing season(SGS) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) from 1982 to 2012,using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data obtained from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMSS,1982-2006) and SPOT VEGETATION(SPOT-VGT,1999-2012).SGS values estimated using the four methods show similar spatial patterns along latitudinal or altitudinal gradients,but with significant variations in the SGS dates.The largest discrepancies are mainly found in the regions with the highest or the lowest vegetation coverage.Between 1982 and 1998,the SGS values derived from the four methods all display an advancing trend,however,according to the more recent SPOT VGT data(1999-2012),there is no continuously advancing trend of SGS on the TP.Analysis of the correlation between the SGS values derived from GIMMS and SPOT between 1999 and 2006 demonstrates consistency in the tendency with regard both to the data sources and to the four analysis methods used.Compared with other methods,the greatest consistency between the in situ data and the SGS values retrieved is obtained with Method 3(Threshold of NDVI ratio).To avoid error,in a vast region with diverse vegetation types and physical environments,it is critical to know the seasonal change characteristics of the different vegetation types,particularly in areas with sparse grassland or evergreen forest.     

过去40年中国城市扩展及其时空差异分析（英文）

The urban expansion process in China from the 1970 s to 2013 was retrieved based on remote sensing and GIS technology. With the latest zoning method used as reference, annual expansion area per city, urban expansion type, and fractal dimension index were employed to analyze the Chinese urban expansion characteristics and its spatial difference from the aspects of urban expansion process, influence of urban expansion on land use, and urban spatial morphological evolutions. Results indicate that 1) under the powerful guidance of policies, urban expansion in China went through six different stages, and cities in the eastern region entered the rapid expansion period the earliest, followed by cities in the central, northeastern and western regions; 2) cultivated lands and rural settlements and industrial traffic lands were the important land sources for urban expansion in China; the influence of urban expansion on land use in the eastern region was the strongest, followed by the central, northeastern and western regions; 3) urban spatial morphology tended to be complex and was directly related to the adopted spatial expansion mode. Infilling expansion became the main urban expansion mode in the western region first, then in the central and northeastern regions, and finally in the eastern region. This study establishes the foundation for an in-depth recognition of urban expansion in China and optimization of future urban planning.