贵州地质灾害发育分区

本文以地质灾害发育度为依据,对贵州省进行了地质灾害发育程度分区。阐述了发育分区的技术方法、分区结果及分区特征。在分区结果的基础上,对贵州省地质灾害发育分布规律进行了讨论,并提出了发育分区下的地质灾害防治建议。     

防城港地区地质灾害发育特征及成因机制探讨

分析防城港地区地质灾害发育特征,探讨其成因机制十分必要。在充分收集并梳理前人调查成果的基础上,对地质灾害的类型、规模、斜坡结构、岩性特征、分布高程、地形坡度及植被发育情况进行详细的野外调查,并运用统计学进行梳理分析。研究区地质灾害发育类型有崩塌、滑坡和不稳定斜坡,以崩塌为主,规模以小型为主。地质灾害多集中发生在降雨集中的6-9月;空间上分布不均,主要集中分布在海拔小于100 m,坡度在30-50°的斜坡区域,其中以海拔小于50 m区域最为发育,且多数地质灾害集中发育在地貌变化的结合部位。绝大多数灾害发育在侵入志留系连滩组、三叠系的花岗岩中,逆向斜坡地质灾害最为发育,且与植被分布具有密切的联系。诱发地质灾害的内在因素为地形地貌、地层岩性及斜坡结构、地质构造,外部因素为降雨和人类工程活动。上述研究结果可为该区域地质灾害防治提供科学依据。     

汉中市汉台区地质灾害发育特征及分布规律研究

汉台区地处秦巴山区,地质条件复杂,地形地貌差异明显,地质灾害分布极不均匀。2008年“5．12汶川大地震”和2010年陕南山洪后地质灾害频发,严重制约着当地社会经济的发展。在进行详细的地质灾害野外调查和室内资料整理、数理统计分析的基础上,充分的研究了地质灾害的发育特征和分布规律。汉台区地质灾害类型主要有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流三种,滑坡以小型残坡积层滑坡为主、崩塌以中型岩质崩塌为主、泥石流主要由采矿弃渣引发;北部中低山区的河东店镇、武乡镇、汉王镇地质灾害发育,南部平原区地质灾害不发育。地质灾害发育特征及分布规律的研究为地方政府地质灾害的防治、减灾工作提供了依据。     

2010年四川省雅江县地质灾害调查数据集

为查明四川省甘孜藏族自治州地质灾害的发育特征及成灾机理,中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心于2010年在四川省甘孜州雅江县开展了以县域为单元的1∶5万地质灾害详细调查项目。项目以遥感、地面调查、测绘、勘查为主要工作手段,查明了该区域内地质灾害及其隐患的发育特征、分布规律及形成的地质环境条件。为了更好地利用这些数据,采用了规范的数据处理方法和质量控制体系,对调查的地质灾害数据进行整理和质量控制,该调查数据集提供了2010年雅江县行政范围内的327组地质灾害数据,调查精度达到1∶5万级别,有效地反映了区内地质灾害的发育特征与分布规律,可为该区域内工程地质研究、减灾防灾和制定区域防灾规划提供基础地质灾害依据。     

G580线阿热勒至和田公路地质灾害危险性评价分析

本文主要以G580线阿热勒至和田公路地质灾害为研究对象,对研究区内地质灾害的发育类型、危险性现状和预测进行了评估。研究结果表明:区内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷、地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害不发育,其他地质灾害主要以风蚀沙埋和土壤盐渍化;现状研究区内地质灾害均发育程度弱,危害程度小,危险性小;预测评估工程建设引发或加剧地质灾害的可能性小,危害程度小,发育程度弱,危险性等级小。     

山阴县地质灾害详细调查实践与认识

为详细了解山阴县境内各类地质灾害及隐患发生的岩土体结构条件,阐明其发育、分布规律及形成机理,山西省国土资源厅组织开展山阴县地质灾害详细调查工作。通过遥感解译、地面调查等手段发现,山阴县境内发育的地质灾害类型为地面塌陷、不稳定斜坡、崩塌和泥石流。地质灾害主要分布在中山地貌,以第四系、二叠系和石炭系为主,与人类工程经济活动密切相关。地质灾害详细调查工作为减灾防灾和制定防灾规划,提供基础地质依据。     

钒矿带矿区地质灾害危险性评价——以陕西山阳-商南钒矿带中村镇钒矿开采区为例

在查明地质灾害孕灾背景、发育现状、矿区开采现状的基础上,基于定性结合定量的评价方法,开展了矿区地质灾害危险性评价.基于评价结果和野外调查情况,总结采矿活动对矿区主要地质灾害的影响.主要成果如下：1）总结了研究区地质灾害的发育及分布特征;2）综合分析矿区孕灾环境及地质灾害致灾因子,构建了研究区危险性评价指标体系,以ArcGIS为工作平台,以斜坡单元为最小评价单元,进行了由地质灾害易发性到地质灾害危险性的评价;3）针对评价结果,理论分析了采矿活动对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流及塌陷等灾害发生的影响方式.     

西昌市地质灾害发育分布规律及防灾建议

西昌市地处川西的安宁河流域,区内地质条环境件复杂,生态环境脆弱,泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害发育,给当地居民生命财产安全及经济发展带来了较大影响。本文通过对西昌市目前发育的153处不同类型的地质灾害进行统计,总结了地质灾害在流域、高程、时段等方面的分布规律;对影响或控制西昌市地质灾害发育的地形地貌、构造、岩土体结构、地震、降雨及人类工程活动等因素进行了分析、总结;并针对西昌市的地质灾害类型及发育分布特征提出了适用于该地区的科学、合理的地质灾害防灾建议。     

钒矿带矿区地质灾害危险性评价——以陕西山阳-商南钒矿带中村镇钒矿开采区为例

在查明地质灾害孕灾背景、发育现状、矿区开采现状的基础上，基于定性结合定量的评价方法，开展了矿区地质灾害危险性评价.基于评价结果和野外调查情况，总结采矿活动对矿区主要地质灾害的影响.主要成果如下：1）总结了研究区地质灾害的发育及分布特征；2）综合分析矿区孕灾环境及地质灾害致灾因子，构建了研究区危险性评价指标体系，以ArcGIS为工作平台，以斜坡单元为最小评价单元，进行了由地质灾害易发性到地质灾害危险性的评价；3）针对评价结果，理论分析了采矿活动对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流及塌陷等灾害发生的影响方式.     

白山市浑江区地质灾害发育特征及成因研究

浑江区水系发育,地质条件复杂,构造发育,地层发育较齐全。区内地质灾害种类齐全,地质灾害的发生是地形地貌、地质构造、岩土体结构类型、降水、植被、人类工程活动等诸多因素共同作用的结果。从区域上看,地质灾害点分布不均匀,中北部明显多于西南部。在地质灾害成因上,大部分地质灾害点与人类活动密切相关,区内的所有崩塌、滑坡、不稳定斜坡、地面塌陷基本上是由人为修路切坡及采石、开采煤炭资源、修建住宅等工程引发的;泥石流的形成与人为耕种、毁林开荒等工程活动有较密切关系。纵观全区地质灾害发育的分布特征,不难发现,在该区人类工程活动强烈的地区,地质灾害点就越多。本文重点在说明区内地质灾害发育特征及分布规律的基础上,阐述其形成条件及影响因素。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.