宁夏春季沙尘暴气候趋势及成因分析

对20世纪60年代以来宁夏春季沙尘暴变化趋势进行分析，结果表明：沙尘暴具有明显的年代际变化特征，80年代中期宁夏春季沙尘暴发生突变，在此之前为沙尘暴高发期，其后沙尘暴日数明显减少。为探究形成这一变化趋势原因，从形成沙尘暴的动力因子入手，对大气环流、海温、大风日数、平均气温等的长期变化趋势进行分析，发现北半球极涡强度指数、极涡面积指数、亚洲西风环流指数、Nino3区海温及宁夏春季大风日数、冬季平均气温、冬春季平均气温温差与沙尘暴存在较为一致的年代际变化特征，即决定冷空气活动频次的诸因子在80年代中期也发生了突变。由此可见，在同一生态背景下，冷空气活动次数对形成春季沙尘暴的变化趋势起着至关重要的作用。     

中国北方年沙尘暴日数的气候特征及对春季高原地面感热的响应

选用中国185个常规气象观测站,从建站～2000年历年沙尘暴日数资料,分析了近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的气候特征及其对青藏高原地面感热异常的响应。结果表明：虽然单个沙尘暴过程具有一定的区域特征,但年沙尘暴日数具有较好的空间一致性,在空间上有5个自然尘源区,即河西走廊、南疆盆地南缘、阿拉善高原、鄂尔多斯高原和浑善达克沙地等沙尘暴高发区。比较近50年来中国沙尘暴日数的年代际变化,总体趋势在减少,20世纪90年代是近5个年代中最少的。但20世纪末至21世纪初,中国沙尘暴日数有明显的回升趋势。进一步研究表明,中国沙尘暴与春季青藏高原地面感热关系密切,当春季青藏高原地面感热呈EOF1模态时,当年中国北方沙尘暴日数明显较常年偏多。     

2006年春季南北疆沙尘暴的气候预测

利用1961～2005年北疆9个气象站和南疆15个气象站逐日沙尘暴日数、平均气温、气温日较差、平均地面温度、地气温差、平均风速、降水量、平均相对湿度,计算得到北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴日数和前期气候要素,通过相关分析得到北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴的气候影响因子。利用前期气候影响因子分别建立了北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴日数气候预测方程6个。预计2006年春季,北疆沙尘暴日数1.4～2d,南疆沙尘暴日数7d,它们虽比历年平均值偏低,但高于近15a的平均值。     

南疆西部沙尘天气长期变化及突变特征分析

利用南疆西部15个国家气象站1961—2019年逐日沙尘天气资料，采用气候倾向率和统计检验等方法对南疆西部沙尘天气的时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明：春季为南疆西部沙尘暴及浮尘天气出现最多的季节、扬沙天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的49%、38%、43%；夏季为扬沙天气出现最多的季节、是沙尘暴、浮尘天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的35%、43%、35%；冬季为低频季节，发生占比分别为7%、6%、14%。南疆西部沙尘天气呈东多西少特征，山区沙尘天气日数明显少于平原，浮尘天气平原地区分布均匀，沙尘暴、扬沙平原东部和南部区域多于平原腹地。沙尘天气日数年际变化振幅较大，沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘日数整体呈明显减少趋势。浮尘年际变化周期显著，其次为扬沙与沙尘暴，1984和1977年为沙尘暴、浮尘统计定义上的突变年份，扬沙存在2个突变点，分别为1982和1992年。沙尘暴和扬沙的主导风向为偏西北风，浮尘主导风向为偏东北风，主导风向与地形影响关联密切。     

呼和浩特地区40a沙尘天气时空分布规律及演变趋势

文章利用呼和浩特地区1971—2010年扬沙、沙尘暴资料,采用线性倾向估计、多项式拟合、经验正交函数分解、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验、Yamamoto法等分析了1971—2010年呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数的时空分布特征及演变规律。结果表明：⑴呼和浩特各地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数空间分布具有高度的一致性,由西到东呈现出高—低分布特点。⑵春季（3—5月）是扬沙、沙尘暴天气现象最频发季节,不频发时段是秋季（9—10月）,沙尘暴的季节分布基本上是春多秋少。⑶从年际分布特征来讲,扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈现显著地下降趋势,但在总体下降的同时到21世纪初期又有所上升。⑷扬沙日数序列研究时段内显著存在着5~8a周期振荡;沙尘暴日数序列的周期特征不明显。⑸通过突变检测得知：沙尘天气在20世纪70年代末、80年代初开始突变减少,之后整体呈现波动减少的趋势。⑹20世纪70年代呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴发生最多,80年代沙尘天气在逐步减少,90年代达最少,到了21世纪前10年扬沙、沙尘暴发生日数均较20世纪90年代有所增多。     

京津冀后冬极端低温与北极涛动相关性年代际减弱

基于京津冀冬季逐日平均气温资料,分析了冬季及各月京津冀极端低温日数与北极涛动(AO)的关系,以及后冬二者相关性年代际变化的大气环流异常.结果表明:20世纪80年代后期开始京津冀冬季极端低温日数呈减少的趋势.冬季极端低温日数与同期AO指数相关性存在显著年代际变化,20世纪80年代后期开始迅速减弱,21世纪00年代初开始前...     

蒙古气旋的气候特征及变化研究

基于1979-2001年ECMWF海平面气压(SLP)再分析资料,采用改进的气旋客观识别与追踪算法,计算分析了蒙古气旋的频数及强度,结果表明,蒙古气旋活动存在明显的季节、年际和年代际变化。1979-2001年,蒙古气旋频数减少,强度减弱。20世纪80年代中期,蒙古气旋活动最强,80年代末开始到90年代,蒙古气旋日数明显下降。此外,春季蒙古气旋出现的频数最高,冬季出现的频数最低。从80到90年代,春、夏、秋、冬四季蒙古气旋活动呈一致的波动减少趋势,其中春季变化与全年最为一致。蒙古气旋活动的年际差异也十分明显,蒙古气旋活动偏多年和偏少年对流层低层温度场距平分布存在明显差异,说明大气环流是影响气旋活动的一个重要因素。     

蒙古气旋的气候特征及变化研究

基于1979～2001年ECMWF海平面气压(SLP)再分析资料,采用改进的气旋客观识别与追踪算法,计算分析了蒙古气旋的频数及强度,结果表明,蒙古气旋活动存在明显的季节、年际和年代际变化.1979～2001年,蒙古气旋频数减少,强度减弱.20世纪80年代中期,蒙古气旋活动最强,80年代末开始到90年代,蒙古气旋日数明显下降.此外,春季蒙古气旋出现的频数最高,冬季出现的频数最低.从80到90年代,春、夏、秋、冬四季蒙古气旋活动呈一致的波动减少趋势,其中春季变化与全年最为一致.蒙古气旋活动的年际差异也十分明显,蒙古气旋活动偏多年和偏少年对流层低层温度场距平分布存在明显差异,说明大气环流是影响气旋活动的一个重要因素.     

我国西北地区春季旱涝气候特征研究

利用西北地区160个台站1950～2000年春季降水量资料,讨论了西北5个区域的旱涝气候特征,发现西北东部和北疆山前地带降水气候变化最为激烈,旱涝事件频繁.整个西北地区春季干旱虽较雨涝多见,但严重雨涝的发生多于严重干旱,且严重旱涝的发生自20世纪80年代以来有增加的趋势.西北各区的旱涝演变具有阶段性和群发性的特点,存在年代际的变化周期和5～6年的准周期振荡.西北东部春季严重雨涝和严重干旱发生时,中高纬度大尺度环流及副热带大气环流特征迥然不同,且分别对赤道中东太平洋海温和北太平洋西风漂流区海温异常表现出遥响应的关系.     

新疆年降水量的时空变化特征

根据新疆1961—2005年88个气象站点的年降水量资料,采用气候趋势系数、Kendall-τ检验、REOF/RPCA、Morlet小波分析以及交叉谱分析等方法,分析了新疆年降水量的变化趋势,并对年降水量场进行客观分区。新疆年降水量场可划分为6个子区域:北疆西部及北疆沿天山型、中天山及吐鲁番盆地型、南疆西部型、北疆北部及东天山型、塔里木盆地型、南疆东南部型。在此基础上,研究了新疆年降水量变化的区域特征和年代际、年际变化的多时间尺度的周期特征,并分析了各子气候区平均年降水量变化之间的相关关系。结果表明,新疆大部分区域最干旱时段在1960—1970年代。1980年代以来,除沙漠盆地外,新疆年降水不同程度地呈现出显著增加趋势。新疆各子气候区平均年降水量的年代际或年际周期变化并非均相同,而且具有显著的6年准耦合振荡。北疆西部沿天山与中天山在多个频域段上具有显著的耦合振荡,其次是与北疆北部及东天山也具有较好的耦合振荡,与南疆西部具有显著的5,6年的反位相耦合振荡,与塔里木盆地仅在6年周期中具有显著的反位相耦合关系。除6年的耦合振荡外,新疆年降水量自然气候分区的异常变化大多从北向南,从西向东依次出现。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.