地震剖面线条化的一种简单算法

地震剖面线条化是应用模式识别方法自动追踪剖面中的同相轴, 并自动绘制线条图.首先探测地震道中的周波, 并描述周波属性, 然后根据相邻三道周波相关的目标函数最小原则追踪同相轴, 描述同相轴属性, 并记录同相轴属性表.根据同相轴属性表, 可对地震剖面进行基于同相轴属性的统计分析和滤波以及定量解释.本文对现有的地震剖面线条化方法进行了改进简化, 实现地震剖面同相轴快速自动追踪和自动绘制线条图.合成数据和实际数据试验表明该方法计算简单、快速、有效.      

确定河流纵向离散系数的快速SA法

将模拟退火算法应用求解分析河流水团示踪试验数据,确定河流纵向离散系数的函数优化问题.针对一般模拟退火算法收敛性能差的缺陷,采取了改变模型扰动、接受概率、降温方式以及增加附加约束条件和增加记忆功能等综合措施对算法进行了改进.实例分析结果表明,改进后的模拟退火算法确定河流纵向离散系数的优化问题不仅可行,而且求解精度较高,更重要的是收敛速度比其它算法快的多,这在一些高维复杂的优化问题中很值得推广.     

用遗传算法优化估计Van Genuchten方程参数

描述土壤水分特征曲线的Van Genuchten方程是一个非线性复杂方程,采用传统的方法对方程参数进行估计往往因为计算复杂和人为因素的影响,而使估计结果带有较大的误差。遗传算法是当前处理一般非线性数学模型优化的一种新的优秀方法。为此,采用实数编码多子种群遗传算法对方程的参数进行优化估计。算例结果表明用遗传算法优化估计Van Genuchten方程参数具有求解速度快、计算精度和自动化程度高、人为干扰因素小、通用性强等优点。因此,遗传算法可作为计算Van Genuchten方程参数的一种新方法。     

磁测圈定坦桑尼亚辛阳嘎某地与金矿有关的含铁建造

地面磁测和航空磁测两种资料联合,较好地圈定了坦桑尼亚境外项目某探矿权内,以负磁异常为主要的与金矿有关的含铁建造。地磁异常比航磁异常反映的异常形态、范围、细节更清晰。     

A Simple Genetic Algorithm for Calibration of Stochastic Rock Discontinuity Networks

We present a novel approach for calibration of stochastic discontinuity network parameters based on genetic algorithms (GAs). To validate the approach, examples of application of the method to cases with known parameters of the original Poisson discontinuity network are presented. Parameters of the model are encoded as chromosomes using a binary representation, and such chromosomes evolve as successive generations of a randomly generated initial population, subjected to GA operations of selection, crossover and mutation. Such back-calculated parameters are employed to make assessments about the inference capabilities of the model using different objective functions with different probabilities of crossover and mutation. Results show that the predictive capabilities of GAs significantly depend on the type of objective function considered; and they also show that the calibration capabilities of the genetic algorithm can be acceptable for practical engineering applications, since in most cases they can be expected to provide parameter estimates with relatively small errors for those parameters of the network (such as intensity and mean size of discontinuities) that have the strongest influence on many engineering applications.     

裂缝等效介质模型对裂缝结构和充填介质参数的适应性

基于裂缝各向异性等效介质模型：定量分析了纵横波速度、弹性刚度张量随裂缝密度、裂缝孔隙纵横比及孔隙充填流体性质的变化规律;考察了Hudson模型、Pade近似和Liu含裂缝介质模型的适用条件和精度;重点分析了裂缝孔隙的结构参数、孔隙度大小及充填流体性质对弹性模量和纵横波速度的影响。基于Hudson模型的Pade近似,明确了它对高裂缝密度和大纵横比的适应性。Hudson模型、Pade近似和Liu含裂缝介质模型的响应模拟表明：在裂缝密度小于0.1时,Liu模型和Hudson二阶近似的响应基本一致,Liu模型和Pade近似均适用于裂缝密度小于等于0.2的裂缝介质;裂缝密度大于0.2时,前者适应性更好些。另外,纵横比对饱水裂缝介质标准化刚度模量的影响较干裂缝介质的影响大。     

Understanding Perturbation on the Simplex: A Simple Method to Better Visualize and Interpret Compositional Data in Ternary Diagrams

Perturbation is an operation defined on the simplex and can be used for centering compositional data in a ternary diagram, applying objective criteria. Because a straight line in the original diagram is still astraight line in the perturbed diagram, gridlines or compositional fields defined by straight lines can easily be included in the operation. Simultaneous perturbation of data, gridlines, and/or compositional fields is shown to improve both visualization and graphical interpretation of compositions in ternary diagrams. This is illustrated by some examples using simulated as well as real data.     

硅质碎屑岩中的微生物席相关构造——联接现代与过去的纽带

微生物通过自身生命活动可以在硅质碎屑物上形成微生物席.微生物席具有黏结性、柔韧性、抗剥蚀性等特征,与物理营力相互作用可以形成一系列独特的原生沉积构造,即微生物诱发的沉积构造(MISS).形成和保存MISS的基本条件包括经历较低的变质程度、发育于海退—海侵的转折点、出现在有利的“微生物席沉积相”中.微生物席本身很难保存在岩石序列中,所以识别石化MISS具有一定难度.与现代环境中发育的MISS具有相似的几何形态和包含古代微生物席组构是识别石化MISS的有效途径.微生物生长、稳化、障积、捕获和黏结作用可以形成形态各异的MISS,根据这些作用和特征可以将其划分为5大类17小类.对保存在硅质碎屑岩中的微生物诱发的原生沉积构造和现代潮坪中发育的MISS进行综合对比研究,有利于微生物席沉积学的发展,也为进一步理解古代硅质碎屑岩沉积环境提供重要线索.     

冻土钻孔内温度分布的相关参数研究

介绍了冻土钻孔内温度分布研究的理论基础,其中主要讨论了冲洗介质的质量流量、钻杆杆壁的导热系数、岩石同冲洗介质的热交换强度系数与不稳定热交换系数,以及孔底冲洗介质温度升高值的确定.结合实例分析了边界条件常数、钻杆导热系数与钻杆内和环状间隙中的传热系数对孔内温度分布的影响.孔底温度的上升主要与冲洗介质的质量流量、其初始温度及热容量、孔底碎岩消耗的功率以及钻头结构与物性有关.     

单纯形调优技术在XRFA法中的应用

XRFA法在元素定性、定量分析中,当谱带严重重叠或干扰元素含量远大于待测元素含量时,可采取多种方法消除干扰。本文采用单纯形调优法分离技术测量未知元素的含量,结果较为满意。     

东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造

悉尼盆地位于澳大利亚东部,Lachlan褶皱带和New England褶皱带之间。悉尼盆地从晚石炭世末到中三叠世经历了弧后扩张到前陆盆地的不同阶段:弧后扩张阶段(石炭纪)、被动热沉降阶段(早、中二叠世Berry组)和挤压挠曲负载阶段(中二叠世Broughton组—三叠纪)。此时位于悉尼盆地东侧的New England褶皱带为岛弧背景。因此,二叠纪处于弧后盆地的南悉尼盆地受弧后扩张和东侧弧前海沟俯冲的影响地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震有关的震积岩,形成多种类型的与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造。南悉尼盆地二叠系的软沉积物变形包括地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层、滑塌构造、角砾岩化等。其中地裂缝、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂和褶皱;枕状层是地震颤动引起的砂层脱水、下沉形成的;液化脉、沙火山为液化的砂层穿入地震形成的裂隙形成的;负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;滑塌构造和角砾岩化是地震引起的重力滑塌或泥石流形成的。地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层相当于原地震积岩,而滑塌构造和角砾岩化属于异地震积岩。     

变异系数用于标本磁参数统计工作的研究

过去,人们对岩(矿)石磁参数测定工作不够重视,多数磁测工作是按照相应的工作规范只是测一测岩(矿)石磁参数.甚至有不少磁测工作不对工区内的岩(矿)石标本做磁参数测定工作,或只做少量的测定工作.而这些为数不多的磁参数测定工作也只是作磁化率和剩余磁化强度的平均数(众数)统计,没有对标本磁参数离散程度进行深入的统计研究.尽管利用变异系数表征磁参数的相对离散程度是很早就被人们认识到的.但是,目前就是在极少数关注磁参数离散程度的研究者中,也多引用标准离差,而不是变异系数.笔者对岩(矿)石标本磁参数的变异系数作了浅显的研究,并认为研究岩石磁性强度的自身不均匀性和相互之间的不均匀性对比,变异系数应当是一个不错的参数.     

A Simple Algorithm for Sequentially Incorporating Gravity Observations in Seismic Traveltime Tomography

The geologic structure of the Earth's upper crust can be revealed by modeling variation in seismic arrival times and in potential field measurements. We demonstrate a simple method for sequentially satisfying seismic traveltime and observed gravity residuals in an iterative 3-D inversion. The algorithm is portable to any seismic analysis method that uses a gridded representation of velocity structure. Our technique calculates the gravity anomaly resulting from a velocity model by converting to density with Gardner's rule. The residual between calculated and observed gravity is minimized by weighted adjustments to the model velocity-depth gradient where the gradient is steepest and where seismic coverage is least. The adjustments are scaled by the sign and magnitude of the gravity residuals, and a smoothing step is performed to minimize vertical streaking. The adjusted model is then used as a starting model in the next seismic traveltime iteration. The process is repeated until one velocity model can simultaneously satisfy both the gravity anomaly and seismic traveltime observations within acceptable misfits. We test our algorithm with data gathered in the Puget Lowland of Washington state, USA (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound [SHIPS] experiment). We perform resolution tests with synthetic traveltime and gravity observations calculated with a checkerboard velocity model using the SHIPS experiment geometry, and show that the addition of gravity significantly enhances resolution. We calculate a new velocity model for the region using SHIPS traveltimes and observed gravity, and show examples where correlation between surface geology and modeled subsurface velocity structure is enhanced.     

Optimization of Supporting Structures and Parameters of Tunnels in Soft Phyllite

The study investigated the extra-long Shuangxiling tunnel in soft phyllite within Nanchang–Ningdu highway in Jiangxi province, China. The supporting scheme of reducing the size and density of anchor rods while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support was put forward aiming at the repeated occurrence of great deformation of surrounding rocks during tunneling. Moreover, two groups of comparative supporting schemes were introduced for comparison. Based on the numerical simulation, the study calculated the amount of displacement deformation, stress on anchor rods, development of plastic zones, stress on shotcrete, and stress on secondary lining structure under different supporting schemes. By conducting field monitoring test, the surrounding rock deformations and pressures under different supporting schemes were monitored and measured in real time. The research results showed that after strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support, the surrounding rock pressure on the supporting structure increased. It limited the preliminary stress release rate of surrounding rocks, protected the integrity of surrounding rocks and controlled the sustained deformation of surrounding rocks. However, weakening the size and density of anchor rods had an insignificant effect on the whole supporting effect. The result of field test was basically consistent with that obtained through numerical simulation, which theoretically and practically verified the scientificity and feasibility of the supporting scheme of weakening the size and density of anchor rod while strengthening the stiffness and strength of preliminary support. The research result provides references for the support optimization of similar tunnels along the highway.     

基于遗传算法的土性参数估计

在土工问题的研究和分析中，土性参数的合理估计非常重要，根据工程中实测值反演土性参数不失为一种有效会计参数的新思路，文章采用遗传算法并结合Biot固结有限元数值法对一假设路堤的双层地基的一些主要土性参数进行反演，结果显示误差很小，收敛速度也很快，说明遗传算法这种新型的优化算法在土性参数优化估计中具有精度高、反演快的优越性，克服了传统优化方法一些缺点，因此值得在岩土工程领域参数优化中推广。     

山东省灵山岛下白垩统浊积岩中与滑塌作用相关的软沉积物变形构造

灵山岛上出露的软沉积物变形构造其成因具有多样性,而灯塔剖面底部滑塌层内的变形构造的触发因素尚不明确.结合野外观察和极射赤平投影方法,研究了滑塌层和内部变形构造的形成过程、触发机制和地质意义,结果表明:灯塔剖面主要由浊积岩沉积序列组成.滑塌层夹在未变形层之间,由地震触发形成,内部发育4个滑脱面,将滑塌层划分为5个变形单元,缩短率和变形程度各不相同.软沉积物变形构造主要为褶皱,形态特征表现为砂岩厚度在枢纽部位大大增加,也可见一些砂岩增厚和减薄现象,两者均是液化的砂岩在驱动力作用下的结果.滑塌过程中,滑塌层中的砂泥岩与海底沉积物之间的孔隙流体自由交换被切断,产生了暂时性的超压,导致了液化的发生.褶皱的轴线延伸方向为SSW-NNE,轴面倾斜方向主要为SEE(120°),指示古水流主要来自SEE方向,与浊积岩内底痕指示的古水流方向一致,说明斜坡沉积系统上发育的滑塌褶皱能够指示古水流方向.      

Diagenetic Alteration of Magnetic Signals by Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane Related to a Change in Sedimentation Rate

Geochemical and rock magnetic investigations of sediments from three sites on the continental margin off Argentina and Uruguay were carried out to study diagenetic alteration of iron minerals driven by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). The western Argentine Basin represents a suitable sedimentary environment to study nonsteady-state processes because it is characterized by highly dynamic depositional conditions. Mineralogic and bulk solid phase data document that the sediment mainly consists of terrigenous material with high contents of iron minerals. As a typical feature of these deposits, distinct minima in magnetic susceptibility (κ) are observed. Pore water data reveal that these minima in susceptibility coincide with the current depth of the sulfate/methane transition (SMT) where HS⁻ is generated by the process of AOM. The released HS⁻ reacts with the abundant iron (oxyhydr)oxides resulting in the precipitation of iron sulfides accompanied by a nearly complete loss of magnetic susceptibility. Modeling of geochemical data suggest that the magnetic record in this area is highly influenced by a drastic change in mean sedimentation rate (SR) which occurred during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. We assume that the strong decrease in mean SR encountered during this glacial/interglacial transition induced a fixation of the SMT at a specific depth. The stagnation has obviously enhanced diagenetic dissolution of iron (oxyhydr)oxides within a distinct sediment interval. This assumption was further substantiated by numerical modeling in which the mean SR was decreased from 100 cm kyr⁻¹ during glacial times to 5 cm kyr⁻¹ in the Holocene and the methane flux from below was fixed to a constant value. To obtain the observed geochemical and magnetic patterns, the SMT must remain at a fixed position for ∼9000 yrs. This calculated value closely correlates to the timing of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. The results of the model show additionally that a constant high mean SR would cause a concave-up profile of pore water sulfate under steady state conditions.     

基于遍历搜索算法的水文地质参数优化求解

为了解决传统的Theis配线法在求参过程中无法利用全部抽水试验数据、手动配线效率较低、求参过程受人为主观因素影响较大等问题,利用抽水试验数据,以Theis公式和叠加原理为理论基础,以理论计算降深与实测降深的Nach-Sutcliffe效率系数值达到最大为目标函数,基于Matlab软件编程,再利用遍历搜索算法对导水系数（T）、贮水系数（S）在其对应范围内进行遍历,实现了水文地质参数的自动精确求解。将遍历搜索算法应用于2个抽水试验实例的水文地质参数求解,并与传统求参方法的计算结果进行比较分析。结果表明：利用遍历搜索算法求参的计算结果与传统求参方法的计算结果相近,表明利用遍历搜索算法求解水文地质参数有效可靠;2个抽水实例利用遍历搜索算法得到的参数对应的理论计算降深与实测降深的Nach-Sutcliffe效率系数值分别为0.996 5、0.970 8,且相比传统的求参方法而言更接近1.000 0,说明其拟合程度更好。     

基于实码遗传算法的地下水污染物运移参数反演

介绍了采用实数编码遗传算法优化反演地下水污染物运移参数的基本步骤,不仅求解了弥散系数,而且反演得到了地下水运动速度。算例表明,采用遗传算法———特征有限元离散方法反演地下水污染物运移参数是可行的。