A synthesis: Late Cenozoic stress field distribution at northeastern corner of the Eastern Mediterranean,SE Turkey

Fault kinematic analysis and inversion of focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes reveal significant evolution of the regional stress regime in the northeastern most corner of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the Mio-Pliocene to the present time. This study was carried out in the interaction area between the Arabian/African plates and the Anatolian block. The evolution of stress regimes consists of a change from older transpression to younger transtension. Both strike-slip stress regimes having a NNW- to northwest-trending σ_Hmax (σ₁) and ENE- to northeast-trending σ_Hmin (σ₃) axes induce a sinistral component of displacement on the major intra-continental Karatas–Osmaniye and Misis–Ceyhan faults elongated with the northeast-trending Misis Range between Adana and Osmaniye provinces (sub-area i) and by a NNE-trending plate boundary Amanos fault running along Amanos Range between Antakya and Kahramanmaras provinces (sub-area ii). The inversion results show that the transtensional stress regime is dominantly strike-slip to extension, with an ENE- to northeast-trending σ_Hmin (σ₃) axis for sub-areas (i) and (ii), respectively. The inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that the transtensional stress regime is still active in the whole study area since probably recent Quaternary time. To cite this article: S. Over et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

上扬子区下寒武统的层序地层划分和层序地层格架的建立

上扬子区特别是贵州及邻区的下寒武统发育完整，是一套从黑色页岩系到碳酸盐岩的地层序列。寒武系与震旦系之交的台地淹没事件之后。在研究区域普遍形成一套以牛蹄塘组为代表的缺氧盆地相黑色岩系，随着沉积环境的逐渐变浅，在下寒武统顶部发育一套以清虚洞组为代表的碳酸盐岩地层。因此。下寒武统组成一个二级层序．其中可以进一步划分为5个三级层序，形成一个有序的海侵-海退旋回序列。在二级层序之中，三级层序形成一个有序的垂直叠加形式。自下而上三级层序由“凝缩段（CS）＋高水位体系域（HST）”序列演变为“海侵体系域（TST）＋凝缩段（CS）＋高水位体系域（HST）”，层序界面类型由淹没不整合型层序界面演变为明显的暴露间断面，意味着二级层序的相序组构与三级层序存在相似性。上述时间变化在不同的空间古地理背景之中形成了一些差异，从北西向南东，古地理背景由浅变深，下寒武统厚度变薄，向东南变为一个难以进行三级层序划分的凝缩序列。以不同古地理背景的典型剖面的层序划分为基础。根据三级层序的两大属性——空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性．可以建立研究区域能反映出地层记录中“两种相变面和两种穿时性”的层序地层格架。层序地层格架的建立表明．研究区域的下寒武统是一个复杂而有序的地层序列，代表以凝缩序列为基底的碳酸盐台地生长与形成过程；伴随着寒武纪早期的快速海侵作用事件所造成的生态空间的拓展．为寒武纪生物大爆发奠定了古地理基础，同时意味着沉积环境变化与生物多样性事件之间的较为密切的关系以及若干有待进一步研究的问题．     

黔南-桂中地区泥盆系层序地层格架中的储集体特征研究

通过对黔南坳陷和桂中坳陷的地层对比和分析,识别出了8种层序界面标志,共划分两个超(二级)层序SS1和SS2,并讨论了各体系域特征。在层序格架中对研究区内的储集体类型进行了总结,主要包括生物礁(滩)储集体、白云岩储集体和缝洞型储集体等3种类型。对层序格架中储集体的成因类型进行了总结归纳:有利的储集体主要有TST礁滩灰岩储集体、HST礁滩灰岩、白云岩储集体。     

孤北-桩海地区东营组层序地层对比及层序地层格架

笔者通过大量的钻井岩芯观察、地震剖面解释、测井资料分析,详细研究了东营组层序划分和特征,共划分出了两个长期旋回,4个中期旋回。在层序划分的基础上,进行了全区的地层对比,各层序在不同地区发育程度不同是由于当时的古地理背景不同以及后期构造抬升剥蚀程度不同所造成的。分别建立了东西和南北向的层序地层格架模型,不同时期各中期旋回在不同地区有不同的发育特征。     

西藏波密地区晚古生代地层层序及盆地演化分析

西藏波密及邻区松宗、然乌一带,下石炭统诺错组与中上泥盆统松宗组之间的层序不整合界线是藏东南地区冈瓦纳北缘晚古生代盆地性质转变的重要界面。界线之下的松宗组为稳定的碳酸盐岩台地沉积;界线之上,以大规模的火山活动、盆地裂解为标志,伴随着沉积盆地的持续沉陷和相对海平面的上升,沉积了以石炭系诺错组和来姑组为代表的向上变深序列,相对海平面在晚石炭世达到了顶点,以来姑组上部的含铁质板岩和大套的浊积岩为标志。其后,以洛巴堆组为代表的晚石炭世末期-二叠纪的沉积记录,则代表了一个缓慢的向上变浅的沉积层序。在这个向上变深再变浅的沉积盆地演化过程中,火山活动呈现了明显的由强转弱的变化轨迹。中侏罗统马里组陆相红色磨拉石不整合堆积于下伏地层之上,表明本区在晚三叠世-早侏罗世经历了一次规模宏大的褶皱造山事件。     

西太平洋南段新生代构造单元划分、地层特征及其对喜马拉雅造山运动的指示

系统梳理西太平洋南段（包括华南、日本、菲律宾及东印度尼西亚）部分地区的新生代构造-地层特征,并以区域性角度不整合为主要依据,对喜马拉雅运动期次、时代及其构造背景进行探讨。研究区受白垩纪末期晚燕山运动的影响,古新统乃至下始新统大都缺失,新生界高角度不整合于前新生界之上。根据不同构造单元内地层沉积-火山类型及接触关系对比,研究区新生界可分为3个构造层,即始新统—渐新统、中新统或上渐新统—中新统及上新统以上。上述3个构造层之间为2个穿时的区域性角度不整合分隔,分别对应早喜马拉雅造山运动（33~20 Ma）及晚喜马拉雅造山运动（5.3~2.6 Ma）界面,并以前者最强烈。区域2次构造运动均与岛弧或裂离微地块向欧亚板块边缘的碰撞拼贴有关,指示西太平洋南段喜马拉雅运动是发生于大陆边缘的增生造山过程,受控于太平洋板块和印度洋-澳大利亚板块运动方向与速率变化。在2次构造事件期间,始新世和中新世弧后的强烈伸展,导致华南大陆边缘古老山系的夷平及边缘海的产生,并最终形成现今的地质及地理格局。     

北京平原东北部晚新生代地层划分及地层层序初建

ＨＲ８８－１孔是北京平原区北部继顺５孔之后，又一重要的第四系钻孔。本文描述了该钻孔的岩心特征，运用生物地层学、气候地层学、年代地层学以及岩石地层学等综合分析的方法，对ＨＲ８８－１孔岩心的地层时代进行了研究与划分。并结合地表区域资料，初步建立了本区第四纪地层层序。     

A new proposal for the late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean

A simple mechanism of arcuate fold belt and back-arc basin formation is presented based on the opening of mega-continental tension gashes along pre-existing, deep, parallel and steep faults that separate lithospheric units with different properties. If plate convergence is parallel to these faults, the fault-bounded units open at right angles to the convergence vector, adopting an arcuate shape with thrusting in front of the bowed-out units and extensional basin opening between the separated units. This model is applied to the Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean. After the Iberian collision 35–30 Ma, several ellipsoidal basins (Valencia, Alboran, North Algerian and Liguro–Provençal) developed by 10 Ma along the eastern margin of the Iberian plate. The formation of these basins is attributed to an increase in NE–SW horizontal tectonic palaeostress during early–middle Miocene times resulting from the post-subduction collision of the Tethyan oceanic lithosphere.     

燕山地区新元古界青白口系沉积层序与地层格架研究

燕山地区是中国新元古界青白口系出露最好、层序较为完整的地区。从沉积特征研究入手,确定了各种沉积相、微相及沉积序列,在区内青白口系划分出4种沉积体系及5种沉积相、12种沉积亚相、16种微相。对副层序的主要类型及其特征进行了分析,结合层序界面和最大海泛面的研究,将区内青白口系划分出3个层序。在层序划分和对比基础上建立了燕山地区青白口纪的地层沉积格架并对其古地理演化进行了探讨。认为燕山青白口纪的沉积为华北陆块上真正的盖层沉积。     

辽南晚前寒武纪地层层序问题的研讨

辽南晚前寒武纪地层层序问题的研讨张丕孚（地科院沈阳地矿所,辽宁沈阳,１１００３２）关键词地层层序,叠接,标志层,晚前寒武纪,辽南地区长期沿用的辽南晚前寒武纪地层层序为永宁群（松树组、朵子山组、庙山组）、细河群（钓鱼台组、南芬组、桥头组）、五行山群（长...     

济阳坳陷古近系区域层序地层格架地层特征对比

综合生物地层学、磁性地层学（ESR测年法）、地震地层学及层序地层学等地层学的研究成果,通过对断陷盆地区域等时界面的识别、界面级次和界面性质的分析与对比,以三级层序为基本组构单元建立了济阳坳陷古近系区域等时地层格架系统。通过分析济阳坳陷四大次级凹陷古近系各二级层序和隐蔽油气藏最为发育的重点三级层序的可对比性,认为二级层序完全受构造幕的直接控制,具有很好的可对比性。四个次级凹陷的重点三级层序地层格架的旋回性质具有一致性,标志性沉积物出现于相同或类似的旋回位置。然而,T2(沙一段底)、T4（沙三段上亚段底）和T6(沙三段中亚段底)的三级层序界面性质在不同凹陷间具有明显的差异性。从层序成因动力学角度来解释,这种旋回性质的相似性和界面性质的差异性分别表明了同一层序地层格架中沉积环境对沉积物类型起决定性的影响作用以及渤海湾盆地构造沉降沉积中心的迁移对层序界面性质所起的主要控制作用。     

车镇凹陷古近系层序地层格架及发育模式

本文将车镇凹陷古近系划分为1个一级层序(构造层序组),3个二级层序(构造层序)和9个三级层序,从而建立起该区层序地层格架。整个古近系跨时约40Ma,构成1个一级层序,可分为4个二级层序,孔店组不发育而只剩下3个,对应时间跨度度分别约7.5Ma,4Ma和13.4Ma,进一步可识别出9个三级层序,时间跨度差别较大,以层序3~5最小,约1.0~1.5Ma,层序6最大,约5.2Ma。从构造演化上,在车镇凹陷可划分为孔店一沙四期伸展半地堑充填的初期断陷阶段、沙三一沙二下期断块强烈活动的强烈断陷阶段和沙二上—东营期断块活动复杂化的断陷萎缩阶段。根据构造演化及沉积充填特征,可将古近系层序划分出初陷期干旱蒸发构造坡折型、深陷期深水沉积坡折型和萎缩期浅水斜坡型3种模式,各种层序模式中体系域构成、沉积充填和砂体发育存在较大差异,这对油气勘探目标的选择具有重要指导意义。     

A test of independence for stratigraphic sequences with respect to embedded Markov chains

Identification of cyclic sequences gives valuable insight into depositional associations of stratigraphic facies. An embedded Markov chain is a reasonable general model for facies transitions. But a model with independent random occurrences of facies is not an appropriate null hypothesis to be tested to show the presence of cycles because of definitional restriction in transition observations to only those between different facies. This is a common stratigraphic situation and the problem has been raised recently by several authors. We present here a test statistic for null hypothesis derived from the concept of partial independence and inherent to the model of embedded Markov processes.     

中国石炭纪构造—地层区划与地层格架

中国石炭纪构造活跃,在华北地块、扬子地块、塔里木地块等稳定块体间存在着大量造山带,尤其存在着北天山洋、南天山洋、布青山—勉略洋、金沙江洋、甘孜—理塘洋等多个洋盆中的洋板块地层,大地构造分区极为复杂。传统的地层区划主要考虑稳定的地块区,按目前的地理格局来进行地层区划划分。本文通过大地构造单元与构造演化阶段相结合,借鉴目前国内经典的大地构造划分方案,对中国石炭纪构造-地层进行区划,共划分出阿尔泰—兴蒙地层大区、北准噶尔—西拉木伦地层大区、天山—北山地层大区、塔里木—阿拉善地层大区、华北地层大区、秦祁昆地层大区、扬子地层大区、华夏地层大区、北羌塘—三江地层大区、班公湖—怒江地层大区、印度地层大区等11个地层大区及若干地层区。其中阿尔泰—兴蒙地层大区位置相当于阿尔泰—兴蒙多岛弧盆系,发育洋板块地层及大量岛弧火山岩,分为阿尔泰地层区和兴安地层区;北准噶尔—西拉木伦地层大区位置相当于额尔齐斯—西拉木伦大洋盆,包括大量岛弧带地层及洋板块地层,分为北准噶尔地层区及西拉木伦地层区;天山—北山地层大区位置相当于天山—北山造山系,发育大量火山岩,分为南准噶尔地层区、北天山地层区、南天山地层区、伊犁地层区及额济纳—北山地层区;塔里木—阿拉善地层大区位置相当于塔里木陆块、塔东南—敦煌隆起及阿拉善地块,为稳定的滨浅海沉积,局部为海陆交互相沉积,分为塔里木地层区和阿拉善地层区;华北地层大区位置相当于华北陆块及贺兰山陆缘裂陷盆地,主要为稳定的海陆交互相地层,分为贺兰山地层区、华北地层区及华北地块北缘地层区,其中华北地层区缺乏密西西比亚纪地层;秦祁昆地层大区位置相当于秦祁昆造山系,分为祁连地层区、东昆仑—柴达木地层区、西昆仑地层区、秦岭地层区、南秦岭—苏鲁地层区;扬子地层大区位置相当于扬子陆块,分为盐源—丽江地层区、中上扬子地层区、下扬子地层区、湘浙赣地层区及滇黔桂地层区,主要为稳定的碳酸盐沉积,仅湘浙赣地层区见现有较多的海陆交互相沉积;华夏地层大区位置相当于武夷—云开造山系,分为粤闽地层区、粤南地层区、钦防地层区、琼北地层区、琼中南地层区及华夏地层区,除钦防地层区为一套深海—半深海硅泥质沉积外,其他地层区主要为滨浅海沉积及少量海陆交互相沉积;北羌塘—三江地层大区位置相当于北羌塘—三江多岛弧盆系,包括多个稳定的小型地块及其间的蛇绿混杂岩带,洋板块地层发育,分为可可西里—巴颜喀拉—勉略地层区、金沙江—哀牢山地层区、中甸—昌都—思茅地层区、鲜水河—甘孜—理塘地层区、北羌塘地层区及甜水海地层区;班公湖—怒江地层大区位置相当于班公湖—双湖—怒江—孟连大洋盆,主要为洋板块地层;印度地层大区位置相当于印度大陆北部被动大陆边缘,以发育冈瓦纳大陆特有的古生物化石组合及冰成岩为特征,分为冈底斯地层区、北喜马拉雅地层区及保山地层区。简单介绍了各地层大区、地层区及部分地层分区内的岩石组合、古生物组合及地层序列。结合实例提出了中国石炭纪地层格架建立的原则,对各地层区系石炭系进行了系统的地层对比,建立了其地层对比关系。     

Allochthonous Mesozoic marine sequences of northeastern Asia and western North America: Correlation of the stratigraphic levels and geodynamic depositional settings

The problem of correlating the isolated outcrops of allochthonous Middle Mesozoic deposits developed in northeastern Asia and western North America includes several aspects: (1) the stratigraphic subdivision of the sequences using the radiolarian assemblages and taking into account the complex nappe-thrust structure of the region; (2) the analysis of their facies composition with reconstructing the geodynamic depositional settings; (3) the search for features in common (with respect to the previous two aspects) in all these localities. The first widely applied radiolarian analysis revealed that the Middle Mesozoic marine rocks from separate nappes and slices of tectono-stratigraphic sections in East Asia enclose 20 different-age (Norian to Hauterivian) radiolarian assemblages. The correlation of these assemblages revealed the wide lateral distribution of their host Middle Mesozoic marine sequences in the regions under consideration. The significance of the presented materials is determined by the following facts: (1) using the radiolarian analysis, the Middle Mesozoic marine sequences of northeastern Asia are first subdivided into stage and substage units with defining their analogs in western North America; (2) despite the discrete distribution of Mesozoic allochthons, it is shown that the defined stratigraphic units are widespread in northeastern Asia; (3) it is established that these allochthons consist of rocks formed in different geodynamic depositional settings: ocean floor, island arc, fore-arc, and marginal-sea domains. This spectrum of heterogeneous rocks is traceable practically through the entire northeastern Asia region.     

贵州南部泥盆系层序地层划分和层序地层格架的建立

贵州南部的泥盆系为一个大型的楔状体。从深水背景的广西南丹罗富剖面到古陆边缘的贵阳乌当剖面,泥盆系由13个层序变薄尖灭成5个层序,这是泥盆纪早期海侵尖灭与晚期海退尖灭的结果。研究区泥盆系由海侵碎屑岩岩系到清水台地碳酸盐岩岩系地层序列构成2个二级层序,又可进一步划分为13个三级层序。二级层序和三级层序均由其特殊的沉积相序列组成。研究区泥盆系层序地层划分和层序地层格架的建立提供了一个在年代地层与海平面变化框架内研究“相迁移”的良好实例。     

黄骅坳陷古近系层序地层格架特征及模式研究

层序地层学发展至今已有40多年历史.但在中国陆相盆地中的应用仅十多年.在很多盆地中还没有进行全面综合的层序地层格架建立,如黄骅坳陷地层格架划分标准和划分方案不统一。笔者在国内外学者研究的基础上.从层序划分原则入手,通过对一级、二级、三级层序和体系域界面特征和识别标志的研究.提出了该地区的层序划分方案,并将该地区古近纪地层划分为1个一级层序、3个二级层序和11个三级层序。通过对代表性剖面的研究.提出同生断裂坡折带和挠曲坡折带引起沉积斜坡明显突变,对盆地充填的可容纳空间和沉积作用产生重要影响.同时控制着层序和低位砂体的发育。建立了两种坡折带与层序关系的模式,并指出坡折带下部是有利低位砂体的发育带。     

Tectonics and global change - inferences from Late Cenozoic subsidence and uplift patterns in the Atlantic/ Mediterranean region

Quantitative subsidence analysis for a number of rifted basins in the northern Atlantic/Mediterranean region provides evidence for rapid phases of PlioQuaternary subsidence. The observed acceleration in tectonic subsidence occurs after a phase of general quiescence in subsidence in these basins and deviates from predictions of stretching models. The latter indicate a decay of subsidence with time after Mesozoic-Tertiary basin formatioh and a slow tectonic subsidence in Plio-Quaternary times. A possible explanation for the observed patterns of anomalous subsidence could be an increase in the level of intraplate compression in the northern Atlantic region. Intraplate stress changes in the Plio-Quaternary are related to the dynamics of African/ Eurasian collision processes and a reorganization of spreading directions in the AtlAntic, possibly reflecting a plate reorganization of global nature.
It seems that the Plio-Quaternary record reflects a period of increased levels of neotectonic activity, interplaying with periods of (de)glaciation. Stress-induced topography in the onshore parts of continental margins, coupled with the stress-induced subsidence in the offshore deeper parts of the basins, could have contributed to recent phases of uplift in Fennoscandia, augmenting the uplift induced by glacial unloading. Estimates of ice thicknesses are directly inferred from the observed uplift ignoring other driving mechanisms whereas topography plays a crucial role in the dynamics of glaciation. It is, therefore, important to quantdy the interplay of rapid tectonic uplift and subsidence phases with climatic effects during the Plio-Quaternary.     

Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean

A total of 113 paleomagnetic sites were sampled along an Anatolian S–N transect from the Arabian platform, the Hatay region, the Eastern Taurides, the Kirsehir block, the Sivas basin and the Eastern Pontides. Reliable characteristic remanent paleomagnetic directions were retrieved from 37 of these sites, spanning in time from Paleocene to Miocene. In a general way, declinations are westerly deviated and inclinations are shallower than the geocentered dipole value at the present latitudes. When combined with previously published results, these data indicate that a large-scale counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia of some 25° has occurred since the Miocene. Assuming that the pole of rotation of Anatolia with respect to Europe has remained constant in time at the location given by MacClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695] on the basis of the geodetic data, this rotation implies that a large westward displacement (500 km at the average latitude of 40°) has taken place. Assuming that the rotation was initiated by the Arabia/Europe collision about 12 Ma ago, this corresponds to an average displacement of about 40 mm/year.Together with previous results from the western part of the Aegean arc, these results indicate that the main trends of the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean appear to consist of two post-early Miocene rotations of opposite senses: a clockwise rotation of the western part of the Aegean [Tectonophysics 146 (1988) 183] around a pole situated in northern Albania, and a counterclockwise rotation around the pole given by McClusky et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 5695]. Comparison with GPS data suggest that both rotations are still active today.